SHRINKAGE IN REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES: A COMPUTATIONAL ASPECT/BETONO TRAUKIMOSI ĮTAKA GELŽBETONINIŲ ELEMENTŲ ELGSENAI: SKAIČIAVIMO YPATUMAI

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Gribniak ◽  
Gintaris Kaklauskas ◽  
Darius Bacinskas
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Shrinkage Strain ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Beams ◽  
Computational Aspect ◽  
Concrete Members ◽  
Calculation Technique ◽  
Smeared Crack Approach ◽  
Smeared Crack

This paper introduces the recent state of research on shrinkage of concrete. It reviews prediction models of shrinkage strain and curvature analysis methods of reinforced concrete members. New test data on concrete shrinkage has been presented. Various factors that influence shrinkage have been discussed. A calculation technique on short‐term deformations of cracked reinforced concrete members including shrinkage has been introduced. The technique is based on layer model and smeared crack approach. Shrinkage influence on behaviour of reinforced concrete beams was investigated numerically and compared with test data reported in the literature. It has been shown that shrinkage has significantly reduced the cracking resistance and leads to larger deflections. Santrauka Straipsnyje atlikta betono traukimosi įtakos gelžbetoninių elementų elgsenai analizė, pateikta betono traukimosi deformacijų apskaičiavimo modelių apžvalga, aptarti traukimosi sukeltų kreivių nesimetriškai armuotuose gelžbetoniniuose elementuose apskaičiavimo metodai, taip pat pateikti nauji betono traukimosi eksperimentinių tyrimų duomenys. Aptarti veiksniai, turintys įtaką traukimosi deformacijoms, aprašytas supleišėjusių gelžbetoninių elementų trumpalaikių deformacijų apskaičiavimo algoritmas, rodantis traukimosi įtaką. Algoritmas pagrįstas sluoksnių modeliu ir vidutinių deformacijų koncepcija. Traukimosi įtaka gelžbetoninių sijų elgsenai nagrinėta, taikant normų bei sluoksnių metodus. Teoriniai rezultatai palyginti su literatūroje paskelbtais eksperimentinių tyrimų rezultatais. Parodyta, kad betono traukimasis gerokai sumažina trumpalaike apkrova veikiamų gelžbetoninių sijų atsparumą pleišėjimui bei lemia didesnes įlinkių reikšmes.

scholarly journals METHODS AND CONSTITUTIVE MODELS FOR DEFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS/LENKIAMŲJŲ GELŽBETONINIŲ ELEMENTŲ DEFORMATYVUMO VERTINIMO METODAI IR FIZIKINIAI MODELIAI

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 329-338
Author(s):  
Gintaris Kaklauskas
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Constitutive Model ◽  
Critical Survey ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Constitutive Relationships ◽  
Concrete Members ◽  
Smeared Crack Approach ◽  
Smeared Crack

The paper reviews both analytical and finite element methods for deformational analysis of flexural reinforced concrete members subjected to short-term loading. In a state-of-the-art summary of various proposed stress-strain relationships for concrete and reinforcement, a special emphasis is made on critical survey of modelling post-cracking behaviour of tensile concrete in smeared crack approach. Empirical code methods of different countries (American Code (ACI Committee 318 [7]), the Eurocode EC2 [8], and the Russian (old Soviet) Code (SNiP 2.03.01-84 [5]) for deflection calculation of flexural reinforced concrete members are briefly described in section 2. Although these methods are based on different analytical approaches, all of them proved to be accurate tools for deflection assessment of members with high and average reinforcement ratios. It should be noted that these methods have quite a different level of complexity since the Russian Code method employs a great number of parameters and expressions whereas the ACI and EC2 methods are simple and include only basic parameters. Approaches of numerical simulation and constitutive relationships are discussed in Chapter 3. All numerical simulation research can be classified into two large groups according to two different approaches for crack modelling (subsection 3.1): 1) Discrete cracking model. In this approach, cracks are traced individually as they progressively alter the topology of the structure. 2) Smeared cracking model. The cracked concrete is assumed to remain a continuum, ie the cracks are smeared out in the continuous fashion. After cracking, the concrete becomes orthotropic with one of the material axes being oriented along the direction of cracking. Constitutive relationships for steel and plain concrete are presented in subsection 3.2. A special emphasis is made on critical survey of modelling post-cracking behaviour of tensile concrete in smeared crack approach. It has been concluded that although empirical design codes of different countries ensure safe design, they do not reveal the actual stress-strain state of cracked structures and often lack physical interpretation. Numerical methods which were rapidly progressing within last three decades are based on universal principles and can include all possible effects such as material nonlinearities, concrete cracking, creep and shrinkage, reinforcement slip, etc. However, the progress is mostly related to the development of mathematical apparatus, but not material models or, in other words, the development was rather qualitative than quantitative. Constitutive relationships often are too simplified and do not reflect complex multi-factor nature of the material. Existing constitutive relationships for concrete in tension do not assure higher statistical accuracy of deflection estimates for flexural reinforced concrete members in comparison to those obtained by empirical code methods. The author has developed integral constitutive model for deformational analysis of flexural reinforced concrete members [36]. The integral constitutive model consists of traditional constitutive relationships for reinforcement and compressive concrete and the integral constitutive relationship for cracked tensile concrete which accumulates cracking, tension stiffening, reinforcement slippage and shrinkage effects. This constitutive model can be applied not only in a finite element analysis, but also in a simple iterative technique based on classical principles of strength of materials extended to layered approach.

scholarly journals Calibrating a New Constitutive Tension Model to Extract a Simplified Nonlinear Sectional Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2292
Author(s):  
Alaaeldin Abouelleil ◽  
Hayder A. Rasheed
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Concrete Beams ◽  
Compressive Strain ◽  
Design Criterion ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Beams ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Structural Members ◽  
Flexural Member ◽  
Smeared Crack

Nonlinear analysis of structural members is vital to understand the behavior and the response of reinforced concrete members. Even though most design procedures concentrate on the ultimate stage of response towards the end of the post-yielding zone as the decisive design criterion, the structural members usually function at the service load levels within the post-cracking zone. Therefore, cracking is a critical aspect of concrete behavior that affects the overall response of reinforced concrete beams. The initiation and the propagation of the cracks are affected directly by the tension and shear stresses in the beam. In flexural beams, the tensile stresses dominate the crack onset and its growth. Cracks in reinforced concrete flexural beams leave non-cracked regions in between the cracked sections. In order to apply a consistent analysis strategy, the smeared crack approach averages the behavior of these different cracked sections and uncracked in between regions to generate an accurate global response of the entire beam. This study presents a numerical constitutive tensile model that captures the complete tensile response of the reinforced concrete flexural member, in terms of averaged/smeared crack response. As a second step, this model was examined against a large pool of experimental data to validate its accuracy. Overall, the main objective of this study is to develop a representative constitutive tensile model for reinforced concrete flexural members and validate its accuracy against experimental results. The full nonlinear sectional response is analytically realized, based on the assumed trilinear moment–curvature response and the assumed trilinear moment–extreme fiber compressive strain response. This is considered as the secondary outcome of the present study.

scholarly journals Numerical Sensing of Plastic Hinge Regions in Concrete Beams with Hybrid (FRP and Steel) Bars

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 3255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Yuan ◽  
Mengcheng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Concrete Beams ◽  
Plastic Hinge ◽  
Reinforcement Ratio ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Beams ◽  
Concrete Members ◽  
Steel Bars ◽  
Hybrid Reinforcement ◽  
Steel Hardening

Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP)-reinforced concrete members exhibit low ductility due to the linear-elastic behaviour of FRP materials. Concrete members reinforced by hybrid FRP–steel bars can improve strength and ductility simultaneously. In this study, the plastic hinge problem of hybrid FRP–steel reinforced concrete beams was numerically assessed through finite element analysis (FEA). Firstly, a finite element model was proposed to validate the numerical method by comparing the simulation results with the test results. Then, three plastic hinge regions—the rebar yielding zone, concrete crushing zone, and curvature localisation zone—of the hybrid reinforced concrete beams were analysed in detail. Finally, the effects of the main parameters, including the beam aspect ratio, concrete grade, steel yield strength, steel reinforcement ratio, steel hardening modulus, and FRP elastic modulus on the lengths of the three plastic zones, were systematically evaluated through parametric studies. It is determined that the hybrid reinforcement ratio exerts a significant effect on the plastic hinge lengths. The larger the hybrid reinforcement ratio, the larger is the extent of the rebar yielding zone and curvature localisation zone. It is also determined that the beam aspect ratio, concrete compressive strength, and steel hardening ratio exert significant positive effects on the length of the rebar yielding zone.

Numerical Tracking of the Behavior of Repaired Reinforced Concrete Beams by CFRP Sheets against Shear

2020 ◽  
Vol 1002 ◽  
pp. 604-614
Author(s):  
Hayder Hussein H. Kammona ◽  
Muhammad Abed Attiya ◽  
Qasim M. Shakir
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Concrete Beams ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Beams ◽  
Cfrp Sheets ◽  
Shear Span ◽  
Concrete Members ◽  
Suggested Technique ◽  
Cfrp Sheet ◽  
Failure Loads

This study simulates a procedure of rehabilitation of reinforced concrete beams with the aid of ANSYS 17 software. In this work, the BIRTH and DEATH procedure (in ANSYS) was adopted to model the post-repairing stage. This aspect has rarely been considered by previous studies that utilized a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheet when retrofitting. To verify the suggested technique, six specimens were analyzed with two values of shear span-to-depth ratios (3 and 4) and three spaces of CFRP sheets (100mm, 150mm and 200mm). The effect of the repairing process on the structural performance of the retrofitted beam is also investigated.It is found that the suggested technique yielded a good agreement with the experimental results and the maximum differences in the failure loads between the numerical and experimental results were 10% and 4% for shear span-to-depth ratios of 3 and 4, respectively. It was also ascertained that upgrading reinforced concrete members within the early stages of loading showed a better enhancement in the loading capacity compared to upgrading reinforced concrete members close to the juncture of failure.

Effect of freeze–thaw cycling on the behaviour of reinforced concrete beams strengthened in flexure with fibre reinforced polymer sheets

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1081-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark F Green ◽  
Aaron J.S Dent ◽  
Luke A Bisby
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Concrete Beams ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Beams ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Fibre Reinforced Polymer

Externally bonded fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) plates and sheets for strengthening and rehabilitating existing reinforced concrete structures have recently received a great deal of attention within the civil engineering community. Many tests have shown the benefits of FRP, but more information is required on their behaviour in cold regions. Twenty-seven small-scale concrete beams (100 mm × 150 mm × 1220 mm) were strengthened with FRP in flexure (and in some cases also in shear), subjected to up to 200 freeze–thaw cycles, and tested to failure in four-point bending. Test results were compared with those predicted by theoretical models and reasonable agreement between the tests and the models was obtained. Current design guidelines for FRP-strengthened beams were compared against the test data and were found to be adequate for the artificially aged beams. The test data also indicated that no significant damage to the glass or carbon FRP-strengthened concrete beams had occurred because of freeze–thaw cycling.Key words: concrete, rehabilitation, fibre reinforced polymers, FRP, beams, freeze–thaw, cold region engineering, flexure, external strengthening.

Case Studies of Seismic Vibration Control of Civil Structures Using Shape Memory Alloys

2011 ◽  
Vol 243-249 ◽  
pp. 5427-5434
Author(s):  
Hui Qian ◽  
Hong Nan Li ◽  
Di Cui ◽  
Huai Chen
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Shape Memory Alloys ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Vibration Control ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Precast Concrete ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Beams ◽  
Seismic Vibration ◽  
Concrete Members

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are unique class materials that have the ability to undergo large deformations, while returning to their undeformed shape through either the applications of heat (SME) or removal of stress (SE). The unique properties lead to their wide applications in the biomedical, mechanical, aerospace, commercial industries, and recently in civil engineering. The paper presents two case studies of structural seismic vibration control using SMAs. The first one is a study of the SMA reinforced RC members. Two innovative applications in RC members, such as SMA-based Precast Concrete Frame Connection (SMA-PCFC), and SMA reinforced RC short column, were proposed. Moreover, the self-rehabilitation properties of SMAs-based Intelligent Reinforced Concrete Beams (SMA-IRCBs) were further experimentally investigated. The results show that SMAs can improve the mechanical properties of concrete members. SMA reinforced RC members have unique seismic performance compared to ordinarily steel reinforced concrete members. The second one is a study of the structural energy dissipation system using SMAs damping device. An innovative hybrid SMAs friction device (HSMAFD) which consists of pre-tensioned superelastic SMA wires and friction devices (FD) was presented. The results of cyclic tensile tests show that the HSMAFD exhibits stable large energy dissipation capacity and re-centering feature. The effectiveness of the HSMAFD in reducing horizontal response of structures subjected to strong seismic excitations was verified through shaking table tests carried out on a reduced-scale symmetric steel frame model with and without the HSMAFD.

FLEXURAL DUCTILITY OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO LIMITED CYCLES OF REPEATED LOADING

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazar Oukaili ◽  
Mohammed Khattab
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Prestressed Concrete ◽  
Concrete Beams ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Beams ◽  
Repeated Loading ◽  
Structural Concrete ◽  
Concrete Members ◽  
Flexural Ductility ◽  
High Level

For structural concrete members that may expose to serious earthquake, overload or accident impact, the design of ductility must be given the same importance as the flexural strength. The aim of this investigation is to study the change in ductility of structural concrete flexural members during their exposure to limited cycles of repeated loading. Twenty full-scale beam specimens have been fabricated in to two identical groups; each group consisted of ten specimens. The first group was tested under monotonic static loading to failure and regarded as control beams, while the specimens of the second group were subjected to ten cycles of repeated loading with constant load interval, which ranged between 40% and 60% of ultimate load. Specimens in each group were categorized as follows: two traditional reinforced concrete specimens with different intensity of tension reinforcement; three partially prestressed specimens with bonded strands; three partially prestressed specimens with unbonded strands; and two fully prestressed concrete specimens. The main variable, which was considered for all specimens was the partial prestressing ratio (PPR). It was observed that, the ductility of reinforced concrete beams was insignificantly increased during subjecting to limited repeated loading. For fully prestressed and partially prestressed concrete beams with high level of PPR, the ductility was significantly enhanced, while, it was decreased for specimens with small level of PPR.

Fatigue Behavior of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Beams-a Review

2011 ◽  
Vol 94-96 ◽  
pp. 1523-1526
Author(s):  
Shi Bin Li ◽  
Hong Wei Tang ◽  
Xin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Concrete Beams ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Concrete Bridges ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Beams ◽  
Rc Structures ◽  
Concrete Members ◽  
Bridge Structures ◽  
Traffic Volumes ◽  
Chloride Attack

Reinforced concrete (RC) structures are widely used in civil engineering for their merits. A good-quality concrete provides a highly alkaline environment that forms a passive film on reinforcement surface, preventing steel bars from corroding. Due to chloride attack or concrete carbonization, corrosion of embedded reinforcement in concrete members is common for RC structures. Much importance should be attached to the fatigue of corroded concrete bridges because they bear not only static loads but also alternate loads. Followed along with the aging of bridge structures, the increase of traffic volumes, the augment of vehicle loads as well as the deterioration of service environment, many corroded concrete bridges are urgently needed security appraisal and residual fatigue life forecast. Fatigue of corroded RC beams is a key problem for the existing corrosion-damaged concrete bridges. But the interrelated research was little. Based on the most new study information, the production on fatigue of corroded concrete beams was listed and analyzed, and the problems on fatigue of corroded concrete beams were indicated.

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