scholarly journals Dynamics of the isoenzyme composition of peroxidase and pigments in the needles of the introduced species of Picea (L.) Karst. in the taiga zone (Karelia)

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 129-138
Author(s):  
Ivan T. Kishchenko
Keyword(s):  
Introduced Species ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Middle Taiga ◽  
Molecular Forms ◽  
Taiga Zone ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Dormant Period ◽  
Vegetative Period ◽  
Isoenzyme Composition

The study was conducted at the Botanical Garden of Petrozavodsk State University (middle taiga sub-zone). The subjects of the study were an indigenous species (P. abies (L.) Karst.), and five introduced species (P. pungens Engelm. f. glauca Regel., P. pungens Engelm. f. viridis Regel., P. glauca (Mill.) Britt., P. omorica (Pane) Purk., P. mariana Britt., P. obovata Ledeb.). The study established high variability of the isoperoxidase spectrum in the Picea species needles during the circannual cycle. Molecular forms of peroxidase typical for growth and dormant periods were determined. Some Picea species were found to have isoenzymes appearing only during the deep dormant period. An increase in the heterogeneity of the needles isoperoxidase spectrum and appearance of molecular forms of the enzyme typical for the dormant period were observed in the indigenous and introduced Picea species in the course of adaptation to unfavorable winter conditions. The isoenzyme system rearrangement ensures plants tolerance to external factors and homeostasis regulation. The content of chlorophyll and carotenoids in the needles of the studied species undergoes significant seasonal changes and is largely determined by their biological characteristics. Pigments concentration naturally increases by the end of the vegetative period and decreases slightly in winter. The total number of pigments in the needles of the indigenous and introduced species is almost the same, indicating a similar rate of stock formation. By the dormant period, the ratio of chlorophylls to carotenoids increases and reaches approximately the same level in all Picea species. The Picea species introduced in Karelia adapt to low winter temperatures with the same physiological changes as the indigenous ones. These include changes in the isoenzyme composition of peroxidase, the dynamics of the pigments content in the needles, and the ratio of chlorophylls to carotenoids. Potential tolerance of the studied plant species to unfavorable environmental factors is affected by the extreme factor of tension that does not exceed the threshold value.

scholarly journals Growth and Development of the Introduced Picea L. (Karst.) Species in the Taiga Zone (Karelia)

2021 ◽  
pp. 238-258
Author(s):  
Ivan T. Kishchenko
Keyword(s):  
Introduced Species ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Middle Taiga ◽  
Taiga Zone ◽  
Needle Growth

The study was conducted in the Botanical Garden of Petrozavodsk State University (South Karelia, the middle taiga subzone) from April to October during 1988–2016. The following representatives of the genus Picea were investigated: four introduced species (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss [syn. P. canadensis Britt.], P. pungens Engelm. f. viridis Regel., P. obovata Ledeb., and P. mariana Britt.) and one native species (P. abies (L.) Karst.). The growth of P. abies shoots starts 1–4 weeks earlier and ends 1–3 weeks later compared to the introduced species. The earliest culmination of shoot growth is observed in P. glauca and P. obovata and the latest in P. abies. The longest shoots are formed by P. abies. The growth dynamics of shoots differs considerably between the introduced species and the native species. The dates of the beginning and the culmination of the shoot growth in the studied species are to a certain extent affected by the temperature of the air. P. abies needles begin to grow 1–2 weeks earlier than the needles of the introduced species. The earliest culmination of needle growth is observed in P. obovata and P. glauca and the latest in P. pungens. P. abies and P. pungens show the largest needle length increment, while in the other species, it is 2–4 times smaller. The longest needles are formed in P. pungens and P. abies. There is a noticeable difference in needle growth dynamics between the introduced species and the native species. The dates on which needles begin to grow are largely determined by the temperature of the air. The temperature of the air and solar radiation produce a substantial effect on the time of occurrence of most phenophases in the studied Picea species. P. pungens and P. glauca were found to be the most promising spruce species for residential landscaping and creation of artificial plant communities in Karelia

scholarly journals Development of female hametophytis and embryogenesis of introduced species Picea A. Dietr. in the Taiga Zone (Karelia)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-55
Author(s):  
Ivan T. Kishchenko ◽  
◽  
Vitaliy V. Trenin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Introduced Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Female Gametophyte ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Middle Taiga ◽  
Taiga Zone ◽  
State University ◽  
Nuclear Stage ◽  
Picea Species ◽  
Empty Seeds

The aim of the research was to establish features in macrosporogenesis, macrogametogenesis, and embryogenesis in Picea species (native species P. abies and introduced species P. canadensis and P. pungens) in the Botanical Garden of Petrozavodsk State University (middle taiga subzone). To study the development of the generative sphere, shoots with generative buds and strobiles from the southwestern side of the crown were cut from 10 trees and fixed in a mixture of alcohol and glycerin. The development of the female gametophyte and the embryo was studied with constant preparations. Preparations for anatomical examination of the kidneys were prepared according to standard methods. In this case, double fixation in glutaraldehyde and osmium was used, wiring through alcohol and acetone, and encapsulation in epoxy resin. Sections with a thickness of about 1 μm were prepared on an ultramicrotome and stained in a 1% aqueous solution of methylene blue. Studies have established that in mid-May, the female gametophyte is still at a free stage, and by the beginning of June it already has a cellular structure. Embryogenesis begins in late July and ends in the second decade of August. In introduced species, various deviations are observed in the development of the female generative sphere and during embryogenesis. The main ones are the degeneration of the female gametophyte at the free-nuclear stage and the destruction of archegonia at the stage of proembryogenesis. For this reason, from 37 to 51% of the seeds of introducers are devoid of the embryo. The largest percentage of empty seeds and the most recent stages of the passage of the main stages of morphogenesis are observed in P. pungens. This indicates the least degree of adaptability of the generative sphere of this species of introducer to new conditions.

scholarly journals Growth and Development of Introduced Larix Mill. Species in the Taiga Zone (Karelia)

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-83
Author(s):  
Ivan T. Kishchenko
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Larix Sibirica ◽  
Middle Taiga ◽  
Taiga Zone ◽  
State University ◽  
Residential Landscaping ◽  
Phenological Phases

The study reports results of research carried out from April to October during 1988–2016 at the Botanical Garden of Petrozavodsk State University (South Karelia, middle taiga subzones). Three introduced species of the genus Larix (Larix sibirica Ledeb., L. leptolepis (Sieb. et Zucc.) Gord, and L. dahurica Turcz. ex Trautv.) were studied. The growth of shoots and needles in different species begins, reaches its culmination, and ends almost simultaneously, differing by no more than one week across the species. L. sibirica shows the highest growth rate. The timing of growth, culmination, and the dynamics of growth of shoots and needles are largely determined by variations in precipitation, temperature, and humidity. The direction and strength of such an effect may vary from year to year. The dates of phenological phases of the Larix species studied here are chiefly determined by the air temperature in the current growing season and the dates of formation of wintering buds in the previous growing season. Bud swelling and opening begins almost simultaneously in the studied species. Most of the other phenological phases begin and end earliest in L. sibirica and latest in L. leptolepis. All the studied species, primarily L. sibirica, are promising for residential landscaping and creation of artificial plant communities in Karelia

scholarly journals The morphogenesis of vegetative buds of Picea species (Pinaceae), introduced in the taiga zone (Karelia)

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
I. T. Kishchenko ◽  
V. V. Trenin
Keyword(s):  
Introduced Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Taiga Zone ◽  
State University ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Start Date ◽  
Vegetative Buds ◽  
Picea Species

The observations were carried out in the Botanical garden of the Petrozavodsk state University, located in the taiga zone. Objects of research served 1 native and 5 introduced species: Picea abies (L.) Karst., P. obovata Ledeb., P. mariana Britt., P. glauca (Mill.) Вritt., P. pungens Engelm., P. omorica (Pane) Purk. The study of morphogenesis in vegetative buds was carried out axial shoots from the middle part of the crown since the beginning of the bud swelling until the cessation of laying primordial needles (May to September). The growing shoots are cut off after 2-3 days and were fixed in a mixture of alcohol and glycerin. For the start date of a stage, took the time when it was noted in not less than 30% of the buds. It is established that intrarenal development of vegetative organs from the native species P. abies was studied and introduced species of the genus Picea characterized by similar phases: rest, laying cover scales and laying primordial needles. Morphogenesis of vegetative buds of P. abies on the timing ahead of the development of the bud in the introduced species, which indicates a much greater insistence of the latter to temperature. The duration of the morphogenesis of the buds in all studied types varies slightly (days 131-137). However, the morphogenesis of vegetative buds of native species for 1-4 weeks ahead in terms of development of the buds in introduced species with a similarity of morphogenesis of the bud (P. abies and P. glauca), the value of the annual increment of the shoots is almost the same.

scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF THE CONTENT OF NITROGENOUS SUBSTANCES AND LIPIDS IN THE NEEDLES OF INTRODUCED SPECIES PICEA А. DIETR. IN THE TAIGA ZONE (KARELIA)

2020 ◽  
pp. 4-12
Author(s):  
I. T. Kishchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Exotic Species ◽  
Introduced Species ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Local Form ◽  
Taiga Zone ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Nitrogenous Substances ◽  
High Level

Studies were conducted in the Botanical Garden of Petrozavodsk State University, located in the taiga zone. The objects were 1 aboriginal (Рicea fennica (Regel) Кom.) аnd 5 introduced (P. pungens Engelm. f. glauca Regel and f. viridis Regel, P. obovata Ledeb., P. glauca (Mill.) Britt., P. omorica (Pane) Purk., P. mariana Britt.). It is established that in the process of adaptation of introduced species Picea to low winter tempera-tures most of the involved proteins. Their number increases significantly during the transition from the period of active shoot growth to a period of deep rest have all studied species of Picea. The accumulation of proteins causes a decrease in the level of total free amino acids of most types of exotic species, while the local form of the amino acid content is maintained at a high level. In the needles of most of the studied species of Picea to the period of deep rest, the fraction of glutamic acid and albanina and increases the proportion of arginine and ethanolamine in the total amount of amino acids. The increase in the content of total lipids and phospholipids in the needles during the transition to a period of deep rest less significant than proteins. In the needles of na-tive species in comparison with the needles of exotic species total lipids actively used in the phase of inten-sive growth of shoots. Despite some differences, the introduced species Picea adapted to endure low tempera-tures using the same biochemical mechanisms as a local view. This indicates successful adaptation of the studied introduced species Picea to new conditions of existence.

scholarly journals Self-restoration of woody plants in the conditions of the Botanical Garden of Dnipro National University

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-50
Author(s):  
M. V. Shamray ◽  
O. Y. Pakhomov ◽  
A. .M Kabar
Keyword(s):  
Introduced Species ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Internal Space ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Forest Park ◽  
National University ◽  
Qualitative State ◽  
Autochthonous Species

It is impossible to overestimate the importance of parks in large industrial cities. The problem of preservation of local flora together with cultivation of introduced species is more actual. The species composition of seed self-restoration of woody plants in the forest park and park parts of the Botanical Garden of Oles Honchar Dnipro National University was analyzed in order to determine the ratio of introduced and autochthonous species and whether the introduced species pose a threat to aboriginal flora. Quantitative and qualitative state of seed self-restoration determined. As a result of the research it was established that in the forest-park and park zones of the Botanical Garden artificial stands are capable of forming a sufficient number of viable undergrowth of autochthonous and introduced species, among which mainly aboriginal species dominate. The ratio of indigenous species to introduced ones in different parts of the park and forest park is 57–76 % and 24–43 %, respectively. There is no special competition between indigenous and introduced species. Each species of woody species has adapted well to the conditions of the ecotope and to the conditions of its place of growth. Bioecological features of wood species in the plantations are not an obstacle to the development of the internal space of the ecotope, but 43 % of self-regenerating woody plants in trial area 1 are introduced species, so further observation is needed.

scholarly journals Seasonal development and perspectivity of introduced species Pinus L. in the taiga area (Karelia)

2021 ◽  
pp. 149-157
Author(s):  
I. T. Kishchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Introduced Species ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Middle Taiga ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
State University ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Almost All ◽  
State Of The Environment

The results of studies carried out in 1988–2016 are presented, from April to October in the Botanical Garden of Petrozavodsk State University (South Karelia, middle taiga subzone). The objects of research were representatives of 4 introduced species of the genus Pinus: P. strobus L., P. montana Mill., P. pu-mila (Pall.) Regel., P. sibirica Du Tour. The timing of the onset of almost all phenophases in the species of the species Pinus under study largely depends on the current temperature regime of the air, the state of the environment for several days prior to the beginning of a particular phenophase, and also on the values – of the main environmental factors during the formation of wintering buds of the last year. A straight-forward correlation was found between the dynamics of the studied environmental factors and the timing of the onset of phenophases. The earliest dates of the onset and end of phenophases were noted in P. pu-mila, and the latest in P. strobus. A comprehensive assessment of the prospects of the studied species made it possible to establish that P. sibirica, P. montana, and P. pumila (58–65 points) are quite promis-ing, and P. strobus are promising (57 points). These species can be recommended for introduction into cultural communities and landscaping of settlements with a low degree of pollution by pollutants.

scholarly journals The Multiscale Monitoring of Peatland Ecosystem Carbon Cycling in the Middle Taiga Zone of Western Siberia: The Mukhrino Bog Case Study

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 824
Author(s):  
Egor Dyukarev ◽  
Evgeny Zarov ◽  
Pavel Alekseychik ◽  
Jelmer Nijp ◽  
Nina Filippova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycling ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Middle Taiga ◽  
Taiga Zone ◽  
Field Station ◽  
Moss Species ◽  
Chamber Method ◽  
The Impact

The peatlands of the West Siberian Lowlands, comprising the largest pristine peatland area of the world, have not previously been covered by continuous measurement and monitoring programs. The response of peatlands to climate change occurs over several decades. This paper summarizes the results of peatland carbon balance studies collected over ten years at the Mukhrino field station (Mukhrino FS, MFS) operating in the Middle Taiga Zone of Western Siberia. A multiscale approach was applied for the investigations of peatland carbon cycling. Carbon dioxide fluxes at the local scale studied using the chamber method showed net accumulation with rates from 110, to 57.8 gC m−2 at the Sphagnum hollow site. Net CO2 fluxes at the pine-dwarf shrubs-Sphagnum ridge varied from negative (−32.1 gC m−2 in 2019) to positive (13.4 gC m−2 in 2017). The cumulative May-August net ecosystem exchange (NEE) from eddy-covariance (EC) measurements at the ecosystem scale was −202 gC m−2 in 2015, due to the impact of photosynthesis of pine trees which was not registered by the chamber method. The net annual accumulation of carbon in the live part of mosses was estimated at 24–190 gC m−2 depending on the Sphagnum moss species. Long-term carbon accumulation rates obtained by radiocarbon analysis ranged from 28.5 to 57.2 gC m−2 yr−1, with local extremes of up to 176.2 gC m−2 yr−1. The obtained estimates of various carbon fluxes using EC and chamber methods, the accounting for Sphagnum growth and decomposition, and long-term peat accumulation provided information about the functioning of the peatland ecosystems at different spatial and temporal scales. Multiscale carbon flux monitoring reveals useful new information for forecasting the response of northern peatland carbon cycles to climatic changes.

scholarly journals Stationary substrates facilitate bioinvasion in Paranaguá Bay in southern Brazil

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (spe3) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosana M. Rocha ◽  
Leonardo C. Cangussu ◽  
Mariana P. Braga
Keyword(s):  
Introduced Species ◽  
Artificial Substrates ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Specific Substrate ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Constant Depth ◽  
Fouling Communities ◽  
Paranaguá Bay ◽  
Non Indigenous Species ◽  
Stationary Plate

Artificial substrates in and near ports and marinas commonly have many non-indigenous species and are the first stepping stone for the establishment of bioinvasors. Substrate movement influences fouling communities and so understanding of how species assemblages are related to specific substrate conditions is crucial as a management tool. Here we describe the species assemblage of the community after six months of development on granite plates in Paranaguá Bay. Species richness was similar in the two treatments, with 12 species on floating (constant depth) plates and 15 on stationary (variable depth) plates. However, species composition differed, with the community on floating plates being dominated by the native bivalve Mytella charruana (66.1 ± 5.5% cover) and that on stationary plates dominated by the barnacles Fistulobalanus citerosum (49.8 ± 3.5% cover) and the introduced Amphibalanus reticulatus (33.9 ± 3.7% cover). Other introduced species were Garveia franciscana, on one stationary plate, and Megabalanus coccopoma also on one stationary plate and not very abundant on half of the floating plates (< 2%). Thus, stationary plates were more susceptible to introduced species that may become very abundant, suggesting that this type of substrate should be a priority in management for bioinvasion control. We also hypothesize that the native bivalve M. charruana is the dominant competitor for space on floating substrates, thereby reducing the invasiveness of that type of substrate.

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