scholarly journals Analysis of Skeletal Muscle Defects in Larval Zebrafish by Birefringence and Touch-evoke Escape Response Assays

10.3791/50925 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L. Smith ◽  
Alan H. Beggs ◽  
Vandana A. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Escape Response ◽  
Larval Zebrafish

scholarly journals Intersection of motor volumes predicts the outcome of ambush predation of larval zebrafish

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiran Bhattacharyya ◽  
David L. McLean ◽  
Malcolm A. MacIver
Keyword(s):  
Escape Response ◽  
Survival Benefit ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Mauthner Cell ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Escape Trajectories ◽  
Swept Volume ◽  
Ambush Predation ◽  
Escape Speed

AbstractThe escape maneuvers of animals are key determinants of their survival. Consequently these maneuvers are under intense selection pressure. Current work indicates that a number of escape maneuver parameters contribute to survival including response latency, escape speed, and direction. This work has found that the relative importance of these parameters is context dependent, suggesting that interactions between escape maneuver parameters and the predatory context together determine the likelihood of escape success. However, it is unclear how escape maneuver parameters interact to contribute to escape success across different predatory contexts. To clarify these issues, we investigated the determinants of successful escape maneuvers by analyzing the responses of larval zebrafish to the attacks of dragonfly nymphs. We found that the strongest predictor of the outcome was the time needed for the nymph to reach the fish’s initial position at the onset of the attack, measured from the time that the fish initiates its escape response. We show how this result is related to the intersection of the swept volume of the nymph’s grasping organs with the volume containing all possible escape trajectories of the fish. By analyzing the intersection of these volumes, we compute the survival benefit of recruiting the Mauthner cell, a neuron in anamniotes devoted to producing escapes. We discuss how escape maneuver parameters interact in determining escape response. The intersection of motor volume approach provides a framework that unifies the influence of many escape maneuver parameters on the likelihood of survival.

Endotoxin Alteration of the Mucopolysaccharide Blood Vessel Coating in Rats

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 148-149
Author(s):  
D. E. Philpott ◽  
A. Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Coronary Vessels ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
The Brain

Two month, eight month and two year old rats were treated with 10 or 20 mg/kg of E. Coli endotoxin I. P. The eight month old rats proved most resistant to the endotoxin. During fixation the aorta, carotid artery, basil arartery of the brain, coronary vessels of the heart, inner surfaces of the heart chambers, heart and skeletal muscle, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, brain, retina, trachae, intestine, salivary gland, adrenal gland and gingiva were treated with ruthenium red or alcian blue to preserve the mucopolysaccharide (MPS) coating. Five, 8 and 24 hrs of endotoxin treatment produced increasingly marked capillary damage, disappearance of the MPS coating, edema, destruction of endothelial cells and damage to the basement membrane in the liver, kidney and lung.

Ultra-Rapid Freezing of Isolated Skeletal Muscle Fibers

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 576-577
Author(s):  
Joachim R. Sommer ◽  
Nancy R. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Granular Material ◽  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Intracellular Calcium ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Rapid Freezing ◽  
Frog Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Electrical Isolation

After Howell (1) had shown that ruthenium red treatment of fixed frog skeletal muscle caused collapse of the intermediate cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), forming a pentalaminate structure by obi iterating the SR lumen, we demonstrated that the phenomenon involves the entire SR including the nuclear envelope and that it also occurs after treatment with other cations, including calcium (2,3,4).From these observations we have formulated a hypothesis which states that intracellular calcium taken up by the SR at the end of contraction causes the M rete to collapse at a certain threshold concentration as the first step in a subsequent centrifugal zippering of the free SR toward the junctional SR (JSR). This would cause a) bulk transport of SR contents, such as calcium and granular material (4) into the JSR and, b) electrical isolation of the free SR from the JSR.

Electron Probe Analysis of Muscle

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 398-401
Author(s):  
A. V. Somlyo ◽  
H. Shuman ◽  
A. P. Somlyo
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Electron Probe ◽  
Frog Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Electron Probe Analysis ◽  
Probe Analysis

Electron probe analysis of frozen dried cryosections of frog skeletal muscle, rabbit vascular smooth muscle and of isolated, hyperpermeab1 e rabbit cardiac myocytes has been used to determine the composition of the cytoplasm and organelles in the resting state as well as during contraction. The concentration of elements within the organelles reflects the permeabilities of the organelle membranes to the cytoplasmic ions as well as binding sites. The measurements of [Ca] in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and mitochondria at rest and during contraction, have direct bearing on their role as release and/or storage sites for Ca in situ.

How to sample the entire length of a single muscle fiber quick-frozen after electrical point stimulation for high resolution EM

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 776-777
Author(s):  
Joachim R. Sommer ◽  
Teresa High ◽  
Betty Scherer ◽  
Isaiah Taylor ◽  
Rashid Nassar
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Action Potential ◽  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Freeze Substitution ◽  
Electrical Field Stimulation ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Fiber ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Quick Freezing

We have developed a model that allows the quick-freezing at known time intervals following electrical field stimulation of a single, intact frog skeletal muscle fiber isolated by sharp dissection. The preparation is used for studying high resolution morphology by freeze-substitution and freeze-fracture and for electron probe x-ray microanlysis of sudden calcium displacement from intracellular stores in freeze-dried cryosections, all in the same fiber. We now show the feasibility and instrumentation of new methodology for stimulating a single, intact skeletal muscle fiber at a point resulting in the propagation of an action potential, followed by quick-freezing with sub-millisecond temporal resolution after electrical stimulation, followed by multiple sampling of the frozen muscle fiber for freeze-substitution, freeze-fracture (not shown) and cryosectionmg. This model, at once serving as its own control and obviating consideration of variances between different fibers, frogs etc., is useful to investigate structural and topochemical alterations occurring in the wake of an action potential.

Alterations in Ultrastructure of Skeletal Muscle From Newborn Guinea Pigs Following in Utero Exposure to Ethanol

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 686-687
Author(s):  
C. Uphoff ◽  
C. Nyquist-Battie ◽  
T.B. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Ethanol Exposure ◽  
Prenatally Exposed ◽  
Chronic Alcoholic ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Food And Water Intake ◽  
Post Intubation

Ultrastructural alterations of skeletal muscle have been observed in adult chronic alcoholic patients. However, no such study has been performed on individuals prenatally exposed to ethanol. In order to determine if ethanol exposure in utero in the latter stages of muscle development was deleterious, skeletal muscle was obtained from newborn guinea pigs treated in the following manner. Six Hartly strain pregnant guinea pigs were randomly assigned to either the ethanol or the pair-intubated groups. Twice daily the 3 ethanol-treated animals were intubated with Ensure (Ross Laboratories) liquid diet containing 30% ethanol (6g/Kg pre-pregnant body weight per day) from day 35 of gestation until parturition at day 70±1 day. Serum ethanol levels were determined at 1 hour post-intubation by the Sigma alcohol test kit. For pair-intubation the Ensure diet contained sucrose substituted isocalorically for ethanol. Both food and water intake were monitored.

Ultrastructural autoradiography of L6 skeletal-muscle cells exposed to a tritiated macrolide antibiotic (LY237216) in vitro

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 612-613
Author(s):  
S.L. White ◽  
C.B. Jensen ◽  
D.D. Giera ◽  
D.A. Laska ◽  
M.N. Novilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Macrolide Antibiotic ◽  
Circle Method ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Polycarbonate Membrane ◽  
L6 Cells ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Erythromycin A

In vitro exposure to LY237216 (9-Deoxo-11-deoxy-9,11-{imino[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethylidene]-oxy}-(9S)-erythromycin), a macrolide antibiotic, was found to induce cytoplasmic vacuolation in L6 skeletal muscle myoblast cultures (White, S.L., unpubl). The present study was done to determine, by autoradiographic quantitative analysis, the subcellular distribution of 3H-LY237216 in L6 cells.L6 cells (ATCC, CRL 1458) were cultured to confluency on polycarbonate membrane filters (Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA) in M-199 medium (GIBCO® Labs) with 10% fetal bovine serum. The cells were exposed from the apical surface for 1-hour to unlabelled-compound (0 μCi/ml) or 50 (μCi/ml of 3H-LY237216 at a compound concentration of 0.25 mg/ml. Following a rapid rinse in compound-free growth medium, the cells were slam-frozen against a liquid nitrogen cooled, polished copper block in a CF-100 cryofixation unit (LifeCell Corp., The Woodlands, TX). Specimens were dried in the MDD-C Molecular Distillation Drier (LifeCell Corp.), vapor osmicated and embedded in Spurrs low viscosity resin. Ultrathin sections collected on formvar coated stainless steel grids were counter-stained, then individually mounted on corks. A monolayer of Ilford L4 nuclear emulsion (Polysciences, Inc., Warrington, PA) was placed on the sections, utilizing a modified “loop method”. The emulsions were exposed for 7-weeks in a light-tight box at 4°C. Autoradiographs were developed in Microdol-X developer and examined on a Philips EM410LS transmission electron microscope. Quantitative analysis of compound localization employed the point and circle approach of Williams; incorporating the probability circle method of Salpeter and McHenry.

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