The effects of prolonged endurance exercise on the neurological system in horses

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.H. Foreman
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Cerebral Oedema ◽  
Brain Temperature ◽  
Calcium Supplementation ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Vascular Perfusion ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Circulating Blood Volume ◽  
Neurological System

Horses compete routinely in endurance-type activities. Many of the various pathophysiological mechanisms which arise during endurance exercise have implications for the health and function of the neurological system. The development of centrally-mediated fatigue is a normal homeostatic physiological event with several possible mechanisms. Development of pathophysiological phenomena such as cerebral oedema may be near-terminal events during or after endurance exhaustion. Cellular damage resulting in cytotoxic cerebral oedema may result from decreases in circulating blood volume (dehydration), blood pressure, oxygen, and glucose, or increases in brain temperature. Vasogenic cerebral oedema arises from changes in cerebral vascular perfusion, tone, and permeability. Increased vascular permeability results from increased brain temperature, poor vascular integrity due to severe dehydration, disseminated intravascular coagulation due to hemoconcentration or endotoxemia, and iatrogenic overhydration during therapy. Clinical signs of intracranial disease after endurance exercise include staggering, shaking, ataxia, paresis, poor tongue tone, facial twitching, collapse, recumbency, seizures, and death. Treatment should include active and aggressive cooling, intravenous polyionic fluids, acid-base imbalance correction, intravenous glucose and calcium supplementation, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents once the patient is better hydrated, intra-nasal oxygen therapy if practicable, and achievement of a non-dependent head posture to prevent jugular venous hypertension and further increases in intracranial pressure. The prognosis for central fatigue is good with appropriate supportive care, but the prognosis for successful treatment of cerebral oedema must be considered guarded at best. Prevention is critical and must be through incorporation of mandatory rest stops with sufficient length and veterinary monitoring to allow prevention and detection of exhaustion, excessive dehydration, and neurological signs. Management flexibility in shortening or postponing rides in hot and humid conditions, mandated use of aggressive cooling techniques, and more restrictive entry criteria for upper level Fédération Equestre Internationale races should all be considered as viable options for optimising the safety of endurance horses.

A Red Tide of Gyrod Inium Aurelum in Sea Lochs of the Firth of Clyde and Associated Mortality of Pond-Reared Salmon

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 771-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Jones ◽  
P. Ayres ◽  
A. M. Bullock ◽  
R. J. Roberts ◽  
P. Tett
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Shock ◽  
Red Tide ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Fish Ponds ◽  
Red Tides ◽  
Gymnodinium Breve ◽  
The North ◽  
Cell Densities ◽  
Gyrodinium Aureolum

Red tides of the naked dinoflagellate Gyrodinium aureolum Hulburt occurred in sealochs in the north of the Firth of Clyde, Scotland, during late September 1980. Greatestconcentrations of the organism were found in the top 1 m layer of the water column, which was stabilized, and probably also enriched with nutrients, by freshwater input fromland drainage. In addition vertical and horizontal concentration must be postulated toexplain Gyrodinium cell densities of 2 x to7 cells I"1 and chlorophyll concentrations of 2228 mg m“”3 near the shore at Otter Ferry, Loch Fyne.On 28 September 1980, water containing the red tide at Otter Ferry was unintentionally pumped into fish ponds at a shore-based salmon farm and resulted in the death, in one pond, of 3000 salmon each weighing about 1 kg and of 200–300 smolts in another when water was transferred to it from the affected pond. Pathological investigation of affected salmon showed that death was likely to have resulted from asphyxiation and osmotic shock as a result of extensive cellular damage to gills and guts. Results of mouse bioassays, using acidic and ether extracts of flesh and guts from affected salmon, suggest that necrotizing toxin(s) was associated with the cells of Gyrodinium aureolum during the bloom. The clinical signs exhibited by mice injected with toxin extracts were, however, unlike those caused by paralytic shellfish poison or toxins of the Gymnodinium breve type.

EFFECT OF PHOTOTHERAPY ON SERUM CALCIUM LEVELS IN NEONATAL JAUNDICE

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-19
Author(s):  
Aradhana Gupta ◽  
Anand Kumar Bhardwaj ◽  
Anisha Aggarwal ◽  
Gauri Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Neonatal Jaundice ◽  
Serum Bilirubin ◽  
Calcium Supplementation ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Term Neonates ◽  
Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia

Background :To study the effect of phototherapy on serum calcium levels in neonates with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Methods : This hospital based longitudinal interventional study was conducted on 100 neonates with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala. Total serum bilirubin and serum calcium levels of each participants were checked before and at the end of phototherapy. Neonates were also checked for the clinical signs of hypocalcemia i.e. jitteriness, irritability, lethargy, and convulsions. Results : Atotal of 100 neonates with neonatal jaundice were included with 55% boys and 45 % girls whose mean age was 3.0 ± 0.95 days. Mean S.Bilirubin level before phototherapy was 13.92 ± 2.32 mg/dl which was reduced to 8.87 ± 2.18 mg/dl. S.Calcium levels pre-phototherapy were 8.66 ± 0.65 mg/dl which were reduced to 7.94 ± 1.05 mg/dl. It was found that 32% of the participants in total exhibited symptoms related to hypocalcemia. More term neonates (56.3%) experienced symptoms related to hypocalcemia compared to pre-terms (43.8%). Conclusion : It can be deduced that phototherapy induced hypocalcemia is a signicant concern and hence, neonates requiring phototherapy may be considered for calcium supplementation.

Decline in insulin action with age in endurance-trained humans

2002 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 2105-2111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Clevenger ◽  
Pamela Parker Jones ◽  
Hirofumi Tanaka ◽  
Douglas R. Seals ◽  
Christopher A. DeSouza
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Insulin Action ◽  
Glucose Tolerance Test ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Similar Body

We tested the hypothesis that regular endurance exercise prevents the age-related decline in insulin action typically observed in healthy, sedentary adults. An index of whole body insulin sensitivity (ISI), obtained from minimal model analysis of insulin and glucose concentrations during a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test, was determined in 126 healthy adults: 25 young [27 ± 1 (SE) yr; 13 men/12 women] and 43 older (59 ± 1 yr; 20/13) sedentary and 25 young (29 ± 1 yr; 12/13) and 33 older (60 ± 1 yr; 20/13) endurance trained. ISI values were lower in the older vs. young adults in both sedentary (−53%; 3.9 ± 0.3 vs. 7.0 ± 0.7 ×10−4 · min−1 · μU−1 · ml−1; P < 0.01) and endurance-trained (−36%; 7.9 ± 0.6 vs. 12.4 ± 1.0 ×10−4min−1 · μU−1 · ml−1; P < 0.01) groups, but the value was 72–102% higher in the trained subjects at either age ( P < 0.01). In subgroup analysis of sedentary and endurance-trained adults with similar body fat levels ( n = 62), the age-related reduction in ISI persisted only in the endurance-trained subjects (12.9 ± 1.9 vs. 8.7 ± 1.2 ×10−4 · min−1 · μU−1 · ml−1; P < 0.01). The results of the present study suggest that habitual endurance exercise does not prevent the age-associated decline insulin action. Moreover, the age-related reduction in ISI in endurance-trained adults appears to be independent of adiposity.

Factor VIII Antigen And Venostasis Test In Diabetes Mellitus. A Possible Useful Tool To Detect A Latent Endothelial Suffering

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Giustolisi ◽  
R Musso ◽  
T Lombardo ◽  
M Russo ◽  
E Cacciola
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Factor Viii Antigen

In the mature onset Diabetes Mellitus (DM) high levels of Factor VIII antigen (FVIII R: AG) were reported (Bensoussan et al., 1975, Diabetologia 11, 307; Lufkin et al., 1979, Metabolism 28, 63). The elevated FVIII R: AG levels observed in DM, as well as in other vascular diseases, were claimed as an index of endothelium damage (Boneu et al., 1975, Lancet 1, 1430; Corda et al., 1979, Thrombos. Res. 14, 805). Moreover, since the FVIII R:AG is involved in platelet adhesion to s b- endothelium, its increase might have prognostic significance as thrombogenic risk factor. But, in DM plasma FVIII R: AG levels could be also within normal range, so that the significance as index of endothelial suffering in such evenience would be lacked. Here we report evidence that in DM without clinical signs of vasculopathy, even if the FVIII R: AG plasma levels are in the normal range, the existence of endothelial suffering could be likewise detectable by the simple ve nostasis test, which, notoriously, represents a damaging endothelium stimulus. To test such a possibility we investigated the behaviour of plasma FVIII R: AG levels after venostasis (performed at forearm pressure of 10 mmHg over diastolic × 20 min) in 12 diabetic patients without overt signs of vasculopathy and exhibiting FVIII R: AG in normal range. This group was matched with 10 normal subjects of comparable sex and age. Measurements of the serum LDH levels before and after venostasis served to prove cellular damage when they increased more than 50%. The diabetic patients showed after venostasis an increase of FVIII R: AG (Laurell’s method)which was significantly higher than normal controls (P<0.005). Therefore it might be assumed that in diabetic subjects a latent vascular endothelium suffering, even without overt signs of vasculopathy, could exist and it could be detectable by venostasis test.

Laboratory criteria of brain death

1973 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges Ouaknine ◽  
Isaac Z. Kosary ◽  
Jackson Braham ◽  
Pinhas Czerniak ◽  
Hillel Nathan
Keyword(s):  
Brain Death ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Brain Temperature ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bedside Tests ◽  
New Procedures ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Thirty patients with the clinical signs of brain death were subjected to a series of laboratory tests reputed to be capable of confirming this state. Three new procedures, electronystagmography, RISA intrathecal studies, and brain temperature tests, are described. The authors conclude that certain bedside tests, namely, electroencephalography, echoencephalography, electronystagmography, and electrocardiographic response to atropine, have been shown to be entirely adequate for a confident diagnosis.

scholarly journals Familial Hypoparathyroidism with Pregnancy- Challenging Issue for Patient as well as for Physician

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-115
Author(s):  
MMSU Islam ◽  
S Mubin ◽  
MN Sarker ◽  
DS Ahmed ◽  
RC Barman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autosomal Recessive ◽  
Autosomal Dominant ◽  
Calcium Supplementation ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Calcium Sensing Receptor ◽  
Healthy Baby ◽  
Calcium Sensing ◽  
Activating Mutation ◽  
Serum Ionized Calcium ◽  
Key Words Hypoparathyroidism

Familial hypoparathyroidism is a rare cause of hypoparathyroidism. It may be x-linked recessive, autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. In autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism there is activating mutation of the calcium sensing receptor leading to inhibition of Parathormone (PTH) secretion at inappropriately low serum ionized calcium level. The disease often manifests in the first decade but may appear later. Clinical signs primarily involving neuromuscular disturbances including generalized seizure. Management of pregnancy in hypoparathyroidism is challenging as both under treatment and over treatment is dangerous for fetus. Treatment of hypoparathyroidism in pregnancy includes combination of oral calcium supplementation with calcitriol with an aim to keep serum calcium within normal range. Here we discussed a case of 21 year pregnant lady with familial hypoparathyroidism with successful delivery of a healthy baby. Key words: Hypoparathyroidism; Hypocalcaemia; Hyperphosphataemia; Epilepsy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/fmcj.v6i2.9215 FMCJ 2011; 6(2): 113-115

A Red Tide of Gyrod Inium Aurelum in Sea Lochs of the Firth of Clyde and Associated Mortality of Pond-Reared Salmon

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 771-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Jones ◽  
P. Ayres ◽  
A. M. Bullock ◽  
R. J. Roberts ◽  
P. Tett
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Shock ◽  
Red Tide ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Fish Ponds ◽  
Red Tides ◽  
Gymnodinium Breve ◽  
The North ◽  
Cell Densities ◽  
Gyrodinium Aureolum

Red tides of the naked dinoflagellate Gyrodinium aureolum Hulburt occurred in sealochs in the north of the Firth of Clyde, Scotland, during late September 1980. Greatestconcentrations of the organism were found in the top 1 m layer of the water column, which was stabilized, and probably also enriched with nutrients, by freshwater input fromland drainage. In addition vertical and horizontal concentration must be postulated toexplain Gyrodinium cell densities of 2 x to7 cells I"1 and chlorophyll concentrations of 2228 mg m“”3 near the shore at Otter Ferry, Loch Fyne.On 28 September 1980, water containing the red tide at Otter Ferry was unintentionally pumped into fish ponds at a shore-based salmon farm and resulted in the death, in one pond, of 3000 salmon each weighing about 1 kg and of 200–300 smolts in another when water was transferred to it from the affected pond. Pathological investigation of affected salmon showed that death was likely to have resulted from asphyxiation and osmotic shock as a result of extensive cellular damage to gills and guts. Results of mouse bioassays, using acidic and ether extracts of flesh and guts from affected salmon, suggest that necrotizing toxin(s) was associated with the cells of Gyrodinium aureolum during the bloom. The clinical signs exhibited by mice injected with toxin extracts were, however, unlike those caused by paralytic shellfish poison or toxins of the Gymnodinium breve type.

Incidence, survival time, and surgical treatment of parathyroid carcinomas in dogs: 100 cases (2010–2019)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Andrea K. Erickson ◽  
Penny J. Regier ◽  
Meghan M. Watt ◽  
Kathleen M. Ham ◽  
Sarah J. Marvel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Calcium Supplementation ◽  
Intraoperative Complications ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Tumor Control ◽  
Postoperative Hypocalcemia ◽  
Long Term Follow Up

Abstract OBJECTIVE To evaluate outcomes of dogs with parathyroid carcinoma (PTC) treated by surgical excision and to describe the incidence of postoperative hypocalcemia, degree of hypocalcemia, duration of hospitalization, duration of calcium supplementation, and survival time ANIMALS 100 client-owned dogs with PTC admitted to academic, referral veterinary institutions. PROCEDURES In a retrospective multi-institutional study, medical records of dogs undergoing surgical excision of PTC between 2010 to 2019 were reviewed. Signalment, relevant medical history, clinical signs, clinicopathologic testing, imaging, surgical findings, intraoperative complications, histologic examination, and survival time were recorded. RESULTS 100 dogs with PTC were included, and 96 dogs had clinical or incidental hypercalcemia. Common clinical signs included polyuria (44%), polydipsia (43%), hind limb paresis (22%), lethargy (21%), and hyporexia (20%). Cervical ultrasonography detected a parathyroid nodule in 91 of 91 dogs, with a single nodule in 70.3% (64/91), 2 nodules in 25.3% (23/91), and ≥ 3 nodules in 4 (4/91)% of dogs. Hypercalcemia resolved in 89 of 96 dogs within 7 days after surgery. Thirty-four percent of dogs developed hypocalcemia, on the basis of individual analyzer ranges, within 1 week after surgery. One dog had metastatic PTC to the prescapular lymph node, and 3 dogs were euthanized for refractory postoperative hypocalcemia. Estimated 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates were 84%, 65%, and 51% respectively, with a median survival time of 2 years. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Excision of PTC results in resolution of hypercalcemia and excellent long-term tumor control. Surgical excision of PTC is recommended because of resolution of hypercalcemia and a good long-term prognosis. Future prospective studies and long-term follow-up are needed to further assess primary tumor recurrence, metastasis, and incidence of postoperative hypocalcemia.

scholarly journals Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction and Metabolic Syndrome in Donkeys

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2335
Author(s):  
Heidrun Gehlen ◽  
Bianca Schwarz ◽  
Claus Bartmann ◽  
Jennifer Gernhardt ◽  
Sabita D. Stöckle
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Trh Test ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Dexamethasone Suppression

Appropriate medical care for donkeys is challenging despite being important working animals in non-industrialized countries and pets in first world countries. Although the same principles of diagnosis and therapy as in horses are commonly applied, there are differences in reference values and physiologic reaction to dynamic tests. However, donkeys seem to suffer from typical equine diseases, such as metabolic syndrome and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). Asinine metabolic syndrome (AMS) comprises obesity, insulin dysregulation, and laminitis. The principles of diagnosis are similar to horses. Donkey-specific reference ranges for insulin and glucose have been evaluated previously. Examinations regarding dynamic testing revealed differences in the intravenous glucose tolerance test and the combined insulin tolerance test compared to horses. The therapy of AMS is based mainly on weight loss and exercise. There are conflicting data regarding the incidence of PPID in donkeys. Laminitis and hypertrichosis were described as the main clinical signs. Species-specific and seasonal reference ranges were defined to diagnose PPID in donkeys. Furthermore, the dexamethasone suppression test, the thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) test and the combined dexamethasone suppression/TRH test were evaluated. Pergolide is commonly recommended for treatment.

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