Affordability of cigarettes and consequences of tobacco epidemic in Russian regions

2021 ◽  
pp. 52-71
Author(s):  
Irina Kalabikhina ◽  
Polina Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Lung Cancer Mortality ◽  
International Standards ◽  
High Price ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic ◽  
The Impact

The paper addresses the effects of the tobacco epidemic in Russian regions, including the impact of cigarettes affordability on mortality attributed to tobacco. As a characteristic of such consequences, the authors consider the standardized mortality rates from lung cancer in the Russian regions. Regression analysis of the factors of regional lung cancer mortality reveal a high level of losses in the northern and eastern regions as well as significant gender differences. It indirectly shows the incompleteness of female tobacco epidemic in Russia — men are more active in quitting smoking, especially those from high-income and highly educated groups of urban population. Decomposition of regional differences shows the dominant role of the territorial factor: 72% of differences among men and 55% among women are due to what of eight federal districts they belong. Gender wage gap is also an important factor for men (more equity corresponds to lower losses from tobacco epidemic). We explain this by greater tolerance towards male smoking in regions with higher levels of gender inequality. For women, other factors turned out to be significant: about 25% of differences are explained by the risk of secondhand smoke and another 13% — by poor environmental situation. Despite high price that Russia pays for the consequences of mass smoking, the affordability of cigarettes by international standards remains high. At the same time, econometric modeling shows no significant effect of prices on tobacco mortality: most likely, in Russia, the threshold value after which an increase in price significantly reduces the future losses from smoking has not yet been reached. The research is conducted with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) under grant No. 19-29-07546 mk “The Impact of Human Capital on Current and Future Economic Growth in Russia”.

scholarly journals Lung cancer mortality due to delayed treatment: Literature review

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-38
Author(s):  
B. А. Abdurakhmanov ◽  
Z. К. Avizovа
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Lung Cancer Mortality ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Delayed Treatment ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Delay In Treatment

Lung cancer is still leading in the structure of cancer incidence and mortality worldwide. Delay in appropriate treatment increases the probability of death from this disease. Purpose: to study foreign scientific publications of recent years on the mortality from lung cancer due to delayed treatment. Results: The analysis of global literature for 2010-2020 shows that any delay in lung cancer treatment after establishing the diagnosis reduces the survival rates. Recent studies provide a qualitative assessment of the effect of delay in treatment on cancer mortality for prioritization and modeling. The indications for surgery, systemic treatment, and radiation therapy in seven types of cancer, including lung cancer, evidence a significant association between delay in treatment and increased mortality. The researchers believe that early diagnostics increase the treatment efficacy. Conclusion: Analyzing the barriers to timely treatment for lung cancer can help clarify and assess the impact of delayed treatment on survival. Policies designed to minimize delays in treatment can improve survival outcomes.

scholarly journals Exploring the impact of screening with low-dose CT on lung cancer mortality in mild to moderate COPD patients: A pilot study

2013 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 702-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan P. de-Torres ◽  
Ciro Casanova ◽  
Jose M. Marín ◽  
Jorge Zagaceta ◽  
Ana B. Alcaide ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Lung Cancer Mortality ◽  
Low Dose Ct ◽  
Copd Patients ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals O3B.3 Estimating the impact of changes to occupational standards for silica exposure on lung cancer mortality

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. A24.2-A24
Author(s):  
Alex Keil ◽  
David Richardson ◽  
Daniel Westreich ◽  
Kyle Steenland
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Lung Cancer Mortality ◽  
Occupational Exposure Limits ◽  
Exposure Limits ◽  
Silica Exposure ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Survivor Bias ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundRespiratory exposure to silica is associated with the risk of death due to malignant and non-malignant disease. 2.3 million U.S. workers are exposed to silica. Occupational exposure limits for silica are derived from a number of lines of evidence, including observational studies. Observational studies may be subject to healthy worker survivor bias, which could result in underestimates of silica’s impact on worker mortality and, in turn, bias risk estimates for occupational exposure limits.MethodsUsing data on 65 999 workers pooled across multiple industries, we estimate the impacts of several hypothetical occupational exposure limits on silica exposure on lung cancer and all-cause mortality. We use the parametric g-formula, which can account for healthy worker survivor bias.ResultsAssuming we could eliminate occupational exposure, we estimate that there would be 20.7 fewer deaths per 1000 workers in our pooled study by age 80 (95% confidence interval: 14.5, 26.8), including 3.91 fewer deaths due to lung cancer (95% CI: 1.53, 6.30). Less restrictive interventions demonstrated smaller, but still substantial risk reductions.ConclusionsOur results suggest that occupational exposure limits for silica can be further strengthened to reduce silica-associated mortality and illustrate how current risk analysis for occupational limits can be improved.

scholarly journals The impact of certification of general thoracic surgeons on lung cancer mortality: a survey by The Japanese Association for Thoracic Surgery

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. e134-e140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Nagayasu ◽  
Shuntaro Sato ◽  
Hiroshi Yamamoto ◽  
Naoya Yamasaki ◽  
Tomoshi Tsuchiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Thoracic Surgery ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Lung Cancer Mortality ◽  
Japanese Association ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Assessing Progress in Reducing the Burden of Cancer Mortality, 1985-2005

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 444-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samir Soneji ◽  
Hiram Beltrán-Sánchez ◽  
Harold C. Sox
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Lung Cancer Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Average Person ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cvd Mortality

Purpose Measuring the effect of cancer interventions must take into account rising cancer incidence now that people live longer because of declines in mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD). Cancer mortality rates in the population do not accomplish this objective. We sought a measure that would reveal the effects of changing mortality rates from other diseases. Methods We obtained annual breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer mortality rates from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries; we obtained noncancer mortality rates from national death certificates, 1975 to 2005. We used life-table methods to calculate the burden of cancer mortality as the average person-years of life lost (PYLL) as a result of cancer (cancer-specific PYLL) and quantify individual—and perhaps offsetting—contributions of the two factors that affect cancer-specific PYLL: mortality rates as a result of cancer and other-cause mortality. Results Falling cancer mortality rates reduced the burden of mortality from leading cancers, but increasing cancer incidence as a result of decreasing other-cause mortality rates partially offset this progress. Between 1985 and 1989 and between 2000 and 2004, the burden of lung cancer in males declined by 0.1 year of life lost. This decline reflects the sum of two effects: decreasing lung cancer mortality rates that reduced the average burden of lung cancer mortality by 0.33 years of life lost and declining other-cause mortality rates that raised it by 0.23 years. Other common cancers showed similar patterns. Conclusion By using a measure that accounts for increased cancer incidence as a result of improvements in CVD mortality, we find that prior assessments have underestimated the impact of cancer interventions.

scholarly journals The impact of alternative historical extrapolations of diesel exhaust exposure and radon in the Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study (DEMS)

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roel Vermeulen ◽  
Lützen Portengen ◽  
Jay Lubin ◽  
Patricia Stewart ◽  
Aaron Blair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Diesel Exhaust ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Lung Cancer Mortality ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Diesel Exhaust Exposure ◽  
Engine Emission ◽  
Ventilation Rates ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Previous results from the Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study (DEMS) demonstrated a positive exposure–response relation between lung cancer and respirable elemental carbon (REC), a key surrogate for diesel exhaust exposure. Two issues have been raised regarding DEMS: (i) the use of historical carbon monoxide (CO) measurements to calibrate models used for estimating historical exposures to REC in the DEMS exposure assessment; and (ii) potential confounding by radon. Methods We developed alternative REC estimates using models that did not rely on CO for calibration, but instead relied on estimated use of diesel equipment, mine ventilation rates and changes in diesel engine emission rates over time. These new REC estimates were used to quantify cumulative REC exposure for each subject in the nested case-control study. We conducted conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for lung cancer. To evaluate the impact of including radon as a potential confounder, we estimated ORs for average REC intensity adjusted for cumulative radon exposure in underground miners. Results Validation of the new REC exposure estimates indicated that they overestimated historical REC by 200–400%, compared with only 10% for the original estimates. Effect estimates for lung cancer using these alternative REC exposures or adjusting for radon typically changed by <10% when compared with the original estimates. Conclusions These results emphasize the robustness of the DEMS findings, support the use of CO for model calibration and confirm that radon did not confound the DEMS estimates of the effect of diesel exposure on lung cancer mortality.

scholarly journals Lung cancer mortality due to delayed treatment: Literature review

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-38
Author(s):  
B. А. Abdurakhmanov ◽  
Z. К. Avizovа
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Lung Cancer Mortality ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Delayed Treatment ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Delay In Treatment

Relevance: Lung cancer is still leading in the structure of cancer incidence and mortality worldwide. Delay in appropriate treatment increases the probability of death from this disease. Purpose: to study foreign scientific publications of recent years on the mortality from lung cancer due to delayed treatment. Results: The analysis of global literature for 2010- 2020 shows that any delay in lung cancer treatment after establishing the diagnoses reduces the survival rates. Recent studies provide a qualitative assessment of the effect of delay in treatment on cancer mortality for prioritization and modeling. The indications for surgery, systemic treatment, and radiation therapy in seven types of cancer, including lung cancer, evidence a significant association between delay in treatment and increased mortality. The researchers believe that early diagnostics increase the treatment efficacy. Conclusion: Analyzing the barriers to timely treatment for lung cancer can help clarify and assess the impact of delayed treatment on survival. Policies designed to minimize delays in treatment can improve survival outcomes.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic disparities in cancer incidence and mortality in England and the impact of age-at-diagnosis on cancer mortality

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0253854
Author(s):  
Ayşe Arık ◽  
Erengul Dodd ◽  
Andrew Cairns ◽  
George Streftaris
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Lung Cancer Mortality ◽  
Socioeconomic Disparities ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Cancer Morbidity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Female Lung Cancer

Background We identify socioeconomic disparities by region in cancer morbidity and mortality in England for all-cancer and type-specific cancers, and use incidence data to quantify the impact of cancer diagnosis delays on cancer deaths between 2001–2016. Methods and findings We obtain population cancer morbidity and mortality rates at various age, year, gender, deprivation, and region levels based on a Bayesian approach. A significant increase in type-specific cancer deaths, which can also vary among regions, is shown as a result of delay in cancer diagnoses. Our analysis suggests increase of 7.75% (7.42% to 8.25%) in female lung cancer mortality in London, as an impact of 12-month delay in cancer diagnosis, and a 3.39% (3.29% to 3.48%) increase in male lung cancer mortality across all regions. The same delay can cause a 23.56% (23.09% to 24.30%) increase in male bowel cancer mortality. Furthermore, for all-cancer mortality, the highest increase in deprivation gap happened in the East Midlands, from 199 (186 to 212) in 2001, to 239 (224 to 252) in 2016 for males, and from 114 (107 to 121) to 163 (155 to 171) for females. Also, for female lung cancer, the deprivation gap has widened with the highest change in the North West, e.g. for incidence from 180 (172 to 188) to 272 (261 to 282), whereas it has narrowed for prostate cancer incidence with the biggest reduction in the South West from 165 (139 to 190) in 2001 to 95 (72 to 117) in 2016. Conclusions The analysis reveals considerable disparities in all-cancer and some type-specific cancers with respect to socioeconomic status. Furthermore, a significant increase in cancer deaths is shown as a result of delays in cancer diagnoses which can be linked to concerns about the effect of delay in cancer screening and diagnosis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health interventions at regional and deprivation level can contribute to prevention of cancer deaths.

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