Conclusion

2010 ◽  
pp. 227-232
Author(s):  
Sharon Flatto
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
Traditional Society ◽  
Independent Judiciary ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Jewish Learning

This chapter depicts the efflorescence of Prague's rabbinic culture and the mystical character that animated it during the latter half of the eighteenth century. It demonstrates how traditional society flourished during Ezekiel Landau's tenure despite the dramatic political changes imposed on Prague Jews, beginning with Joseph II's Toleranzpatent of 1781. It also recounts how the Jewish community maintained its independent judiciary system, housed several academies of higher Jewish learning, and was home to over fifty prominent rabbinic figures. The chapter talks about Prague's rabbinic scholars who produced a wide range of writings, focusing primarily on talmudic, halakhic, and kabbalistic matters. It reviews Landau's several talmudic commentaries, numerous sermons, glosses on kabbalistic treatises, and a two-volume collection of responsa that immediately gained authoritative status.

scholarly journals Asia's Declining Death Penalty

2010 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Human History ◽  
Late Qing Dynasty ◽  
Late Qing ◽  
Privileged Position ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
Capital Crimes

For most cultures and most of human history, the death penalty was taken for granted and directed at a wide range of offenders. In ancient Israel, death was prescribed for everything from murder and magic to blasphemy, bestiality, and cursing one's parents. In eighteenth-century Britain, more than 200 crimes were punishable by death, including theft, cutting down a tree, and robbing a rabbit warren. China of the late Qing dynasty had some 850 capital crimes, many reflecting the privileged position of male over female and senior over junior.

scholarly journals E.G. PCHELINA ON SLAVERY IN THE OSSETIAN TRADITIONAL SOCIETY

2021 ◽  
pp. 140-155
Author(s):  
Л.Д. БОНДАРЬ ◽  
Р Ш ЗЕЛЬНИЦКАЯ (ШЛАРБА)
Keyword(s):  
Doctoral Dissertation ◽  
Traditional Society ◽  
Scientific Creativity ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Настоящая статья предлагает публикацию очерка подготовленного известным осетиноведом Евгенией Георгиевной Пчелиной (1895–1972) и до сегодняшнего дня остававшегося не опубликованным. Рукопись не завершена полностью и хранится в архивном фонде Е.Г. Пчелиной в Санкт-Петербургском филиале Архива РАН (фонд № 1017). Рукопись состоит из 11 листов, ее научный аппарат составлен на отдельных карточках. Изучение архивного материала позволило сформировать относительно завершенный очерк и частично восстановить научный аппарат к нему. Текст посвящен вопросу рабства и продажи в плен в традиционном осетинском обществе и был написан для докторской диссертации, которую Пчелина готовила в течение ряда лет, но защита которой так и не состоялась. Удалось восстановить круг научных работ и источниковую базу, на основе которых был написан этот очерк Пчелиной. В статье предложена датировка этой работы – не позднее 1953 г. В публикуемом очерке Пчелиной изложены вопросы осетинской терминологии по изучаемой проблеме, описаны категории рабов, отношение в обществе к разным категориям рабов, способы пленения и доставки в дома пленных, невольничьи рынки на территории Осетии и соседних земель, стоимость рабов и др. Это исследование содержит все те черты, которые являются характерными для научного творчества Пчелиной: прекрасное знание научных работ и использование широкого круга источников, с обязательным обращением к фольклорному материалу и сведениям, полученным от информантов. This article proposes the publication of an essay written by the famous scholar of Ossetian studies Evgenia Georgievna Pchelina (1895–1972); this work has remained unpublished until today. The manuscript is not fully completed and is kept in the archive fund of E.G. Pchelina in the St. Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences (fond No. 1017). The manuscript consists of 11 sheets, its scientific apparatus is compiled on separate cards. The study of archival material made it possible to form a relatively complete text of the essay and partially restore the scientific apparatus to it. The text is devoted to the issue of slavery and captivity in the traditional Ossetian society and was written for a doctoral dissertation, which Pchelina had been preparing for a number of years, but the defense of which has never taken place. It was possible to restore the range of scientific works and the source base used by Pchelina for this essay. The article suggests the dating of this work – no later than 1953. In the essay by Pchelina under consideration, the issues of Ossetian terminology on the studied problem is presented, the categories of slaves, the attitude in society to different categories of slaves, methods of captivity and delivery to the homes of prisoners, slave markets on the territory of Ossetia and neighboring lands, the cost of slaves, etc. are described. This work of Pchelina contains all the features that are characteristic of her scientific creativity: excellent knowledge of scientific works and the use of a wide range of sources, with mandatory reference to folklore material and data received from informants.

scholarly journals Opposition and Legislative Minorities: Constitutional Roles, Rights and Recognition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliot Bulmer
Keyword(s):  
Civil Service ◽  
Democratic Politics ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Independent Judiciary ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Government ◽  
Constitutional Protections ◽  
Opposition Parties

This Primer examines the recognition, roles and rights of the opposition and the legislative minority in democratic constitutions. Opposition parties operating in democracies rely upon a wide range of constitutional protections, such as the freedoms of association, assembly and expression, backed by an independent judiciary and an impartial civil service. These protections ensure that opponents of the government continue to enjoy equal rights and are not criminalized, harassed or disadvantaged. However, many constitutions go further, formally recognizing the role, powers and responsibilities of the opposition or legislative minority in democratic politics.

Foul-Weather Friends

2021 ◽  
pp. 441-462
Author(s):  
Curtis G. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
Small Town ◽  
Ritual Murder ◽  
Murder Trials ◽  
The Town

This chapter highlights the civil–military commission of Lublin voivodeship that adjudicated a contract dispute between the town magistracy and the Jewish community of Lublin over the quartering of soldiers for the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's rapidly growing army. It analyzes the quarrels between Jews and their Christian neighbours that punctuated small-town life in pre-modern eastern Europe. It also points out how disputes serve as a reminder that the confrontations between Jews and Christians did not arise from ethno-religious hostility. The chapter mentions historians of Poland–Lithuania that often viewed the dynamics of Jewish–Christian interaction through dramatic details, such as the escalation of ritual murder trials in the eighteenth century. It describes contacts between urban Christians and Jews that revolved around concrete and prosaic concerns that were connected with the ambiguous powers and duties of both groups.

Political, Social, and Cultural Legacies

2020 ◽  
pp. 239-252
Author(s):  
J.S. Grewal
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Considerable Importance ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
The Third ◽  
Literary Forms ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cultural Legacies

A long struggle for political power that culminated in the establishment of Khalsa Raj in the third quarter of the eighteenth century was the most striking legacy of Guru Gobind Singh. Significantly, a wide range of literature was produced during this period by Sikh writers in new as well as old literary forms. The Dasam Granth emerged as a text of considerable importance. The doctrines of Guru Granth and Guru Panth crystallized, and influenced the religious, social and political life of the Khalsa. The Singhs formed the main stream of the Sikh Panth at the end of the century. Singh identity was sharpened to make the Khalsa visibly the ‘third community’ (tisar panth).

‘In a National Light’

2020 ◽  
pp. 213-242
Author(s):  
D.H. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Political Legitimation ◽  
British Nationalism

This chapter shows how continentalism and colonial British nationalism created a distinctive language of political legitimation in the colonies during the mid-eighteenth century. This standard of behaviour was imposed on a wide range of wartime activities, from the voluntary and commercial practices of militia associations and privateers to fast and thanksgiving days. But it also assumed a critical role as a barometer against which to judge the conduct of colonial legislatures, and it was in this capacity that it underwrote a dramatic revolution in colonial politics during the crisis point of the Seven Years War. The same barometer was also applied to British statesmen and military men like William Pitt, the Earl of Bute, and Admiral John Byng. At the end of the conflict, the beginnings of the patriot movement would use its rhetoric to debate the virtues of the Treaty of Paris.

Introduction

2010 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Sharon Flatto
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
World View ◽  
Ashkenazi Jews ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Central Aspect ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Longue Duree ◽  
Longue Durée ◽  
East And West

This chapter describes the multi-layered mystical rabbinic culture of eighteenth-century Prague. It reveals the prominence of Kabbalah in traditional life, particularly in the biography and writings of one of the towering figures of Ashkenazi Jewry named Ezekiel Landau, Prague's chief rabbi from 1754 to 1793. It also explores the deep roots of mysticism of the rabbinic culture of eighteenth-century Prague and sheds light on a central aspect of the life and world-view of a large number of early modern Ashkenazi Jews. The chapter covers the neglect of Prague's rabbinic culture, the importance of Prague as a meeting ground between East and West, and the centrality of Kabbalah for Prague Jews and its persistence over the longue durée. It reviews a wide range of kabbalistic materials and sources that influenced seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Ashkenazi Jews.

A Discussion of Kathryn Sikkink's Evidence for Hope: Making Human Rights Work in the 21st Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 818-819
Author(s):  
Alison Brysk
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
International Relations ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Individual Rights ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Universal Human Rights

Since their emergence in the late eighteenth century, doctrines of universal individual rights have been variously criticized as philosophically confused, politically inefficacious, ideologically particular, and Eurocentric. Nevertheless, today the discourse of universal human rights is more internationally widespread and influential than ever. In Evidence for Hope, leading international relations scholar Kathryn Sikkink argues that this is because human rights laws and institutions work. Sikkink rejects the notion that human rights are a Western imposition and points to a wide range of evidence that she claims demonstrates the effectiveness of human rights in bringing about a world that is appreciably improved in many ways from what it was previously. We have invited a broad range of scholars to assess Sikkink’s challenging claims.

Reformation without end

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
English Reformation ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Civil Unrest ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Reformation

Reformation without end reinterprets the English Reformation. No one in eighteenth-century England thought that they lived during ‘the Enlightenment’. Instead, they thought that they still faced the religious, intellectual and political problems unleashed by the Reformation, which began in the sixteenth century. They faced those problems, though, in the aftermath of two bloody seventeenth-century political and religious revolutions. This book is about the ways the eighteenth-century English debated the causes and consequences of those seventeenth-century revolutions. Those living in post-revolutionary England conceived themselves as living in the midst of the very thing which they thought had caused the revolutions: the Reformation. The reasons for and the legacy of the Reformation remained hotly debated in post-revolutionary England because the religious and political issues it had generated remained unresolved and that irresolution threatened more civil unrest. For this reason, most that got published during the eighteenth century concerned religion. This book looks closely at the careers of four of the eighteenth century’s most important polemical divines, Daniel Waterland, Conyers Middleton, Zachary Grey and William Warburton. It relies on a wide range of manuscript sources, including annotated books and unpublished drafts, to show how eighteenth-century authors crafted and pitched their works.

scholarly journals The Grain Market between the Reigns of Alexey Mikhailovich and Catherine the Great: Was there a ‘Price Revolution’?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Mustafin
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Grain Market ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Regions Of Russia ◽  
Grain Prices

The author of this article attempts to reveal and systematise archival data on grain prices in Russia between the 1650s and 1700s and analyse their dynamics by comparing them with data for the eighteenth century. The study is based on a wide range of archival sources from the funds of the RSAAA (RGADA), CSA of Moscow (TsGA of Moscow), DM NLR (OR RNB), and SFI CANNR (GKU TsANO). The data from these sources make it possible to construct time series describing rye and oat price dynamics in the northern and central non-black earth regions of Russia. The author substantiates the homogeneity and reliability of the data received and determines the real prices. The resulting numbers make the author doubt the “price revolution” in eighteenth-century Russia. Throughout the eighteenth century, the average real prices remained below the level of the 1660s and 1670s. Only in the 1790s did prices briefly exceed this level. Overall, the Russian grain market was characterised by long-term price fluctuations. The author aims to explain this dynamic by analysing supply and demand in the grain market. More particularly, for the first time in the historiography, the author examines the connection between Russian grain prices and yield in the second half of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It is established that in most cases, the relationship between these indicators was direct: as grain yield increased, prices did too. The article explains this seeming paradox. The data published by the author help not only to estimate the impact of various factors on grain prices during the period in question, but also solve practical tasks regarding various price indicators in grain equivalents.

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