scholarly journals Comparison of methodologies to determine the apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of maize, wheat, lupins, and peas for broiler chickens

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
C.L. Nalle ◽  
V. Ravindran
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Difference Method ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Difference

The influence of method (direct vs difference method) used to determine the apparent ileal digestibility coefficient (AIDC) of amino acids in two cereals (maize and wheat) and two grain legumes (Australian sweet lupins and peas) was investigated. For the direct method, the test ingredients were incorporated as the sole source of protein in assay diets. The assay diets used in the difference method were formulated by substituting the cereals and legumes for 50 and 25% (w/w), respectively, of a maize-soy basal diet. Each diet contained 3 g/kg titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker and were offered ad libitum to four replicate cages of broilers (four birds/cage) from d 28 to d 35 post-hatching. On d 35, digesta were collected from the terminal ileum and the AIDC of amino acids were calculated using marker ratios in the diet and digesta. Except for histidine, methionine, cysteine and tyrosine, the main effect of methods was found to be significant (P<0.05 to 0.001) for the AIDC of all amino acids. The main effect of the ingredients was significant (P<0.05 to 0.001) for all amino acids, except for histidine, aspartic acid and serine. Interactions (P<0.05) between ingredients and method were observed only for leucine, lysine, proline and serine. The AIDC of amino acids, determined by the difference method, was found to be distinctly higher than those determined by the direct method. This suggested that the direct method underestimated amino acid digestibility in low and medium protein ingredients.

scholarly journals Apparent ileal amino acids digestibility of diets with graded levels of corn DDGS and determination of DDGS amino acids digestibility by difference and regression methods in broilers

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 164-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Foltyn ◽  
M. Lichovníková ◽  
V. Rada ◽  
A. Musilová
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Nonessential Amino Acids ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Corn Ddgs

This study was conducted to determine apparent ileal amino acids digestibility (AIAAD) of diets with different levels of corn distiller&rsquo;s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and to determine AIAAD of corn DDGS by difference and regression methods in broiler chickens. One hundred and fifty 30-day-old male broiler chickens were used in the experiment. The corn DDGS were incorporated into basal diets at graded levels (0, 4, 8, 12, and 16%). All birds were killed at the age of 35 days and the contents of the lower half of the ileum were collected. AIAAD was calculated using chromic oxide as the indigestible marker. For AIAAD of DDGS determination, difference and regression methods were used. AIAAD of Lys (78.6%) and Met (91.3%) were the significantly highest in the diet without DDGS in comparison with other diets (P &lt; 0.01). AIAAD of the rest of essential and nonessential amino acids were the lowest in the diet with 8% of DDGS in comparison with the diets with 0 or 16% of DDGS (P &lt; 0.01). The apparent ileal crude protein digestibility was also the lowest in the diet with 8% (61.8%) of DDGS (P &lt; 0.01). The highest differences in AIAAD of DDGS determined by the difference method and in the diet without DDGS (basal diet) determined by the regression methods were found in Lys and Met. There were very low differences between DDGS and basal diet in AIAAD of nonessential amino acids, except Ala and Asp. These results show that higher levels of DDGS decrease AIAAD. &nbsp;

scholarly journals Excessive heating of 00-rapeseed meal reduces not only amino acid digestibility but also metabolizable energy when fed to growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryane S F Oliveira ◽  
Markus K Wiltafsky-Martin ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Ileal Digestibility

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that both the degree of heating and the time that heat is applied will affect the concentration of DE and ME, and the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in 00-rapeseed meal (00-RSM) fed to growing pigs. The nine treatments were prepared using a conventional 00-RSM that was either not autoclaved or autoclaved at 110 °C for 15 or 30 min or at 150 °C for 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, or 18 min. In experiment 1, 20 growing barrows with an average initial BW of 21.2 ± 1.2 kg were randomly allotted to the 10 diets in a replicated 10 × 4 Youden square with 10 diets and four periods in each square. A corn-based basal diet and nine diets containing corn and each source of 00-RSM were formulated. Urine and fecal samples were collected for 5 d after 7 d of adaptation. In experiment 2, nine diets contained one of the nine sources of 00-RSM as the sole source of AA, and an N-free diet that was used to measure basal endogenous losses of AA and CP was formulated. Twenty growing barrows with an initial BW of 69.8 ± 5.7 kg had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum and were allotted to a 10 × 7 Youden square design with 10 diets and 7 periods. Ileal digesta were collected on days 6 and 7 of each 7-d period. Results from the experiments indicated that there were no effects of autoclaving at 110 °C on DE and ME or on AID and SID of AA in 00-RSM, but DE and ME, and AID and SID of AA were less (P &lt; 0.01) if 00-RSM was autoclaved at 150 °C compared with 110 °C. At 150 °C, there were decreases (quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) in DE and ME, and in AID and SID of AA as heating time increased. In conclusion, autoclaving at 110 °C did not affect ME or SID of AA in 00-RSM, but autoclaving at 150 °C had negative effects on ME and SID of AA and the negative effects increased as heating time increased.

scholarly journals 116 Direct vs. difference method to determine amino acid digestibility in ingredients fed to pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 67-68
Author(s):  
Maryane S Faria de Oliveira ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Difference Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Method Of Determination ◽  
Wheat Middlings ◽  
The Difference

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that values for standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in cereal grains and fiber rich ingredients obtained using the direct method are not different from values obtained using the difference method. Sixteen ileal-cannulated barrows (69.45 ± 5.01 kg) were allotted to an 8 diets × 4 period Youden square design. Each period consisted of 5 d of adaptation and 2 d of ileal digesta collection. Four diets were based on soybean meal (SBM), corn, wheat, or wheat middlings as the only AA-containing ingredients. Three additional diets were based on a mixture of SBM and corn, wheat, or wheat middlings and a N-free diet was also used. The SID of AA in the 4 diets containing SBM, corn, wheat, or wheat middlings as the sole source of AA were calculated using the direct method. The SID of AA in corn, wheat, and wheat middlings were also calculated by difference from the 3 diets containing SBM and corn, wheat, or wheat middlings by subtracting the contribution from SBM of each AA from the SID values for the mixed diet. Data were analyzed using a model that included the method of determination of AA digestibility as the fixed effect, and pig and period as random effects. There was no difference between the direct and the difference method for the SID of most AA in corn, wheat, and wheat middlings, although the SID of Trp was lower (P < 0.05) for the difference method than values derived by the direct method for both corn and wheat middlings (Table 1). Therefore, values for SID of AA in cereal grains or fiber-rich ingredients could be obtained using either the direct method or the difference method.

scholarly journals The direct and difference procedures result in similar estimates for amino acid digestibility in feed ingredients fed to growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryane S F Oliveira ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Wheat Middlings ◽  
The Difference

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that values for standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in corn, wheat, and wheat middlings obtained using the direct procedure are not different from values obtained using the difference procedure. Sixteen ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW: 69.5 ± 5.0 kg) were allotted to a replicated 8 × 4 Youden Square design with 8 diets and 4 periods. Each period consisted of 5 d of adaptation to the diet and 2 d of collection of ileal digesta. Four diets were based on soybean meal (SBM), corn, wheat, or wheat middlings as the only AA-containing ingredients. Three additional diets were based on a mixture of SBM and corn, SBM and wheat, or SBM and wheat middlings, and an N-free diet was also used. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the SID of crude protein (CP) and AA for the 4 diets containing SBM, corn, wheat, or wheat middlings as the sole source of AA were calculated using the direct procedure. The AID and SID of CP and AA for the 3 mixed diets containing SBM and corn, wheat, or wheat middlings were also calculated and the contribution of digestible AA from SBM was subtracted from the AID or SID values for the diets. The AID or SID of AA in corn, wheat, and wheat middlings were subsequently calculated by difference. Results indicated that the AID values for a few AA were lower (P &lt; 0.05) if the direct procedure was used instead of the difference procedure, regardless of ingredient. The AID of Trp was greater in corn and wheat middlings, and the SID of Trp in corn and wheat middlings tended to be greater, if the direct procedure rather than the difference procedure was used, but that was not the case for wheat (interaction, P &lt; 0.05 and P &lt; 0.10, respectively). However, for all other indispensable AA, and for most of the dispensable AA, the SID of AA in corn, wheat, and wheat middlings was not different between the difference procedure and the direct procedure. Therefore, values for SID of AA in cereal grains and fiber-rich ingredients may be determined using either the direct or the difference procedure.

scholarly journals Amino acid digestibility coefficient values of animal protein meals with dietary protease for broiler chickens

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio G Bertechini ◽  
Júlio C C de Carvalho ◽  
Andressa C Carvalho ◽  
Felipe S Dalolio ◽  
Jose O B Sorbara
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Feather Meal ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Poultry Byproducts

Abstract A digestibility experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary exogenous monocomponent protease on the coefficient of apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and coefficient apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids in meat and bones meal (MBM), poultry byproducts meal (PBPM), and feather meal (FM). A total of 512 Cobb-500 male broiler chickens (aged 14 d) were randomly placed into 64 metabolism cages (8 birds per pen) and were allocated to eight treatments with eight replicates in a semi-controlled environmental room. The experimental diets consisted of the basal diet (corn/SBM) and the replacement of 300 g/kg on a weight basis with MBM, PBPM, or FM. The excreta were collected during 3 d (19 to 21 d), and the ileal digesta (using Celite as an indigestible marker) only 1 d (21 d). The protease contained 75,000 PROT units/g. The use of the enzyme increased (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD for alanine, cysteine, glycine, and threonine in the basal diet and AID for the amino acids alanine, cysteine, glycine, lysine, threonine, and valine for the basal diet (vegetable). Regarding meals, there was an increase (P &lt; 0.05) in the amino acid digestibility in large part due to the amino acids of MBM (14) and PBPM (9), with only five amino acids for FM. The amino acids glycine and threonine showed increases (P &lt; 0.05) in both total and ileal digestibility for all animal meals and for the diet based on corn and soybean meal, which indicates a high specificity of the enzyme for these amino acids. The overall results obtained in this study found satisfactory effectiveness of this exogenous protease. The total collection method was lower by 1.83% of amino acids digestibility than the ileal method.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Endogenous Ileal Amino Acid Flow and Digestive Physiology to Nitrogen-Free Diets with Differing Ratios of Dextrose to Corn Starch in Broiler Chickens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huajin Zhou ◽  
Wei Wu ◽  
Tahir Mahmood ◽  
Yanhong Chen ◽  
Yanwei Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Digestive Physiology ◽  
Amino Acids Composition ◽  
Similar Body

Abstract Determination of ileal endogenous amino acids (IEAAs) is necessary for the calculation of standardized ileal amino acid digestibility. This experiment was conducted to compare the response of amino acids composition of IEAAs of broilers, and digestive physiology fed the nitrogen-free diet (NFD) formulated with different ratios of dextrose to corn starch (D/CS). 28d-old broiler chickens (n = 210) with similar body weight were allocated to 5 treatment groups, including a control group (CT, basal diet, normal level of protein) and four NFD groups for a 3-days trial, designated as A (D/CS = 1.00), B (D/CS = 0.60), C (D/CS = 0.33), and D (D/CS = 0.14). The results showed that NFD significantly reduced serum IGF-1, albumin and uric acid levels when compared with the control (P < 0.05). A higher ratio of D/CS (1.00 and 0.60) increased Asp, Thr, Ser, Glu, Gly, Ala, Val, Ile, Leu, His, Tyr, Arg, and Pro contents of IEAAs when compared with the ratio of 0.33 and 0.14 (P < 0.05). Moreover, ileal DM digestibility and digestive enzyme increased with an increasing ratio of dextrose to corn starch (P < 0.001). The number of ileal goblet cells and the gene expression of Mucin 2 were higher in group A (D/CS=1.00) than in group C (D/CS = 0.33) and the control (P < 0.05). It was further observed that NFD indeed reshaped the gut microbiota, characterized by lower Bacteroidetes, a significantly increased proportion of Proteobacteria, and decreased microbial diversity (P < 0.05).Our results indicate that the chicken fed NFD were accompanied by huge digestive physiological alterations, presenting with malnutrition and accumulation of Proteobacteria in the gut. Different proportions of dextrose and starch directly affect the basal IEAAs of broiler chickens. A higher proportion of dextrose (D/CS = 1 and 0.6) in NFD increase IEAAs by promoting secretion of digestive enzyme and mucin. But the excessive proportion of starch is unsuitable for the chicken to digest NFD (D/CS = 0.14). Therefore, we suggest the ratio of dextrose to corn starch in NFD at 0.33 might be more appropriate to detect IEAAs of broiler chickens.

Standardized ileal amino acid digestibility in wheat, barley, pea and flaxseed for broiler chickens

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bandegan ◽  
A. Golian ◽  
E. Kiarie ◽  
R. L. Payne ◽  
G. H. Crow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Test Diet ◽  
Nutrient Excretion ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
The Mean

Bandegan A., Golian, A., Kiarie E., Payne R. L., Crow G. H., Guenter W. and Nyachoti C. M. 2011. Standardized ileal amino acid digestibility in wheat, barley, pea and flaxseed for broiler chickens. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 103–111. Experiments were conducted to estimate ileal amino acids (AA) digestibility in six wheat (exp. 1; 288 birds), seven barley (exp. 2; 252 birds), five pea (exp. 3; 240 birds) and five flaxseed (exp. 4; 216 birds) samples in male Ross broiler chicks. Wheat, barley and pea were the sole source of dietary AA in exps. 1, 2 and 3, whereas, for exp. 4, flaxseed and wheat (50:50 wt/wt) or wheat provided dietary AA. Chromic oxide was the indigestible marker. Birds were fed chick starter for the first 14 d; on day 15 each test diet was randomly assigned to six cages, each with six (exps. 2 and 4) or eight (exps. 1 and 3) birds. On day 21, birds were killed and digesta were sampled to determine the apparent ileal AA digestibility (AID). The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) values were calculated using ileal endogenous AA losses previously determined in our laboratory from birds fed N-free diet. The mean SID values for indispensable AA ranged from 83.7% (Lys) to 93.8% (Phe), 80.4% (Arg) to 90.9% (Phe), 86.0% (Met+Cys) to 94.2% (Arg) and 47.4% (Thr) to 66.7% (Met) for wheat, barley, peas and flaxseed samples, respectively. Overall, SID AA estimates for flaxseed had higher (> 13%) coefficients of variation (CV) compared with other ingredients (CV<6%). These SID AA data will help nutritionists to formulate broiler diets that more closely match the birds' requirements and minimize nutrient excretion.

scholarly journals Progress towards reduced-crude protein diets for broiler chickens and sustainable chicken-meat production

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Yun Liu ◽  
Shemil P. Macelline ◽  
Peter V. Chrystal ◽  
Peter H. Selle
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Reduced Crude Protein

AbstractThe prime purpose of this review is to explore the pathways whereby progress towards reduced-crude protein (CP) diets and sustainable chicken-meat production may be best achieved. Reduced-CP broiler diets have the potential to attenuate environmental pollution from nitrogen and ammonia emissions; moreover, they have the capacity to diminish the global chicken-meat industry’s dependence on soybean meal to tangible extents. The variable impacts of reduced-CP broiler diets on apparent amino acid digestibility coefficients are addressed. The more accurate identification of amino acid requirements for broiler chickens offered reduced-CP diets is essential as this would diminish amino acid imbalances and the deamination of surplus amino acids. Deamination of amino acids increases the synthesis and excretion of uric acid for which there is a requirement for glycine, this emphasises the value of so-called “non-essential” amino acids. Starch digestive dynamics and their possible impact of glucose on pancreatic secretions of insulin are discussed, although the functions of insulin in avian species require clarification. Maize is probably a superior feed grain to wheat as the basis of reduced-CP diets; if so, the identification of the underlying reasons for this difference should be instructive. Moderating increases in starch concentrations and condensing dietary starch:protein ratios in reduced-CP diets may prove to be advantageous as expanding ratios appear to be aligned to inferior broiler performance. Threonine is specifically examined because elevated free threonine plasma concentrations in birds offered reduced-CP diets may be indicative of compromised performance. If progress in these directions can be realised, then the prospects of reduced-CP diets contributing to sustainable chicken-meat production are promising.

scholarly journals 170 Energy values and digestibility of amino acids in dried yeast and soybean meal fed to pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 61-61
Author(s):  
Chan Sol Park ◽  
Ayodeji S Aderibigbe ◽  
Gary Hayen ◽  
Olayiwola Adeola
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Blocking Factors

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in dried yeast (DY) and soybean meal (SBM) fed to pigs. In Exp. 1, 30 barrows with an initial body weight (BW) of 20.7 ± 1.01 were assigned to 5 diets in a randomized complete block design with period and BW as blocking factors. A basal diet was prepared to contain corn, canola meal, and soybean oil as energy-contributing ingredients. Four additional diets were prepared by adding 5 or 10 g/kg DY or SBM at the expense of energy-contributing ingredients in the basal diet to estimate the DE and ME in test ingredients by regression analysis. On a dry matter basis, estimated DE and ME in DY were 4,022 and 3,352 kcal/kg, respectively, and those in SBM were 3,876 and 3,601kcal/kg, respectively. There was no difference in estimated DE or ME between DY and SBM. In Exp. 2, 21 barrows (initial BW = 20.0 ± 1.31 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were assigned to 3 diets in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. Two diets were prepared to contain DY or SBM as the sole source of nitrogen, and a nitrogen-free diet was prepared to determine the basal ileal endogenous losses of AA. The SID of AA, except for Gly and Pro, in SBM were greater (P &lt; 0.05) than in DY. The SID of indispensable AA in DY ranged from 64.7% for Thr to 86.1% for Arg, whereas those in SBM ranged from 84.8% for Thr to 92.3% for Arg. In conclusion, energy values in DY was comparable with SBM, but the SID of most AA in DY were less than in SBM.

PSVI-13 Amino Acid Supplementation During the Adaptation Period Did Not Affect the Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids in Corn and Soybean Meal Fed to Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 200-201
Author(s):  
Hyunjun Choi ◽  
Sun Jong You ◽  
Beob Gyun G Kim
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acids ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The objective was to determine the influence of amino acid (AA) supplementation during the adaptation period on the ileal digestibility of crude protein and AA in corn and soybean meal (SBM). Six barrows with an initial body weight of 30.9 ± 2.6 kg fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum were assigned to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with 6 dietary treatments and 6 periods. Two experimental diets contained corn or SBM as the sole source of AA and an N-free diet was additionally prepared. For AA supplementation groups, an AA mixture consisted of Gly, Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Ile, Val, His, and Phe was added to the corn diet and the N-free diet at the expense of cornstarch, and an AA mixture of Lys, Met, and Thr was added to the SBM diet. All diets contained 0.5% of chromic oxide. The 6 experimental diets were fed to the pigs for 4 and half days, and the 3 diets containing AA mixture were switched to the respective diets without AA mixture during the following 2 and half days. Ileal digesta were collected during the last 2 days. The addition of AA mixture during the adaptation period caused increased apparent ileal digestibility of Arg and Trp in corn (P &lt; 0.05), but did not affect that in SBM. The addition of AA mixture during the adaptation period caused increased apparent ileal digestibility of Pro and Gly regardless of feed ingredient (P &lt; 0.05), but did not affect that of other AA. All AA except Pro in corn and SBM were unaffected by the addition of AA mixture during the adaptation period. In conclusion, the addition of amino acid during the adaptation period does not affect the standardized ileal digestibility of indispensable amino acids in feed ingredients.

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