scholarly journals The phylogeny of pholcid spiders: a critical evaluation of relationships suggested by molecular data (Araneae, Pholcidae)

ZooKeys ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 789 ◽  
pp. 51-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard A. Huber ◽  
Jonas Eberle ◽  
Dimitar Dimitrov
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
North American ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
South American ◽  
New Genera

With almost 600 species, the latest molecular phylogeny of pholcid spiders (Eberle et al. 2018, BMC Evolutionary Biology) more than triples the largest previously available molecular phylogeny of the family. At the level of genera, the coverage is high (86%, i.e., 75 of the 87 named genera), and at the level of subfamilies it is complete. The present paper is an effort to critically evaluate the implications of this phylogeny for pholcid systematics. The analyses largely support the division of Pholcidae into five subfamilies: Ninetinae, Arteminae, Modisiminae, Smeringopinae, and Pholcinae. Their compositions are largely unchanged except thatChisosaHuber, 2000 is moved from Ninetinae to Arteminae. The positions ofArtemaWalckenaer, 1837 andPrisculaSimon, 1893 in this system remain dubious. Relationships among subfamilies remain weakly supported, except for the sister group relationship between Smeringopinae and Pholcinae. Several major clades within subfamilies are separated from each other along geographical boundaries; for example within Modisiminae a South American clade and a Central + North American + Caribbean clade, and within Smeringopinae a Sub-Saharan clade and a clade ranging from the Mediterranean to Central Asia. Central + North American + Caribbean clades in both Ninetinae and Modisiminae may originate from South American ancestors.Many taxonomic changes are suggested by the data, some of which are formally implemented herein. Two new genera result from the splitting ofCalapnitaSimon, 1892 andPanjangeDeeleman-Reinhold & Deeleman, 1983, respectively:NipisaHuber,gen. n.; andApokayanaHuber,gen. n.Nine new genera result from splitting ofPholcus:CantikusHuber,gen. n.;KelabitaHuber,gen. n.;KintaqaHuber,gen. n.;MurutaHuber,gen. n.;MerahaHuber,gen. n.;PaiwanaHuber,gen. n.;PribumiaHuber,gen. n.;TerangaHuber,gen. n.; andTissahamiaHuber,gen. n.Two genera are newly synonymized:PlatnickniaÖzdikmen & Demir, 2009 is synonymized withModisimusSimon, 1893;SihalaHuber, 2011 is synonymized withPholcusWalckenaer, 1805.PholcusagadirHuber, 2011 is moved toMicropholcusDeeleman-Reinhold & Prinsen, 1987, resulting in the new combinationMicropholcusagadir(Huber, 2011).

Systematics of the spider genus Neoleptoneta Brignoli, 1972 (Araneae:Leptonetidae) with a discussion of the morphology and relationships for the North American Leptonetidae

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Ledford ◽  
Pierre Paquin ◽  
James Cokendolpher ◽  
Josh Campbell ◽  
Charles Griswold
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Molecular Sequence ◽  
North East ◽  
The North

A phylogenetic analysis of the spider genus Neoleptoneta Brignoli, 1972 is presented based on molecular sequence variation from three genes (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, nuclear histone H3 and nuclear 28S rDNA) and including exemplars for all North American leptonetid genera except the ecribellate archoleptonetine Darkoneta. Analysis of concatenated data and independent genes using Bayesian, maximum likelihood and parsimony methods failed to recover Neoleptoneta as monophyletic. The genera Archoleptoneta, Appaleptoneta and Calileptoneta are monophyletic and a sister group relationship is supported between Appaleptoneta and Calileptoneta. Morphological data based on a survey of leptonetid genera using scanning electron and compound light microscopy are discussed and traced on the molecular phylogeny. Images for each North American leptonetine genus are provided, including comparison with Asian and European outgroups. Images of the incertae sedis species Leptoneta brunnea Gertsch, 1974 and Leptoneta sandra Gertsch, 1974 are provided and their generic placement is re-evaluated. Ancestral state reconstruction is used to assess patterns of cave evolution and shows that most species are descended from troglophilic ancestors and that troglobites have evolved at least nine times independently within the North American Leptonetidae. Neoleptoneta is relimited to include seven species restricted to central Mexico including N. bonita (Gertsch, 1974), N. capilla (Gertsch, 1971), N. delicata (Gertsch, 1971), N. limpida (Gertsch, 1974), N. rainesi (Gertsch, 1971) and N. reclusa (Gertsch, 1971) and to include Leptoneta brunnea, giving the new combination N. brunnea (Gertsch, 1974). The remaining species described in Neoleptoneta are placed in three new genera: (1) Chisoneta, gen. nov. from south-western Texas and Nuevo Leon, Mexico, including the four species C. chisosea (Gertsch, 1974), C. isolata (Gertsch, 1971), C. modica (Gertsch, 1974) and C. pecki (Gertsch, 1971), new combinations; (2) Ozarkia, gen. nov. from Arizona and New Mexico north-east to Arkansas, Alabama and Georgia, including the nine species O. alabama (Gertsch, 1974), O. apachea (Gertsch, 1974), O. archeri (Gertsch, 1974), O. arkansa (Gertsch, 1974), O. blanda (Gertsch, 1974), O. georgia (Gertsch, 1974), O. ivei (Gertsch, 1974), O. novaegalleciae (Brignoli, 1979) and O. serena (Gertsch, 1974), new combinations; and (3) Tayshaneta, gen. nov. from Texas south to Coahuila, Mexico, with the eleven species T. anopica (Gertsch, 1974), T. bullis (Cokendolpher, 2004), T. coeca (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942), T. concinna (Gertsch, 1974), T. devia (Gertsch, 1974), T. furtiva (Gertsch, 1974), T. microps (Gertsch, 1974), T. myopica (Gertsch, 1974), T. paraconcinna (Cokendolpher & Reddell, 2001), T. uvaldea (Gertsch, 1974) and T. valverdae (Gertsch, 1974), new combinations. Leptoneta sandra Gertsch, 1974 cannot be placed in any North American, European or Asian genus and is thus transferred to the new genus Montanineta, gen. nov., giving the new combination Montanineta sandra (Gertsch, 1974).

On the New World spiders previously misplaced in Leptopholcus: molecular and morphological analyses and descriptions of four new species (Araneae : Pholcidae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard A. Huber ◽  
Leonardo S. Carvalho ◽  
Suresh P. Benjamin
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
New World ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
South American ◽  
World Species ◽  
American Clade

The generic placement of New World pholcids assigned to the genus Leptopholcus Simon, 1893 has long been questioned and recent molecular data have shown that Caribbean (Hispaniolan) representatives are more closely related to the Old World genus Micropholcus Deeleman-Reinhold & Prinsen, 1987 than to ‘true’ African Leptopholcus (Dimitrov, Astrin and Huber 2013, Cladistics 29: 132–146). Here we provide new molecular (16S, 18S, 28S, COI, H3, WNT1) and morphological data about Caribbean (Cuban, Puerto Rican) and South American (Brazilian) representatives, supporting the sister-group relationship with Micropholcus and suggesting a monophyletic New World clade that in turn consists of a Caribbean and a South American clade. The ten New World species previously assigned to Leptopholcus are thus transferred to Micropholcus for which an emended diagnosis is provided: M. baoruco (Huber, 2006), comb. nov.; M. brazlandia (Huber, Pérez & Baptista, 2005), comb. nov.; M. dalei (Petrunkevitch, 1929), comb. nov.; M. delicatulus (Franganillo, 1930), comb. nov.; M. evaluna (Huber, Pérez & Baptista, 2005), comb. nov.; M. hispaniola (Huber, 2000), comb. nov.; M. jamaica (Huber, 2000), comb. nov.; M. kiskeya (Huber & Wunderlich, 2006), comb. nov.; M. pataxo (Huber, Pérez & Baptista, 2005), comb. nov.; M. toma (Huber, 2006), comb. nov. Four Brazilian species are newly described: M. piaui, sp. nov.; M. piracuruca, sp. nov.; M. crato, sp. nov.; M. ubajara, sp. nov. Natural history data are provided for M. piaui and M. ubajara.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial DNA Variation and Phylogeography of the Eastern and Western Screech-Owls

The Condor ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn A. Proudfoot ◽  
Frederick R. Gehlbach ◽  
Rodney L. Honeycutt
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
New World ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
South American ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Unique Haplotype ◽  
Dna Variation ◽  
Mitochondrial Cytochrome B ◽  
Megascops Asio

Abstract Abstract. Sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (930 base pairs) were used to examine patterns of variation within and between Eastern (Megascops asio) and Western (M. kennicottii) Screech-Owls, and to assess taxonomic affinity of Flammulated Owls (Otus flammeolus) and Whiskered Screech-Owls (M. trichopsis). Analyses support monophyly of the New World Megascops, a sister-group relationship between O. flammeolus and New World forms of Megascops, rather than with Old World Otus, and a closer relationship between the mostly North American M. trichopsis and South American Megascops than between M. trichopsis and North American Megascops. Megascops asio and M. kennicottii formed two distinct monophyletic clades, supporting species-level designations as suggested by morphology and song. Evidence for distinctive subspecies of eastern and western forms of screech-owls was less compelling. In the M. asio group, M. a. mccallii was the only subspecies with a unique haplotype; other subspecies within M. asio were phylogenetically indistinguishable. Subspecies within M. kennicottii were partitioned into three geographic groups, and differences are probably the result of barriers to gene flow (e.g., mountains above 2300 m), which are more pronounced throughout the distribution of M. kennicottii than in the distribution of M. asio.

Diversification of the North American Doellingeria-Eucephalus Clade (Astereae: Asteraceae) Inferred from Molecular and Morphological Evidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 930-942
Author(s):  
Geraldine A. Allen ◽  
Luc Brouillet ◽  
John C. Semple ◽  
Heidi J. Guest ◽  
Robert Underhill
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
South American ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
The North ◽  
Hybridization Event ◽  
Ancient Hybridization

Abstract—Doellingeria and Eucephalus form the earliest-diverging clade of the North American Astereae lineage. Phylogenetic analyses of both nuclear and plastid sequence data show that the Doellingeria-Eucephalus clade consists of two main subclades that differ from current circumscriptions of the two genera. Doellingeria is the sister group to E. elegans, and the Doellingeria + E. elegans subclade in turn is sister to the subclade containing all remaining species of Eucephalus. In the plastid phylogeny, the two subclades are deeply divergent, a pattern that is consistent with an ancient hybridization event involving ancestral species of the Doellingeria-Eucephalus clade and an ancestral taxon of a related North American or South American group. Divergence of the two Doellingeria-Eucephalus subclades may have occurred in association with northward migration from South American ancestors. We combine these two genera under the older of the two names, Doellingeria, and propose 12 new combinations (10 species and two varieties) for all species of Eucephalus.

The phylogenetic relationships of the two-winged South American Leptophlebiidae genera revisited with first description of the male imago of Bessierus Thomas & Orth (Insecta: Ephemeroptera)

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4674 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-385
Author(s):  
EDUARDO DOMÍNGUEZ ◽  
MARÍA GABRIELA CUEZZO ◽  
SIMÓN CLAVIER
Keyword(s):  
Sister Group ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
South American ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypothesis ◽  
New Information ◽  
Statistical Support ◽  
The Stability ◽  
New Diagnosis ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
First Time

Four of the 43 genera of South American Leptophlebiidae are dipterous. A previous phylogenetic hypothesis supported that clade Askola+Hagenulopsis, and that Bessierus+Perissophlebiodes, are sister groups of the Farrodes complex. Adults of Bessierus and Perissophlebiodes were not known but posteriorly Perissophlebiodes male imago was described. Here, we describe the male imago of Bessierus for the first time. Both genera share, besides the absence of the hind wings, the asymmetrical fork of MA, symmetrical fork of MP, dissimilar tarsal claws, and forceps sockets fused. Along with the description of the imago, a new diagnosis for the genus Bessierus is presented, also updating the identification key with this new information. A new cladistics analysis is performed to test the stability of the proposed relationships of these four genera within Leptophlebiidae. We obtained a single cladistic hypothesis where the addition of Bessierus adult characters resulted in new synapomorphies for the (Bessierus, Perissophlebiodes) clade, and improved its clade statistical support. The fused forceps sockets resulted in a synapomorphy uniting Bessierus, Perissophlebiodes and Simothraulopsis. As a result of this new analysis, the hypothesis of independent losses of the hind wings in the two dipterous groups studied is supported. The Farrodes lineage is not supported as proposed in previous studies, being restricted only to (Farrodes (Simothraulopsis, Homothraulus)) while the identity of “Perissophlebiodes lineage” is supported. The sister group relationship of Rondophlebia is not clearly defined. 

Phylogeny of Echiura updated, with a revised taxonomy to reflect their placement in Annelida as sister group to Capitellidae

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryutaro Goto ◽  
James Monnington ◽  
Marija Sciberras ◽  
Isao Hirabayashi ◽  
Greg W. Rouse
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Monterey Bay ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Littoral Zones ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Echiura (commonly called spoon worms) are derived annelids that have an unsegmented sausage-shaped body with a highly extensible anterior end (i.e. a proboscis). Echiura currently contains two superfamilies: Echiurioidea (with Echiuridae, Urechidae and Thalassematidae) and Bonellioidea (with Bonelliidae, and Ikedidae). Ikedidae contains only Ikeda, which is distinctive in having a huge trunk, a highly elongate proboscis with stripes or dots, and numerous gonoducts. A recent molecular phylogeny of Echiura recovered Ikedidae as the sister group to Bonelliidae. However, due to relatively low support values for the monophyly of Bonelliidae, this relationship remains problematic. In this study, we reinvestigated the relationship of Bonelliidae and Ikedidae using an expanded dataset with more taxa and genes. In contrast to the previous results, our analyses strongly support that Ikeda is nested within Bonelliidae due to the placement of Maxmuelleria. On the basis of this result, we synonymise Ikedidae with Bonelliidae and transfer Ikeda to the latter, the diagnosis of which is amended. In addition, we synonymise Urechidae with its sister group Echiuridae because they share the synapomorphy of having anal chaetae rings. Furthermore, considering that recent phylogenetic studies have consistently recovered Echiura as the sister group to Capitelliidae within Annelida, we drop the rank of the echiuran clade to family-level and propose a revised classification: Thalassematidae with two subfamilies, Thalassematinae (with two tribes Echiurini and Thalassematini) and Bonelliinae. In addition, we identified a sample collected from the deep sea (~1820 m) of Monterey Bay, California, based on its molecular data. This terminal unexpectedly formed the sister group to the eight genera of Thalassematini, most members of which are inhabitants of littoral zones.

scholarly journals Inheritance and diversification of symbiotic trichonymphid flagellates from a common ancestor of termites and the cockroach Cryptocercus

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1655) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moriya Ohkuma ◽  
Satoko Noda ◽  
Yuichi Hongoh ◽  
Christine A Nalepa ◽  
Tetsushi Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Small Subunit Rrna ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Cryptocercus Punctulatus ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Cryptocercus cockroaches and lower termites harbour obligate, diverse and unique symbiotic cellulolytic flagellates in their hindgut that are considered critical in the development of social behaviour in their hosts. However, there has been controversy concerning the origin of these symbiotic flagellates. Here, molecular sequences encoding small subunit rRNA and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were identified in the symbiotic flagellates of the order Trichonymphida (phylum Parabasalia) in the gut of Cryptocercus punctulatus and compared phylogenetically to the corresponding species in termites. In each of the monophyletic lineages that represent family-level groups in Trichonymphida, the symbionts of Cryptocercus were robustly sister to those of termites. Together with the recent evidence for the sister-group relationship of the host insects, this first comprehensive study comparing symbiont molecular phylogeny strongly suggests that a set of symbiotic flagellates representative of extant diversity was already established in an ancestor common to Cryptocercus and termites, was vertically transmitted to their offspring, and subsequently became diversified to distinct levels, depending on both the host and the symbiont lineages.

Phylogenetic relationships of the subfamily Pyrgulinae (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae) with emphasis on the genus Dianella Gude, 1913

Zootaxa ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 891 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Szarowska ◽  
Andrzej Falniowski ◽  
FRANK Riedel ◽  
Thomas Wilke
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Character Evolution ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
The Family ◽  
Anatomical Characters

The phylogenetic position of the subfamily Pyrgulinae within the superfamily Rissooidea has been discussed very controversially. Different data sets not only led to different evolutionary scenarios but also to different systematic classifications of the taxon. The present study uses detailed anatomical data for two pyrgulinid taxa, the type species of the subfamily, Pyrgula annulata (Linnaeus, 1767), and the type species of the little known genus Dianella, D. thiesseana (Kobelt, 1878), as well as DNA sequencing data of three gene fragments from representatives of eight rissooidean families to A) infer the phylogenetic position of Pyrgulinae with emphasis on its relationships within the family Hydrobiidae, B) to study the degree of concordance between anatomyand DNAbased phylogenies and C) to trace the evolution of anatomical characters along a multi-gene molecular phylogeny to find the anatomical characters that might be informative for future cladistic analyses. Both anatomical and molecular data sets indicate either a very close or even sister-group relationship of Pyrgulinae and Hydrobiinae. However, there are major conflicts between the two data sets on and above the family level. Notably, Hydrobiidae is not monophyletic in the anatomical analysis. The reconstruction of anatomical character evolution indicates that many of the characters on which the European hydrobioid taxonomy is primarily based upon are problematic. The inability to clearly separate some hydrobiids from other distinct families based on those characters might explain why until only a few years ago, "Hydrobiidae" was a collecting box for numerous rissooidean taxa (mostly species with shells small and lacking any characteristic features). The present study not only stresses the need for comprehensive molecular studies of rissooidean taxa, it also demonstrates that much of the problems surrounding anatomical analyses in rissooidean taxa are due to the lack of comprehensive data for many representatives. In order to aid future comparativeanatomical studies and a better understanding of character evolution in the species-rich family Hydrobiidae, detailed anatomical descriptions for P. annulata and D. thiesseana are provided.Key words: Pyrgulinae, Pyrgula, Dianella, Hydrobiidae, phylogeny, DNA, anatomy, Greece

On Putaoa, a new genus of the spider family Pimoidae (Araneae) from China, with a cladistic test of its monophyly and phylogenetic placement

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1792 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUSTAVO HORMIGA ◽  
LIHONG TU
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Type Species ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Placement

The spider genus Putaoa new genus (Araneae, Pimoidae) is described to place two species of pimoids from China, Putaoa huaping new species (the type species) and P. megacantha (Xu & Li, 2007) new combination. Parsimony analysis of morphological characters provides support for the monophyly of Putaoa and for its sister group relationship to the genus Weintrauboa Hormiga, 2003 and corroborates the monophyly of Pimoidae.

The greenhouse thrips, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, and its generic relationships within the subfamily Panchaetothripinae (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W.H. Trueman ◽  
Rita Marullo ◽  
Laurence A. Mound
Keyword(s):  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Weak Support ◽  
Heliothrips Haemorrhoidalis ◽  
Generic Relationships

AbstractThe subfamily Panchaetothripinae, comprising 35 genera and 98 species, includes several pest species of which the most notorious is the greenhouse thrips, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis. In an attempt to establish the sister-group of Heliothrips, the relationships of this genus to 31 of the other genera in the subfamily were examined cladistically, using 35 parsimony-informative morphological characters. The analysis indicated that there was no support for two of the three tribes into which this subfamily is customarily arranged, the Monilothripini and the Panchaetothripini, but weak support for the tribe Tryphactothripini. No clear sister-group relationship could be identified for the New World genus Heliothrips, although it grouped with three old world genera Australothrips, Retithrips and Rhipiphorothrips. It is concluded that a morphological data set is not capable of producing a robust phylogeny of the Panchaetothripinae, and that the subject requires re-examination using molecular data.

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