scholarly journals TRUST AND DISTRUST OF FALSE INFORMATION ON THE INTERNET

2020 ◽  
pp. 365-389
Author(s):  
А.Н. Лебедев
Keyword(s):  
Data Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology ◽  
State University ◽  
False Information ◽  
The Social ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
False News ◽  
The Impact

Рассматривается проблема доверия и недоверия недостоверной информации, распространяемой в Интернете. Обсуждаются вопросы природы фейковых сообщений, психологических механизмов возникновения и распространения фейков, психологических характеристик и мотивации распространителей недостоверной информации и др. Также уделяется внимание методам распознавания фейков, как экспертным, так и выполняемым программами искусственного интеллекта. Представлены результаты исследований, проводимых в ряде исследовательских организаций США, в частности, в Массачусетском Технологическом Институте, в Мичиганском институте науки о данных, университете Ланкастера, Калифорнийском университете, университете штата Огайо, университете штата Северная Каролина и др. Представлено описание отличий распространяемой в Интернете недостоверной информации от достоверной, а также данные о влиянии социальной среды и когнитивных ошибок пользователей на распространение недостоверной информации. Рассмотрено влияние фейков на отношение к известным рекламным брендам. Исследования показывают, что ложные новости, например, в социальной сети Twitter, распространяются намного быстрее, чем правдивые, и в гораздо большем объеме. Было установлено, что распространение фейковой информации почти не связано с ботами, запрограммированными на ее распространение. В наибольшей степени это определяется именно действиями людей. Отмечается, что, поскольку исследования доверия и недоверия информации в Интернете представляют огромный интерес для бизнеса, их результаты оказываются малодоступными широкой общественности. Это делает исследования по данной проблематике крайне актуальными для социальной и экономической психологии. The problem of studying the trust and distrust of unreliable information distributed on the Internet is considered. The article discusses the nature of fake messages, the psychological mechanisms of the emergence and spread of fakes, the psychological characteristics and motivation of distributors of false information, and so on. Attention is also paid to methods for recognizing fakes, both expert and performed by artificial intelligence programs. The results of research conducted in several research organizations in the United States at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Michigan Institute of data science, Lancaster University, the University of California, Ohio state University, North Carolina state University, etc. are presented. The article describes the differences between false information distributed on the Internet and reliable information, as well as data on the impact of the social environment and cognitive errors of users on the dissemination of false information. The problem of the influence of fakes on the attitude to well-known advertising brands is considered. Research shows that false news, for example, on the social network Twitter, spreads much faster than true news, and in a much larger volume. It was found that the spread of fake information is almost not associated with bots programmed to distribute such information. To the greatest extent, this is determined by the actions of people. It is noted that since research on trust and distrust of information on the Internet is of great interest to businesses, their results are not accessible to the General public. This makes research on this issue extremely relevant for social and economic psychology.

scholarly journals THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF BUSINESS SCHOOLS BASED ON FACULTY ACTIVITIES: EXPLANATIONS FROM THE SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY

2022 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcello Romani-Dias ◽  
Angela Maria Scroccaro Biasoli ◽  
Jorge Carneiro ◽  
Aline dos Santos Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Social Exchange ◽  
Social Exchange Theory ◽  
Business Schools ◽  
The United States ◽  
Exchange Theory ◽  
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology ◽  
The Social ◽  
Rational Choices ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
Getulio Vargas

ABSTRACT The internationalization of higher education has gained in theoretical and empirical importance in recent decades. In this context, this article aims to describe and analyze the internationalization of business schools from the activities of their academics and based on the propositions defended by the Social Exchange Theory (SET). To achieve our goal we conducted 39 interviews with academics from business schools in the United States and Brazil, including Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Harvard, Getulio Vargas Foundation (FGV) and University of Sao Paulo (USP). We found that: (i) there are individual rewards that are not addressed by SET; (ii) there are benefits to third parties not covered by SET; (iii) certain non-rational choices are not provided by SET; and (iv) the condition of equivalence between costs and rewards provided by SET has its weaknesses. With these findings we add theoretical and empirical contributions to our theme.

In His Prime: Dirk Jan Struik Reflects on 103 Years of Mathematical and Political Activities

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 416-447
Author(s):  
Arthur Powell ◽  
Marilyn Frankenstein
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Professor Emeritus ◽  
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Teacher Student Relationships ◽  
Teacher Student ◽  
Political Activist ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
The Impact

In this interview, Arthur B. Powell and Marilyn Frankenstein elicit a perspective on the importance of teacher-student relationships for academic, social, and political learning through the voice of mathematician and Massachusetts Institute of Technology Professor Emeritus Dirk Jan Struik, who was 103 years old at the time of the interview. Through his words, we gain insights into European schooling from the end of the 1800s to the present, and into the intellectual and political life in the early part of this century. We learn about the impact of McCarthyism on intellectual freedom in the United States and about the importance of ethnomathematics from a man who not only lived through these times, but who also became an active political intellectual during this period of history. In this context, Struik discusses his intellectual, academic, and political trajectories, relating stories of his life as a student, teacher, mentor, colleague, professor, political activist, and Marxist intellectual.

Materials Science in High Magnetic Fields

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 17-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E. Crow ◽  
D.M. Parkin ◽  
N.S. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Magnetic Fields ◽  
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
Continuous Fields ◽  
The Impact

The recent rapid growth in the emerging areas of magnetic and magnet-related materials research and applications has led to worldwide recognition of the increased importance of research and technology using high magnetic fields. New high-field magnet facilities and major upgrades of existing facilities are being planned and implemented by a number of countries, among them Japan, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Great Britain, Poland, Australia, and the United States. Over the next ten years, these developments will advance the state of the art in magnet-related materials science and technologies by a significant quantum jump. Support by many of the national agencies and a strong corporate commitment to stimulate rapid growth in the development of capabilities at higher magnetic fields and in related technologies results in part from an awareness of the impact these technologies will have in developing the new emerging industrial technologies of the 21st century.The Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory (FBNML) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has been one of the pre-eminent facilities in developing and advancing science and technology in high magnetic fields. The new U.S. National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) at Florida State University, at the University of Florida, and at Los Alamos National Laboratory builds on the success of existing facilities. NHMFL will provide the necessary environment to develop the next generation of high magnetic fields: 30–50-tesla continuous fields, 60-tesla quasi-continuous fields, and pulsed fields from 60–1,000 tesla. The ability to develop broad user capabilities at these extreme fields is crucial for the advancement of the frontiers of science and of magnet-related industries.

scholarly journals INTERNACIONALIZAÇÃO DE ESCOLAS DE NEGÓCIOS BASEADA NAS ATIVIDADES DOS ACADÊMICOS: ELUCIDAÇÕES TRAZIDAS PELA TEORIA DA TROCA SOCIAL

2022 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcello Romani-Dias ◽  
Angela Maria Scroccaro Biasoli ◽  
Jorge Carneiro ◽  
Aline dos Santos Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Social Exchange ◽  
Social Exchange Theory ◽  
Business Schools ◽  
The United States ◽  
Massachusetts Institute ◽  
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology ◽  
The Social ◽  
Rational Choices ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
Getulio Vargas

ABSTRACT The internationalization of higher education has gained in theoretical and empirical importance in recent decades. In this context, this article aims to describe and analyze the internationalization of business schools from the activities of their academics and based on the propositions defended by the Social Exchange Theory (SET). To achieve our goal we conducted 39 interviews with academics from business schools in the United States and Brazil, including Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Harvard, Getulio Vargas Foundation (FGV) and University of Sao Paulo (USP). We found that: (i) there are individual rewards that are not addressed by SET; (ii) there are benefits to third parties not covered by SET; (iii) certain non-rational choices are not provided by SET; and (iv) the condition of equivalence between costs and rewards provided by SET has its weaknesses. With these findings we add theoretical and empirical contributions to our theme.

Alcohol Problem Prevention: A “Common Sense” Approach

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-393
Author(s):  
Selden D. Bacon
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alcohol Problems ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Alcohol Related Problems ◽  
Social Science Approach

In view of the low likelihood of the acceptance of the social science approach to alcohol problems proposed several years ago, a “common sense” approach is suggested as an alternative. Several assumptions guide this proposal, the principal one being the absence of any significant progress in the reduction of alcohol problems in the United States over the past 200 years. By the development of a common vocabulary and direct methods of observation and data collection, the “common sense” approach would provide for identifying the strengths of the multitude of past and current efforts in dealing with alcohol problems in terms of both intervention and prevention. The guiding criterion in such an approach would be the impact on alcoholism and alcohol-related problems, the definition of which would be a major task of the research.

Impacts of Liberation Pedagogy: The Case of Workers' Education

1983 ◽  
Vol 165 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hakken
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Paulo Freire ◽  
The United States ◽  
Antonio Gramsci ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Education Programs ◽  
Worker Education ◽  
The Social ◽  
Liberation Pedagogy ◽  
The Impact

Some perspectives with which to evaluate the impact of the pedagogy of liberation on worker education programs in England and the United States are suggested. The pedagogy of liberation is often associated with the work of Paulo Freire and occasionally with that of the Italian Marxist, Antonio Gramsci. After some initial discussion of the nature of liberation pedagogy, the problems involved in assessing its effectiveness, are discussed in reference to specific worker education programs in England and the United States. The analysis of workers' education involves discussion of the pedagogy which informs particular programs and the social psychological dilemmas which often face the worker/students involved in workers' education. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of the research on workers' education for liberation pedagogy.

scholarly journals The Need for Shared Nomenclature on Racism and Related Terminology in Psychology

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 886-892
Author(s):  
Angela M. Haeny ◽  
Samantha C. Holmes ◽  
Monnica T. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Research ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Racial Microaggressions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
Racial Hierarchy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Impact

With the increased desire to engage in antiracist clinical research, there is a need for shared nomenclature on racism and related constructs to help move the science forward. This article breaks down the factors that contributed to the development and maintenance of racism (including racial microaggressions), provides examples of the many forms of racism, and describes the impact of racism for all. Specifically, in the United States, racism is based on race, a social construct that has been used to categorize people on the basis of shared physical and social features with the assumption of a racial hierarchy presumed to delineate inherent differences between groups. Racism is a system of beliefs, practices, and policies that operate to advantage those at the top of the racial hierarchy. Individual factors that contribute to racism include racial prejudices and racial discrimination. Racism can be manifested in multiple forms (e.g., cultural, scientific, social) and is both explicit and implicit. Because of the negative impact of racism on health, understanding racism informs effective approaches for eliminating racial health disparities, including a focus on the social determinants of health. Providing shared nomenclature on racism and related terminology will strengthen clinical research and practice and contribute to building a cumulative science.

The Effects of the Westward Movement on California's Growth and Development, 1900–1920

1969 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 20-35
Author(s):  
Frank L. Beach
Keyword(s):  
Social Economic ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Experience ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
United States Population ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
The Social ◽  
Westward Movement ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

Internal migration is a growing social phenomenon of today's America: a third of the United States population live in a different state from the one in which they have been born. This, however, has been a constant aspect of the American experience. The author of the present essay analyzes in an historical perspective the growth of California from 1900–1920 under the impact of the westward movement. The social, economic and political implications of the California development are the main features of this paper.

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