scholarly journals Risk Stratification in COVID-19

The Physician ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Subarna Chakravorty
Keyword(s):  
Viral Transmission ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Transmission Rates ◽  
Public Health Infrastructure ◽  
Health Infrastructure ◽  
Sociodemographic Risk ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The City

Following the first few reports of a novel coronavirus affecting a large number of Chinese residents in the city of Wuhan, it was rapidly clear that the disease did not affect everyone to the same degree. Often this is based on socio-political factors, leadership and resilience of the public health infrastructure. The predicted surge in infections due to high viral transmission rates threatened to overwhelm every healthcare system in the world. However, it has become clear that the experience of different population groups or subsets with variable characteristics was not the same. This review assesses pre-existing conditions that were identified as pathophysiological or sociodemographic risk factors of COVID-19. This will allow policymakers to decide what mitigation is needed to reduce those risks and protect the public from infections.

scholarly journals Global Pandemic Conditions and List of Possible Medications and Vaccines for the Treatment of COVID-19: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (Special-1) ◽  
pp. 90-102
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mukim ◽  
Atul Kabra ◽  
Siwani Devi ◽  
Mohit Chaturvedi ◽  
Rakesh Patel
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Transmission Method ◽  
The Public ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Difficulty Breathing ◽  
Public Area ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The City

At the end of December 2019, a novel coronavirus was identified which caused severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with a disease known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The virus first originated in the city of Wuhan in China, causing symptoms such as pneumonic plague, which began in the Wuhan and then spread throughout the world with high transmission efficiency. Special precautions and care are needed such as leaving the public area, covering your mouth with a mask, not shaking hands, washing hands, and sanitation from time to time. Infection due to SARS-CoV-2 shows several symptoms, one of which is very often the patient shows difficulty breathing. Currently, COVID-19 has been declared a global pandemic and has almost attacked all countries in the world, including in India which has one of the largest human populations in the entire world. One of the challenges in handling COVID-19 is the unavailability of drugs or special vaccines to treat the disease, so clinical practitioners and academics are currently testing various drugs to see how they affect the COVID-19 patients. Some of the drugs tested provide effective mechanisms against SARS-CoV-2, such as chloroquine, remdesivir, lopinavir, and vaccines under development. These drugs are still being tested and are now at the forefront to combat the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review article will discuss all kinds of ins and outs of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, including the transmission method, how to prevent it, as well as various drugs and vaccines currently used in handling COVID-19.

Sex in the City that Peter Built: The Demimonde and Sociability in Mid-Eighteenth Century St. Petersburg

Slavic Review ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 907-930
Author(s):  
Igor Fedyukin
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Reading Public ◽  
Associational Life ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The City

This article uses the materials of the Drezdensha affair, a large-scale investigation of “indecency” in St. Petersburg in 1750, to explore unofficial sociability among the Imperial elite, and to map out the institutional, social, and economic dimensions of the post-Petrine “sexual underworld.” Sociability and, ultimately, the public sphere in eighteenth century Russia are usually associated with loftier practices, with joining the ranks of the reading public, reflecting on the public good, and generally, becoming more civil and polite. Yet, it is the privately-run, commercially-oriented, and sexually-charged “parties” at the focus of this article that arguably served as a “training ground” for developing the habits of sociability. The world of these “parties” provides a missing link between the debauchery and carousing of Peter I's era and the more polite formats of associational life in the late eighteenth century, as well as the historical context for reflections on morality, sexual licentiousness, foppery, and the excesses of “westernization.”

Reconceptualizing the Public Spaces of New Urban Areas in Hanoi: The End or the New of Public-Making?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minh-Tung Tran ◽  
◽  
Tien-Hau Phan ◽  
Ngoc-Huyen Chu ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
The Public ◽  
Doi Moi ◽  
The World ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Public spaces are designed and managed in many different ways. In Hanoi, after the Doi moi policy in 1986, the transfer of the public spaces creation at the neighborhood-level to the private sector has prospered na-ture of public and added a large amount of public space for the city, directly impacting on citizen's daily life, creating a new trend, new concept of public spaces. This article looks forward to understanding the public spaces-making and operating in KDTMs (Khu Do Thi Moi - new urban areas) in Hanoi to answer the question of whether ‘socialization’/privatization of these public spaces will put an end to the urban public or the new means of public-making trend. Based on the comparison and literature review of studies in the world on public spaces privatization with domestic studies to see the differences in the Vietnamese context leading to differences in definitions and roles and the concept of public spaces in KDTMs of Hanoi. Through adducing and analyzing practical cases, the article also mentions the trends, the issues, the ways and the technologies of public-making and public-spaces-making in KDTMs of Hanoi. Win/loss and the relationship of the three most important influential actors in this process (municipality, KDTM owners, inhabitants/citizens) is also considered to reconceptualize the public spaces of KDTMs in Hanoi.

Immigrant Communities and COVID-19: Strengthening the Public Health Response

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 (S3) ◽  
pp. S224-S231
Author(s):  
Lan N. Đoàn ◽  
Stella K. Chong ◽  
Supriya Misra ◽  
Simona C. Kwon ◽  
Stella S. Yi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Immigrant Communities ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Health Infrastructure ◽  
Health Infrastructure

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the many broken fragments of US health care and social service systems, reinforcing extant health and socioeconomic inequities faced by structurally marginalized immigrant communities. Throughout the pandemic, even during the most critical period of rising cases in different epicenters, immigrants continued to work in high-risk-exposure environments while simultaneously having less access to health care and economic relief and facing discrimination. We describe systemic factors that have adversely affected low-income immigrants, including limiting their work opportunities to essential jobs, living in substandard housing conditions that do not allow for social distancing or space to safely isolate from others in the household, and policies that discourage access to public resources that are available to them or that make resources completely inaccessible. We demonstrate that the current public health infrastructure has not improved health care access or linkages to necessary services, treatments, or culturally competent health care providers, and we provide suggestions for how the Public Health 3.0 framework could advance this. We recommend the following strategies to improve the Public Health 3.0 public health infrastructure and mitigate widening disparities: (1) address the social determinants of health, (2) broaden engagement with stakeholders across multiple sectors, and (3) develop appropriate tools and technologies. (Am J Public Health. 2021;111(S3):S224–S231. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306433 )

Copenhagen: contenimento della disuguaglianza o aumento della segregazione?

TERRITORIO ◽  
2012 ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
Roberta Cucca
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
The Public ◽  
Welfare Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
The City ◽  
Generous Welfare

Throughout the second half of the 20th century, Copenhagen was represented as the ‘welfare city', in consideration of the high percentage of the labour force employed in the public sector, the share of social housing that characterized its housing stock and the support furnished by one of the most generous welfare systems in the world. Following a substantial financial crisis in the early 1990s and action taken by a central government ori¬ented towards introducing a more neo-laissez-faire idea of urban development for its capital, the profile of the city was greatly modified. This paper describes the major transformations that have occurred, and in particular sheds light on how, alongside a process of economic rebirth of the city, which thanks to major infrastructural interventions became the most important hub in Northern Europe as well as one of the most liveable and sustain¬able cities in the world, transformations were begun that created a serious crisis for its social model.

Epilogue

2016 ◽  
pp. 119-122
Author(s):  
Christian W. McMillen
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Climate Change ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
The Past ◽  
Public Health Infrastructure ◽  
Health Infrastructure ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Face ◽  
New Challenges

There will be more pandemics. A pandemic might come from an old, familiar foe such as influenza or might emerge from a new source—a zoonosis that makes its way into humans, perhaps. The epilogue asks how the world will confront pandemics in the future. It is likely that patterns established long ago will re-emerge. But how will new challenges, like climate change, affect future pandemics and our ability to respond? Will lessons learned from the past help with plans for the future? One thing is clear: in the face of a serious pandemic much of the developing world’s public health infrastructure will be woefully overburdened. This must be addressed.

scholarly journals Lessons earned and lessons learned: What should be done next to counter the COVID-19 infodemic?

European View ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-163
Author(s):  
Nad’a Kovalčíková ◽  
Ariane Tabatabai
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Health Crisis ◽  
Societal Challenges ◽  
The World ◽  
Information Manipulation ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

As governments and citizens around the world have struggled with the novel coronavirus, the information space has turned into a battleground. Authoritarian countries, including Russia, China and Iran, have spread disinformation on the causes of and responses to the pandemic. The over-abundance of information, also referred to as an ‘infodemic’, including manipulated information, has been both a cause and a result of the exacerbation of the public health crisis. It is further undermining trust in democratic institutions, the independent press, and facts and data, and exacerbating the rising tensions driven by economic, political and societal challenges. This article discusses the challenges democracies have faced and the measures they have adopted to counter information manipulation that impedes public health efforts. It draws seven lessons learned from the information war and offers a set of recommendations on tackling future infodemics related to public health.

Modeling and Optimizing the Public-Health Infrastructure for Emergency Response

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 476-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva K. Lee ◽  
Chien-Hung Chen ◽  
Ferdinand Pietz ◽  
Bernard Benecke
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Health Infrastructure ◽  
Health Infrastructure

scholarly journals Exploring the role and mechanism of COVID-19 apps in fighting the current pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Karthikeyan P. Iyengar ◽  
Rachit Jain ◽  
David Ananth Samy ◽  
Vijay Kumar Jain ◽  
Raju Vaishya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Privacy ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Test Track ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Transmission Test

As COVID-19 pandemic spread worldwide, policies have been developed to contain the disease and prevent viral transmission. One of the key strategies has been the principle of “‘test, track, and trace” to minimize spread of the virus. Numerous COVID-19 contact tracing applications have been rolled around the world to monitor and control the spread of the disease. We explore the characteristics of various COVID-19 applications and especially the Aarogya Setu COVID-19 app from India in its role in fighting the current pandemic. We assessed the current literature available to us using conventional search engines, including but not limited to PubMed, Google Scholar, and Research Gate in May 2020 till the time of submission of this article. The search criteria used MeSH keywords such as “COVID-19,” “pandemics,” “contact tracing,” and “mobile applications.” A variable uptake of different COVID-19 applications has been noted with increasing enrolment around the world. Security concerns about data privacy remain. The various COVID-19 applications will complement manual contact tracing system to assess and prevent viral transmission. Test, track, trace, and support policy will play a key role in avoidance of a “second wave” of the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 outbreak.

scholarly journals STRATEGI COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE UNTUK MEMBANGUN CITY BRANDING KOTA BATU SEBAGAI KOTA WISATA

IQTISHODUNA ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-98
Author(s):  
Uyunur Rochmawati Miladiyah ◽  
Slamet Slamet
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
City Branding ◽  
Tourist Attractions ◽  
City Brand ◽  
The Public ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Globalization led to tough competition among cities around the world to win the competition toattract visitors and increase investment. Therefore, not only the company, the cities are also struggling tocreate uniqueness to gain an advantage in competition. It is very important to communicate the competitiveadvantages owned by these cities to the public and all parties to ensure the achievement of objectives. Citybranding is a method used to re-brand the city as identification which is expected to reflect the advantages aswell as its uniqueness. Therefore, in 2013 Shining Batu was introduced as a city brand wich expected to bereflect the competitive advantage of Batu City. The purpose of this study is to reveal aspects of the competitiveadvantages Batu City; strategies that are used in communicating it; as well as how big the impact of thecommunication strategy for the visitors Batu City. The paradigm of this research is qualitatively by case studydesign. Data were obtained by interview and documentation. The results showed that the Batu City has threeinterrelated aspects superior to one another that supports the creation of competitive advantages: geographicand agricultural sectors are packed in the development of the tourism sector. At the same time, the governmentdeveloped the program as a means of communicating Shining Batu and reflects the benefits of the city to thepublic. Shining Batu communicated through various forms of promotion that utilizes a wide variety ofcommunication tools; a variety of Tour Package; and held aa variety of routine and incidental events.Questionnaire showed that aim to dominate the number of respondents traveled, which consists of a visitor,where recreational tourist attractions types over a favorite choice than any natural attractions. Hotel is a topchoice for a place to stay. Most visitors make a visit to Batu City more than once.

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