scholarly journals Efficacy of Silver Dihydrogen Citrate and Steam Vapor against a Human Norovirus Surrogate, Feline Calicivirus, in Suspension, on Glass, and on Carpet

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Buckley ◽  
Muthu Dharmasena ◽  
Angela Fraser ◽  
Charles Pettigrew ◽  
Jeffery Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Feline Calicivirus ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Hard Surface ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control ◽  
A Current

ABSTRACTCarpets and other soft surfaces have been associated with prolonged and reoccurring human norovirus (HuNoV) outbreaks. Environmental hygiene programs are important to prevent and control HuNoV outbreaks. Despite our knowledge of HuNoV transmission via soft surfaces, no commercially available disinfectants have been evaluated on carpets. Our aim was to adapt a current standardized method for virucidal testing by assessing two disinfection technologies, silver dihydrogen citrate (SDC) and steam vapor, against one HuNoV surrogate, feline calicivirus (FCV), on wool and nylon carpets. First, we evaluated the effect of both technologies on the appearance of carpet. Next, we evaluated the efficacy of SDC in suspension and the efficacy of SDC and steam vapor against FCV on a glass surface, each with and without serum. Lastly, we tested both technologies on two types of carpet, wool and nylon. Both carpets exhibited no obvious color changes; however, SDC treatments left a residue while steam vapor left minor abrasions to fibers. SDC in suspension and on glass reduced FCV by 4.65 log10and >4.66 log10PFU, respectively, but demonstrated reduced efficacy in the presence of serum. However, SDC was only efficacious against FCV on nylon (3.62-log10PFU reduction) and not wool (1.82-log10PFU reduction). Steam vapor reduced FCV by >4.93 log10PFU on glass in 10 s and >3.68 log10PFU on wool and nylon carpet carriers in 90 s. There was a limited reduction of FCV RNA under both treatments compared to that of infectivity assays, but RNA reductions were higher in samples that contained serum.IMPORTANCEHuman noroviruses (HuNoV) account for ca. 20% of all diarrheal cases worldwide. Disease symptoms may include diarrhea and vomit, with both known to contribute to transmission. The prevention and control of HuNoV are difficult because they are environmentally resilient and resistant to many disinfectants. Several field studies have linked both hard and soft surfaces to HuNoV outbreaks. However, many disinfectants efficacious against HuNoV surrogates are recommended for hard surfaces, but no commercially available products have demonstrated efficacy against these surrogates on soft surfaces. Our research objectives were to evaluate liquid and steam-based technologies in suspension and on hard surface carriers in addition to adapting and testing a protocol for assessing the virucidal effects of disinfection technologies on carpet carriers. These results will inform both the government and industry regarding a standard method for evaluating the virucidal effects of disinfectants on carpet while demonstrating their efficacy relative to suspension and hard-surface tests.

scholarly journals Strategies for prevention and control of COVID-19 in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiran Sapkota ◽  
Ganesh Dangal ◽  
Madhu Koirala ◽  
Kalyan Sapkota ◽  
Asmita Poudel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Large Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus, is currently affecting a large population across the globe. World health organization (WHO) has already declared COVID-19, a pandemic, and the world is fighting to contain the COVID-19 outbreak. Nepal has taken several preventive measures to control the coronavirus outbreak. However, some additional steps are needed to prevent community transmission of the disease. This brief communication discusses the government of Nepal actions and provides recommendations for the prevention and control of COVID-19 infection in Nepal.

Environmental Protection and Regulations in India: Role of the Central Pollution Control Board

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prakash Chand
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
National Committee ◽  
Control Board ◽  
Central Pollution Control Board ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control

Since independence, Indian policymakers have attempted to address environmental problems by passing a number of rules and regulations as per the vision of the constitution and in response to the requirement of time. However, due to the prevalent poverty and the developmental compulsions of the nation, environment and its protection was not a priority of the government till the end of the 1960s. But, the 1972 Stockholm Conference on Human Environment brought a marked shift in India’s approach to environmental issues. The conference proved to be a turning point in India’s perception on environment and facilitated the creation of the National Committee on Environmental Planning and Co-ordination (NCEPC) in 1972. The NCEPC triggered a rise in environmental legislation, beginning with the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974, which provided for the creation of Pollution Control Boards for the control of water pollution at national and state levels and empowered them to enforce the law. The boards were later empowered to deal with air pollution by Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981 and acted as regulatory mechanisms to environmental protection. This article primarily deals with the role of the Central Pollution Control Board as a regulatory authority to environmental protection and regulations in India.

scholarly journals Prevention and control of schistosomiasis: a current perspective

2014 ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Ross ◽  
Marianette Inobaya ◽  
Remigio Olveda ◽  
Thao Chau ◽  
David Olveda
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Current Perspective ◽  
And Control ◽  
A Current

scholarly journals Community engagement in the prevention and control of COVID-19: Insights from Vietnam

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0254432
Author(s):  
Bui Thi Thu Ha ◽  
La Ngoc Quang ◽  
Pham Quoc Thanh ◽  
Duong Minh Duc ◽  
Tolib Mirzoev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Community Engagement ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Steering Committee ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control

Introduction Community engagement (CE) is an effective public health strategy for improving health outcomes. There is limited published knowledge about effective approaches to CE in ensuring effective responses to COVID-19 throughout lockdowns, travel restrictions and social distancing. In this paper, we contribute to bridging this gap by highlighting experience of CE in Vietnam, specifically focusing on migrant workers in Vietnam. Methods A cross-sectional qualitative study design was used with qualitative data collection was carried out during August-October 2020. Two districts were purposefully selected from two large industrial zones. Data was collected using in-depth interviews (n = 36) with individuals and households, migrants and owners of dormitories, industrial zone factory representatives, community representatives and health authorities. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis approach. The study received ethics approval from the Hanoi University Institutional Review Board. Results The government’s response to COVID-19 was spearheaded by the multi-sectoral National Steering Committee for the Prevention and Control of COVID-19, chaired by the Vice Prime Minister and comprised different members from 23 ministries. This structure was replicated throughout the province and local levels and all public and private organizations. Different activities were carried out by local communities, following four key principles of infection control: early detection, isolation, quarantine and hospitalization. We found three key determinants of engagement of migrant workers with COVID-19 prevention and control: availability of resources, appropriate capacity strengthening, transparent and continuous communication and a sense of trust in government legitimacy. Discussion and conclusion Our results support the current literature on CE in infection control which highlights the importance of context and suggests that future CE should consider five key components: multi-sectoral collaboration with a whole-of-community approach to strengthen governance structures with context-specific partnerships; mobilization of resources and decentralization of decision making to encourage self-reliance and building of local capacity; capacity building through training and supervision to local institutions; transparent and clear communication of health risks and sensitization of local communities to improve compliance and foster trust in the government measures; and understanding the urgent needs ensuring of social security and engaging all parts of the community, specifically the vulnerable groups.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENCEGAHAN DAN PENANGGULANGAN HIV/AIDS PADA POPULASI GAY DAN WARIA DI KABUPATEN BANYUWANGI

REFORMASI ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Erna Agustina ◽  
Niko Pahlevi Hentika
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Aids Prevention ◽  
Social Concern ◽  
Inhibiting Factor ◽  
Funding Support ◽  
The Government ◽  
Collaborative Activities ◽  
And Control ◽  
High Sense ◽  
Hiv Aids

The purpose of this research is to describe and analyze the implementation of Banyuwangi district Regulation no.5 2017, concerning of HIV/AIDS prevention and control for gay and trangender population. The research method used in this study is descriptive-qualitative. The research results on implementation of HIV/AIDS prevention and control for the gay and transgender population on Banyuwangi : First, the communication aspects carried out by the implementor actors have gone well and can carry out collaborative activities, Second, in terms of general resources, it is said to be sufficient, Third, the disposition aspect of the implementor has been very positive, and Four, the aspects of beurocratic structure, where the divison roles between implementing agencies are very clear. Furthermore, the driving factor of the implementation, is the existence of a good relationship between actors of implementor and a high sense of social concern for the problem of HIV/AIDS among individual implementers. The inhibiting factor is that there are still some members of the population from gay and transgender community, who are still difficult to be given directive and the delays in funding support by the government.

scholarly journals Methods of spread, prevention and control of plague

1910 ◽  
Vol 10 (9-12) ◽  
pp. 237-255
Author(s):  
A. A. Desyatov
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control

The appearance of the plague in Odessa this year again attracted the increased attention of the government and society and also made us all think about the excessive development of infectious diseases that has been observed in the last time.

scholarly journals PERAN KOMISI PENANGGULANGAN AIDS DAERAH (KPAD) DALAM PENANGGULANGAN HIV DAN AIDS DI KABUPATEN KOTAWARINGIN TIMUR

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Akhmad Rianor Asrari Puadi ◽  
M. Bagus Qomaruddin
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control ◽  
Document Review ◽  
Depth Interviews

Response to HIV and AIDS requires a approaches by the parties mutually integrated. Regional AIDS Commissions (KPAD) has a crucial role in the response to HIV and AIDS. This study aimed todescribe the role of KPAD well as some of the factors inhibiting the implementation of the HIV and AIDS in East Kotawaringin. Used qualitative methods to conduct a document review and in-depth interviews with all fi ve informants which is representative of several agencies that have links to the eff orts to combatHIV and AIDS, with purposive sampling method. The Results were analyzed by means of reduction, presentation, and verifi cation of data. Results showed reduction carried through socialization andeducation about HIV and AIDS in the various elements of society, the establishment of working group of the Pal 12, formed the group “Concerned citizens of AIDS” as well as the ARV (Antiretroviral) services is not limited to a minimum value of CD4. The results showed that KPAD role in response to HIV and AIDS can not be implemented to the fullest, this is due to several obstacles, namely the existence of localization is an determinant spread of cases, the unavailability of services and ARV in all health centers, the lack of cross-sectoral cooperation, fi nancial support from the government is minimal, and the lack of HIV and AIDS Regional Regulation (Perda).Keywords: Response to HIV and AIDS, AIDS Prevention and Control Commission (KPAD)

scholarly journals Early surveillance and public health emergency disposal measures between novel coronavirus disease 2019 and avian influenza in China: a case-comparison study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiantian Zhang ◽  
Wenming Shi ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Ge Bai ◽  
Ruiming Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Comparison Study ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Case Comparison ◽  
The Government ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control

AbstractBackgroundThe novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is spreading rapidly throughout China and the world. Hence, early surveillance and public health emergency disposal are considered crucial to curb this emerging infectious disease. However, studies that investigated the early surveillance and public health emergency disposal for the prevention and control of the COVID-19 outbreak in China are relatively few. We aimed to compare the strengths and weaknesses of early surveillance and public health emergency disposal for prevention and control between COVID-19 and H7N9 avian influenza, which was commended by the international community, in China.MethodsA case-comparison study was conducted using a set of six key time nodes to form a reference framework for evaluating early surveillance and public health emergency disposal between H7N9 avian influenza (2013) in Shanghai, China and COVID-19 in Wuhan, China.FindingsA report to the local Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China, for the first hospitalized patient was sent after 6 and 20 days for H7N9 avian influenza and COVID-19, respectively. In contrast, the pathogen was identified faster in the case of COVID-19 than in the case of H7N9 avian influenza (12 days vs. 31 days). The government response regarding COVID-19 was 10 days later than that regarding avian influenza. The entire process of early surveillance and public health emergency disposal lasted 5 days longer in COVID-19 than in H7N9 avian influenza (46 days vs. 41 days).ConclusionsThe identification of the unknown pathogen improved in China between the outbreaks of avian influenza and COVID-19. The longer emergency disposal period in the case of COVID-19 could be attributed to the government’s slower response to the epidemic. Improving public health emergency management could lessen the adverse social effects of emerging infectious diseases and public health crisis in the future.ContributorsTZ, WS, and LL designed the project, processed and analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. YW, GB, RD, and QW edited the manuscript. All authors revised the draft.

scholarly journals Spread of Coronavirus 2019 From Wuhan to Rural Villages in the Hubei Province

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maolin You ◽  
Zijing Wu ◽  
Yong Yang ◽  
Jun Liu ◽  
Dehua Liu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
Traffic System ◽  
Direct Spread ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control ◽  
Observation Period

Abstract Background This study aimed to describe the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from Wuhan to rural villages in the Hubei Province. Methods The analysis revealed the following: (1) COVID-19 spread from Wuhan to other cities and rural areas in Hubei, but the disease did not become widespread in rural villages because of strict prevention measures and urbanization; (2) according to the fluctuation in the number of confirmed cases reported in Hubei after January 23, 2020, we inferred that the infected patients on the same day will become ill during the next 20 days; (3) the advanced traffic system facilitates the direct spread of COVID-19 from Wuhan to counties, towns, and villages in the Hubei Province. Results There is a low possibility of COVID-19 spread from prefecture-level cities to rural areas. Conclusions The findings imply that the government should limit the travelers from the cities to the rural areas, pay more attention to the prevention and control of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in cities, and appropriately prolong the isolated observation period of travelers.

Epidemiology, Ecology and Prevention of Plague in the West Nile Region of Uganda: The Value of Long-Term Field Studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca J. Eisen ◽  
Linda A. Atiku ◽  
Russell E. Enscore ◽  
Joseph T. Mpanga ◽  
Sarah Acayo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
The West ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
And Control ◽  
Long Term Studies ◽  
Term Field

Plague, a fleaborne rodent-associated zoonosis, is a neglected disease with most recent cases reported from east and central Africa and Madagascar. Because of its low incidence and sporadic occurrence, most of our knowledge of plague ecology, prevention, and control derives from investigations conducted in response to human cases. Long-term studies (which are uncommon) are required to generate data to support plague surveillance, prevention, and control recommendations. Here we describe a 15-year, multidisciplinary commitment to plague in the West Nile region of Uganda that led to significant advances in our understanding of where and when persons are at risk for plague infection and how to reduce morbidity and mortality. These findings provide data-driven support for several existing recommendations on plague surveillance and prevention and may be generalizable to other plague foci.

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