scholarly journals 116 Direct vs. difference method to determine amino acid digestibility in ingredients fed to pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 67-68
Author(s):  
Maryane S Faria de Oliveira ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Difference Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Method Of Determination ◽  
Wheat Middlings ◽  
The Difference

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that values for standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in cereal grains and fiber rich ingredients obtained using the direct method are not different from values obtained using the difference method. Sixteen ileal-cannulated barrows (69.45 ± 5.01 kg) were allotted to an 8 diets × 4 period Youden square design. Each period consisted of 5 d of adaptation and 2 d of ileal digesta collection. Four diets were based on soybean meal (SBM), corn, wheat, or wheat middlings as the only AA-containing ingredients. Three additional diets were based on a mixture of SBM and corn, wheat, or wheat middlings and a N-free diet was also used. The SID of AA in the 4 diets containing SBM, corn, wheat, or wheat middlings as the sole source of AA were calculated using the direct method. The SID of AA in corn, wheat, and wheat middlings were also calculated by difference from the 3 diets containing SBM and corn, wheat, or wheat middlings by subtracting the contribution from SBM of each AA from the SID values for the mixed diet. Data were analyzed using a model that included the method of determination of AA digestibility as the fixed effect, and pig and period as random effects. There was no difference between the direct and the difference method for the SID of most AA in corn, wheat, and wheat middlings, although the SID of Trp was lower (P < 0.05) for the difference method than values derived by the direct method for both corn and wheat middlings (Table 1). Therefore, values for SID of AA in cereal grains or fiber-rich ingredients could be obtained using either the direct method or the difference method.

scholarly journals The direct and difference procedures result in similar estimates for amino acid digestibility in feed ingredients fed to growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryane S F Oliveira ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Wheat Middlings ◽  
The Difference

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that values for standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in corn, wheat, and wheat middlings obtained using the direct procedure are not different from values obtained using the difference procedure. Sixteen ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW: 69.5 ± 5.0 kg) were allotted to a replicated 8 × 4 Youden Square design with 8 diets and 4 periods. Each period consisted of 5 d of adaptation to the diet and 2 d of collection of ileal digesta. Four diets were based on soybean meal (SBM), corn, wheat, or wheat middlings as the only AA-containing ingredients. Three additional diets were based on a mixture of SBM and corn, SBM and wheat, or SBM and wheat middlings, and an N-free diet was also used. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the SID of crude protein (CP) and AA for the 4 diets containing SBM, corn, wheat, or wheat middlings as the sole source of AA were calculated using the direct procedure. The AID and SID of CP and AA for the 3 mixed diets containing SBM and corn, wheat, or wheat middlings were also calculated and the contribution of digestible AA from SBM was subtracted from the AID or SID values for the diets. The AID or SID of AA in corn, wheat, and wheat middlings were subsequently calculated by difference. Results indicated that the AID values for a few AA were lower (P &lt; 0.05) if the direct procedure was used instead of the difference procedure, regardless of ingredient. The AID of Trp was greater in corn and wheat middlings, and the SID of Trp in corn and wheat middlings tended to be greater, if the direct procedure rather than the difference procedure was used, but that was not the case for wheat (interaction, P &lt; 0.05 and P &lt; 0.10, respectively). However, for all other indispensable AA, and for most of the dispensable AA, the SID of AA in corn, wheat, and wheat middlings was not different between the difference procedure and the direct procedure. Therefore, values for SID of AA in cereal grains and fiber-rich ingredients may be determined using either the direct or the difference procedure.

scholarly journals Comparison of methodologies to determine the apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of maize, wheat, lupins, and peas for broiler chickens

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
C.L. Nalle ◽  
V. Ravindran
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Difference Method ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Difference

The influence of method (direct vs difference method) used to determine the apparent ileal digestibility coefficient (AIDC) of amino acids in two cereals (maize and wheat) and two grain legumes (Australian sweet lupins and peas) was investigated. For the direct method, the test ingredients were incorporated as the sole source of protein in assay diets. The assay diets used in the difference method were formulated by substituting the cereals and legumes for 50 and 25% (w/w), respectively, of a maize-soy basal diet. Each diet contained 3 g/kg titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker and were offered ad libitum to four replicate cages of broilers (four birds/cage) from d 28 to d 35 post-hatching. On d 35, digesta were collected from the terminal ileum and the AIDC of amino acids were calculated using marker ratios in the diet and digesta. Except for histidine, methionine, cysteine and tyrosine, the main effect of methods was found to be significant (P<0.05 to 0.001) for the AIDC of all amino acids. The main effect of the ingredients was significant (P<0.05 to 0.001) for all amino acids, except for histidine, aspartic acid and serine. Interactions (P<0.05) between ingredients and method were observed only for leucine, lysine, proline and serine. The AIDC of amino acids, determined by the difference method, was found to be distinctly higher than those determined by the direct method. This suggested that the direct method underestimated amino acid digestibility in low and medium protein ingredients.

scholarly journals PSVII-21 Determination of apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in various hatchery by-products for broiler chickens

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 354-354
Author(s):  
Geun Hyeon Park ◽  
Hyeon Seok Choi ◽  
Jong Hyuk Kim ◽  
Gi Ppeum Han ◽  
Sang Yun Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Nutritional Values ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
By Products

Abstract The Korean poultry industry produces more than 4,000 tons of hatchery by-products (HBPs) every year. There is an increasing interest in the use of HBPs as a feed ingredient in The Korean feed industry. However, limited information regarding nutritional values for HBPs has been available. Thus, we conducted an experiment to measure apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AAs) in 4 different HBPs for broiler chickens. Four HBPs included infertile eggs (IFE), unhatched eggs (UHE), low grade and dead chicks (LDC), and mixture (MIX) containing 55% IFE, 10% UHE, 10% LDC, and 25% hatched eggshells. A total of three-hundred-thirty-six 21-d-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 7 replicates per treatment. Each diet contained individual HBP as a sole source of AAs. Additional 125 birds were used to estimate ileal endogenous losses of AAs. Results indicated that the AID and SID of 5 essential AAs (Arg, Met, Trp, His, and Val) for LDC were greatest (P &lt; 0.05), but those (Arg, Met, and Trp) for MIX were the least (P &lt; 0.05) among 4 HBPs. The AID and SID of most AAs in IFE were comparable to those in UHE. However, the AID and SID of 3 essential AAs (Lys, Leu, and Phe) were not different among 4 HBPs. The average AID and SID of both essential and nonessential AAs (18 AAs) for LDC were greatest (P &lt; 0.05), but those for MIX were the least (P &lt; 0.05) among 4 HBPs. In conclusion, HBPs used in this experiment contain high amounts of digestible AAs, which are comparable to other animal by-products. Generally, AAs in LDC are more digestible than AAs in other 3 HBPs (UHE, IFE, and MIX).

Metabolizable energy values of corn and wheat middlings in broiler chickens

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 905-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Dunaway ◽  
Sunday A. Adedokun
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Difference Method ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Wheat Middlings ◽  
The Difference

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate adaptation length (AL) and composition of reference diets on nitrogen (N)-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) in 22-d-old broilers. Birds were allocated to nine treatments (n = 6) consisting of wheat – soybean meal (SBM) (reference diet), corn–wheat–SBM, and wheat middlings (WM)–wheat–SBM (exp. 1), or oats–SBM (reference diet), corn–oats–SBM, and WM–oats–SBM (exp. 2) in conjunction with three AL (12, 8, and 4 d) in a factorial arrangement of treatments (3 × 3). Dry matter (DM), N, energy (En) utilization, and AMEn of corn and WM were determined using the difference method. In exp. 1, birds on the WM–wheat–SBM-based diet had the lowest (P < 0.05) DM, N, and En utilization, as well as AMEn compared with the other two diets. Additionally, AMEn for corn was higher (P < 0.05) compared with that of WM. In exp. 2, N utilization in birds on the corn–oats–SBM-based diet was lower (P < 0.05) compared with birds on the oats–SBM-based diet; however, AMEn of corn and WM was not different. In both experiments, AL was not significantly different. Based on these results, the composition of the reference diet could influence AMEn values of corn and WM in 22-d-old broilers.

scholarly journals Perbedaan Kadar Asam Sianida Pada Ubi Kayu Sebelum dan Sesudah Direndam dengan Larutan NaHCO3 Konsentrasi 5, 10 dan 15% Selama 12 Jam

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Nelvi Kurnia Sari ◽  
Gervacia Jenny Ratnawati ◽  
Jajar P. Syari
Keyword(s):  
Acid Content ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Selective Electrode ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Method Of Determination ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference

Abstract: Manihot esculenta crantz containing compounds that are useful for body also contain cyanogenic glucoside compounds that are toxic or better known by the named of blue poison. To reduce cyanide levels in manihot esculenta crantz can be done by soaking in water by adding NaHCO3 or better known baking soda. The purpose of this research is to know the difference of cyanide acid content in manihot esculenta crantz before and after soaking with NaHCO3 solution concentration in 5, 10 and 15% during 12 hours. The method of determination of cyanide acid content used by ion selective electrode with 24 samples are determined by purposive sampling. While research method used in this research is quasi experiment. Based on the results of the research, the average yield rate cyanide acid of manihot esculenta crantz before soaking is 43.58 mg / kg, after soaking with 5% NaHCO3 solution during 12 hours is 15.62 mg / kg, after soaking with 10% NaHCO3 solution during 12 hours is 10.90 mg / kg, and after soaking with 15% NaHCO3 solution during 12 hours is 7.22 mg / kg. From the results the data then analyzed statistically using one way anava test obtained p = 0,000 (p <0,05) that there is a difference of cyanide acid content in manihot esculenta crantz before and after soaking with NaHCO3 solution concentration 5, 10 and 15 % For 12 hours.Abstrak: Ubi kayu mengandung senyawa yang berguna bagi tubuh dan juga mengandung senyawa glukosida sianogenik yang bersifat racun atau yang lebih dikenal dengan nama racun biru. Untuk menurunkan kadar sianida pada ubi kayu bisa dilakukan dengan cara perendaman didalam air dengan menambahkan NaHCO3 atau yang lebih dikenal dengan nama soda kue. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan kadar asam sianida pada ubi kayu sebelum dan sesudah direndam dengan larutan NaHCO3 konsentrasi 5, 10 dan 15% selama 12 jam. Metode penetapan kadar asam sianida menggunakan elektroda selektif ion dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 24 buah yang ditentukan secara purposive sampling . Sedangkan metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah eksperimental semu. Berdasarkan dari hasil penelitian diperoleh hasil rata-rata kadar asam sianida pada ubi kayu sebelum direndam adalah 43,58 mg/kg, sesudah direndam larutan NaHCO3 5% selama 12 jam adalah 15,62 mg/kg, sesudah direndam larutan NaHCO3 10% selama 12 jam adalah 10,90 mg/kg, dan sesudah direndam larutan NaHCO3 15% selama 12 jam adalah 7,22 mg/kg. Dari hasil tersebut data kemudian dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan uji anava one way diperoleh hasil p = 0,000 (p < 0,05) berarti terdapat perbedaan kadar asam sianida pada ubi kayu sebelum dan sesudah direndam dengan larutan NaHCO3 konsentrasi 5, 10 dan 15% selama 12 jam.

An Electronic Transformer Calibrator Based on Multiple Approaches

2013 ◽  
Vol 303-306 ◽  
pp. 329-334
Author(s):  
Bao Xiang Pan ◽  
Shuo Nan Mao ◽  
Lin Li
Keyword(s):  
Difference Method ◽  
Virtual Instrument ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Digital Output ◽  
Electronic Transformer ◽  
Compensation Algorithm ◽  
Instrument Technology ◽  
Calibration Accuracy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Analog Output

With electronic transformers gradually being launched on the market, there is still no unified standard for electronic transformer calibration in China. According to this situation, two methods for electronic transformer calibration, the direct method and the difference method, were studied in this paper. Based on the virtual instrument technology, a novel electronic transformer calibrator compatible with both the direct method and the difference method was designed. This system is able to meet the calibration needs for electronic transformers with digital output and analog output at the same time. While using the spectrum leakage compensation algorithm, the calibration accuracy of this system is also enhanced.

scholarly journals Intact and hydrolyzed casein lead to similar ileal endogenous protein and amino acid flows in adult humans

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amélie Deglaire ◽  
Paul J Moughan ◽  
Gheorghe Airinei ◽  
Robert Benamouzig ◽  
Daniel Tomé
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Mixed Meal ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Endogenous Amino Acids ◽  
Endogenous Protein ◽  
Adult Humans

ABSTRACT Background Endogenous amino acids (AAs) contribute to terminal ileal digesta and must be corrected for in determining coefficients of true ileal digestibility. Such estimates are also needed for the factorial calculation of AA requirements. Objective The effect of the form of delivery of dietary AAs on endogenous nitrogen and AA flows at the end of the ileum was studied. Methods Isotopically labeled 15N-casein (33–34 g), in either a hydrolyzed (HC) or intact (C) form, was included as the sole source of nitrogen in a mixed meal (320 mmol N) consumed by healthy adult humans equipped with a triple-lumen sampling tube in the small intestine. Ileal endogenous AA flows were determined by isotope dilution. An additional meal (A) containing a free AA mixture (306 mmol N) simulating the AA composition of casein was included. Serine was omitted from the AA mixture to allow direct determination of its ileal endogenous flow. Results Endogenous N and AA flows did not differ (P > 0.05) for diets C and HC, with mean respective N flows of 728 and 617 mg/8 h (± pooled SD: 144 mg/8 h). Endogenous serine flow was similar (P > 0.05) for diets C, HC, and A [181, 169, and 191 mg/8 h (± 56 mg/8 h)]. Recycling of the 15N marker was determined to be ∼11%, suggesting that the 15N endogenous loss values could underestimate endogenous protein and AA losses by ∼6% (the proportion of recycled 15N divided by the sum of endogenous N and recycled 15N). Conclusions The 3 different forms of dietary AA delivery (free AAs, HC, or C) elicited similar ileal endogenous AA flows in the adult human. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT 00873951.

Determination of Silicon-Carbide Content in 95 Silicon-Carbide Brick

2010 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 475-477
Author(s):  
Hai Jie Cao ◽  
Zhou Ming Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Hydrofluoric Acid ◽  
Silicon Oxide ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Free Silica ◽  
The Difference

Four methods were used to determine SiC content of self-combined 95 silicon-carbide brick, such as hydrofluoric acid volatilization-gravimetric method, direct method, etc. Results of different methods were compared, and causes of the difference were identified. The test results indicate that impurities compositions have different effects on different test methods. When impurities are free carbon, free silica, iron oxide, silicon oxide, hydrofluoric acid volatilization-gravimetric method is appropriate. When hydrochloric acid-resist impurities are more, it is necessary to choose direct and indirect methods. When using direct method and indirect methods, it is useful to increase the amount of flux to make sure that the specimen is dissolved thoroughly. If necessary, increasing test times is useful.

Determination of Rubber Hydrocarbon by a Gravimetric Rubber Bromide Method

1947 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 320-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. O. Willits ◽  
M. L. Swain ◽  
C. L. Ogg
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Difference Method ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Rubber Content ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Hydrocarbon Analysis ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Direct determination of rubber hydrocarbon in crude rubbers and in latices has been generally considered so inaccurate and unreliable that determination of rubber hydrocarbon by difference has been a common practice. The difference method usually suffices in the analysis of products derived from Hevea rubber, in which the nonrubber components have been well characterized or occur in low concentration. In the analysis of natural rubber products obtained from sources other than Hevea, such as guayule, kok-saghyz, and Cryptostegia, the situation is different. The chemical and physical properties of the nonrubber components of such products are largely unknown, and in many cases the nonrubber contaminants are present in excessive amounts, sometimes more than 50 per cent of the total. Since the rubber hydrocarbon analysis usually affords the most reliable means for estimating the rubber content of plants and for following the concentration and purification of rubber by mechanical and chemical processes, it appeared desirable to devise or adapt a method which would permit direct determination of this constituent in the presence of relatively large amounts of natural and added contaminants.

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