Average Rate of Change: Exploring More Functions

2007 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Average Rate ◽  
Rate Of Change

scholarly journals Weight Feedback-Based Harmonic MDG-Ensemble Model for Prediction of Traffic Accident Severity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 5072
Author(s):  
Byung-Kook Koo ◽  
Ji-Won Baek ◽  
Kyung-Yong Chung
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Weighted Voting ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Accident Severity ◽  
Harmonic Average ◽  
Bagging Method

Traffic accidents are emerging as a serious social problem in modern society but if the severity of an accident is quickly grasped, countermeasures can be organized efficiently. To solve this problem, the method proposed in this paper derives the MDG (Mean Decrease Gini) coefficient between variables to assess the severity of traffic accidents. Single models are designed to use coefficient, independent variables to determine and predict accident severity. The generated single models are fused using a weighted-voting-based bagging method ensemble to consider various characteristics and avoid overfitting. The variables used for predicting accidents are classified as dependent or independent and the variables that affect the severity of traffic accidents are predicted using the characteristics of causal relationships. Independent variables are classified as categorical and numerical variables. For this reason, a problem arises when the variation among dependent variables is imbalanced. Therefore, a harmonic average is applied to the weights to maintain the variables’ balance and determine the average rate of change. Through this, it is possible to establish objective criteria for determining the severity of traffic accidents, thereby improving reliability.

Acetyl L-Carnitine Slows Decline in Younger Patients With Alzheimer's Disease: A Reanalysis of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Using the Trilinear Approach

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
John O. Brooks ◽  
Jerome A. Yesavage ◽  
Angelico Carta ◽  
Daniele Bravi
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Disease Assessment ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Parallel Group ◽  
Longitudinal Effects

Objectives: To assess the longitudinal effects of acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) on patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Design: Longitudinal, double-blind, parallel-group, placebocontrolled. Setting: Twenty-four outpatient sites across the United States. Participants: A total of 334 subjects diagnosed with probable Alzheimer's disease by NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. These data were originally reported by Thal and colleagues (1996). Measurements: Cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS) given every 3 months for 1 year. Results: The average rate of change was estimated using the trilinear approach, which allows for periods of both change and stability. Both the ALC group and the placebo group exhibited the same mean rate of change on the ADAS (0.68 points/month). However, a multiple regression analysis revealed a statistically significant Age × Drug interaction characterized by younger subjects benefiting more from ALC treatment than older subjects. Further analyses suggested that the optimal, though not statistically significant, cutpoint for ALC benefit was 61 years of age. Conclusions: ALC slows the progression of Alzheimer's disease in younger subjects, and the use of the trilinear approach to estimate the average rate of change may prove valuable in pharmacological trials.

scholarly journals Comparison of Deep Neural Network Models and Effectiveness of EMG Signal Feature Value for Estimating Dorsiflexion

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 2767
Author(s):  
Muhammad Akmal Bin Mohammed Zaffir ◽  
Praveen Nuwantha ◽  
Daiki Arase ◽  
Keiko Sakurai ◽  
Hiroki Tamura
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Emg Signal ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Deep Learning Network ◽  
Simple Network

(1) Background: Robotic ankle–foot orthoses (AFO) are often used for gait rehabilitation. Our research focuses on the design and development of a robotic AFO with minimum number of sensor inputs. However, this leads to degradation of gait estimation accuracy. (2) Methods: To prevent degradation of accuracy, we compared a few neural network models in order to determine the best network when only two input channels are being used. Further, the EMG signal feature value of average rate of change was used as input. (3) Results: LSTM showed the highest accuracy. However, MLP with a small number of hidden layers showed results similar to LSTM. Moreover, the accuracy for all models, with the exception of LSTM for one subject (SD), increased with the addition of feature value (average rate of change) as input. (4) Conclusions: In conclusion, time-series networks work best with a small number of sensor inputs. However, depending on the optimizer being used, even a simple network can outrun a deep learning network. Furthermore, our results show that applying EMG signal feature value as an input tends to increase the estimation accuracy of the network.

scholarly journals PSVIII-24 Inbreeding levels of the Line 4 Hereford cattle population

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 269-269
Author(s):  
Jordan Hieber ◽  
Jennifer Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Montana State University ◽  
Hereford Cattle ◽  
Genomic Inbreeding

Abstract Inbreeding is an increasing issue in the beef cattle industry due to increased use of artificial insemination (AI) and embryo transfer (ET). Inbreeding, or increased relatedness between animals, results in inbreeding depression and its effects have been well documented; reduced performance, reproduction, and profitability. However, there is a lack of understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in inbreeding depression. Long-term linebred populations offer a unique opportunity to better understand this, more specifically the Line 4 Hereford population. The population was established from the Line 1 Hereford population in 1962 and has been maintained by the Montana State University (MSU) Northern Agricultural Research Center (NARC) near Havre, MT since its establishment. Inbreeding was estimated using a complete pedigree (FPED) and genomic information on a subset of the population. A pedigree containing 3,453 animals was constructed covering years 1962 – 2018 and was used to calculate FCPED. Animals were selected for genotyping based on genetic contributions and availability. 241 semen, tissue, and blood samples were collected and genotyped with the Illumina Bovine GGP 50K BeadChip. Genomic inbreeding (FG) and pedigree inbreeding (FGPED) were evaluated for the 241 genotyped animals. Average rate of change in inbreeding per year was also evaluated. Runs of Homozygosity (ROH) analysis was performed in Golden Helix SVS v8.8.3. ROH were defined as a minimum run length of 500 kb with a minimum of 20 SNP. Inbreeding ranges were 0 – 34%, 0 – 98%, and 0 – 27% and the average inbreeding was 10.0%, 11.4%, and 15.3% for FPED, FG, and FGPED, respectively. The average rate of change in inbreeding per year was 0.3% over 57 years. Initial analysis found 30 regions identified by ROH, indicating that we can use ROH analysis and potentially Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) to identify regions of the genome being impacted by inbreeding depression.

Mobility of Hot Carriers in Germanium at 300°K

1968 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 2035-2039
Author(s):  
M. Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Field Intensity ◽  
Electric Field Intensity ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Impurity Scattering ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Hot Carriers ◽  
Ionized Impurity Scattering ◽  
Carrier Temperature ◽  
Carrier Energy

The mobility of hot electrons and holes in germanium at a lattice temperature of 300°K is calculated as dependent on carrier temperature and electric field intensity including not only the acoustical and nonpolar optical mode scattering but also the ionized impurity scattering. The Conwell theory of lattice mobility of hot carriers and the Conwell-Weisskopf theory of ionized impurity scattering are applied by taking into account the factor exp (θ/2 Te) in the average rate of change of carrier energy due to nonpolar optical interactions. The mobility is evaluated on an electronic digital computer as a function of the carrier temperature and electric field intensity for impurity concentrations 0, 4 x 1016, 2 x 1017, 1018 and 2.5 x 1019 cm-3, and also as a function of impurity concentration for low electric field intensities. The comparison of the theoretical results with the experimental data available shows a relatively good agreement.

Academic Achievement Among Children With Nonsyndromic Orofacial Clefts

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie E. Watkins ◽  
Robert E. Meyer ◽  
Arthur S. Aylsworth ◽  
Jeffrey R. Marcus ◽  
Alexander C. Allori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Grade Level ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Eighth Grade ◽  
Orofacial Clefts ◽  
Poor Reading

Objective: Children with orofacial clefts (OFCs) may experience poor reading proficiency, learning disabilities, and academic underachievement. We examined the association between nonsyndromic (NS) OFCs and end-of-grade (EOG) performance in reading and math from third through eighth grade in a sample subgroup. Participants: We identified a cohort of 559 children with NS-OFCs and 6822 children without birth defects, classifying cleft type by cleft lip alone, with or without cleft alveolar ridge (CL); cleft lip with cleft palate (CL+P); and cleft palate only (CP). Main Outcome Measures: Using logistic regression, we estimated the odds of not meeting grade-level standards among children with NS-OFCs compared to unaffected peers. Using longitudinal analyses, we estimated the odds of not meeting grade-level standards and average change in test scores through eighth grade. Results: Children with NS-OFCs were 1.22 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.83) times as likely not to meet grade-level standards in reading compared to unaffected peers. The effect was similar for math (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 0.92, 1.48). Children with CL+P were 1.33 (95% CI: 0.86, 1.83) and 1.74 (95% CI: 1.19, 2.56) times as likely not to meet grade-level standard in reading and in both subjects, respectively, compared to unaffected peers. The average rate of change in both scores was similar for children with and without OFCs. Conclusions: Poor academic performance appears greatest for children with CL+P, a finding compatible with previous observations and hypothesized mechanisms associating orofacial clefts with subtle abnormalities in brain development. Academic performance monitoring and referral for academic assistance is warranted.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Yogurt Quality during Storage by Fluorescence Spectroscopy

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Haifeng Sun ◽  
Ling Wang ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Ang Wu ◽  
Juanhua Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Fluorescence Spectra ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Fluorescence Signal ◽  
Good Linear ◽  
Good Linear Relationship

The physico-chemical parameters including pH and viscosity, and the fluorescence signal induced by fluorescent compounds presenting in yogurts such as riboflavin and porphyrin were measured during one week’s storage at room temperature when five brands of yogurt samples were exposed to ambient air. The fluorescence spectra of yogurt showed four evident emission peaks, 525 nm, 633 nm, 661 nm, and 672 nm. To quantitatively investigate the quality of yogurt during deteriorating, a calculating method of the average rate of change (ARC) was proposed to study the relative change of fluorescence intensity in the spectral range of 600 to 750 nm associated with porphyrin and chlorin compounds. During the storage, the time evolution of two ARC, pH value, and viscosity were regular. Moreover, the ARC showed a good linear relationship with pH value and viscosity of yogurt. Further, multiple linear regression (MLR) models using two ARC as independent variables were developed to verify the dependence of fluorescence signal with pH value and viscosity, which showed a good linear relationship with an R-square of more than 85% for each class of yogurt. The results demonstrate that fluorescence spectra have a great potential to predict the quality of yogurt.

The Effect of CAPD on Phalangeal Bone Mineral Density

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 148-151
Author(s):  
Charles Colbert ◽  
Andrew Jerison ◽  
Richard S. Bachtell
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Radiographic Absorptiometry ◽  
Rates Of Change ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
Phalangeal Bone ◽  
Capd Patient

Using radiographic absorptiometry we measured changes in phalangeal bone mineral density (BMD) in mass units/cm2 of a CAPD patient group (N = 32) during a nominal two-year span and compared the average rate of change with the normal rate due to aging. We did the same for five patient groups on hemodialysis (HD) ranging in size from N = 46 to N = 87. Average annual BMD rates of change of the CAPD group and of one HD group were not significantly different from normal aging. Theaverage BMD of each of the other four HD groups declined significantly relative to norms.

Perubahan Garis Pantai Menggunakan Citra Satelit Landsat di Pesisir Kecamatan Sayung, Kabupaten Demak

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-305
Author(s):  
Yualita Prasida Ramadhani ◽  
Ibnu Praktikto ◽  
Chrisna Adhi Suryono
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Shoreline Changes ◽  
Coastline Change ◽  
Sensing Technology ◽  
Digital Shoreline Analysis System ◽  
Analysis System

Wilayah pesisir Kabupaten Demak yang terletak di bagian utara Pantai Jawa merupakan yang rentan terhadap perubahan garis pantai. Perubahan yang serius ini perlu dilakukan pemantauan terus menurus. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memperoleh informasi tentang perubahan garis pantai yang disebabkan oleh tingkat abrasi dan akresi yang terjadi di Kecamatan Sayung, Kabupaten Demak pada tahun 2013-2020. Metode penelitian ini dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif studi kasus dengan menggunakan teknologi penginderaan jauh. Metode penginderaan jauh yang digunakan untuk mengetahui perubahan garis pantai adalah dengan metode overlay (tumpang susun) garis pantai pada tahun yang berbeda dan Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan garis pantai Kecamatan Sayung dengan panjang pantai 20.953,59 m, telah mengalami abrasi pantai seluas 141,49 ha dan akresi sebesar 36,61 ha. Sehingga persentase tingkat abrasi sebesar 82% dan akresi sebesar 18%. Secara keseluruhan, rata-rata laju abrasi yang terjadi dalam kurun waktu periode 2013-2020 adalah sebesar 13,08 meter/tahun dan laju akresi sebesar 8,22 meter/tahun. Perubahan garis pantai yang terjadi dari tahun 2013 hingga tahun 2020 lebih banyak mengalami abrasi jika dibandingkan dengan akresi. The coastal area of Demak Regency, which is located on the northern coast of Java, is  vulnerable to shoreline changes. This serious change is necessary for ongoing monitoring. This research was conducted to obtain information about coastline change in coastal Sayung District of Demak Regency in 2013 until 2020. This research method is done by using descriptive method of case study by using remote sensing technology. The remote sensing method used to determine shoreline changes is overlay method and Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) in different years. Based on the research results can be seen the rate of change of coastline length of 20.953,59 m, shoreline changes that occur in the form of abrasion of 141,49 ha and changes in the form of accretion of 36,61 ha. So that the proportion of the abrasion rate is 82% and the accretion is 18%.Overall, the average rate of abrasion that occurred in the 2013-2020 period was 13.08 meters / year and the accretion rate was 8.22 meters / year. Coastlines that occur from 2013 to 2020 more experienced abrasion process when compared to the accretion process.

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