scholarly journals Inflorescence and floral traits of the Colombian species of Tristerix (Loranthaceae) related to hummingbird pollination

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Favio González ◽  
Natalia Pabón-Mora
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Floral Traits ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Hummingbird Pollination ◽  
Floral Diversification ◽  
Successive Initiation ◽  
Group Relationships

Floral diversification in Loranthaceae reaches its highest peak in the Andes. The flowers of the exclusively Andean genus Tristerix exhibit tubular and vividly coloured flowers pollinated by hummingbirds. We studied inflorescence and flower morphoanatomy of the two Colombian species, T. longebracteatus and the highly endangered T. secundus. Both species have terminal racemes with up to 26 ebracteolate flowers, of which the proximal one opens and sets fruits first. The slightly irregular calyx initiation is followed by the simultaneous initiation of petals and the successive initiation of stamens. Anthesis is fenestrate, explosive, and triggered by the tension of the style against the abaxial petals, a mode so far not reported in Loranthaceae. Anthetic petals spread symmetrically in T. longebracteatus and asymmetrically in T. secundus. Nectar is produced by a supraovarial disk and by the petal mesophyll. Floral lifespan lasts up to 20 days. The hummingbirds Eriocnemis vestita and Pterophanes cyanopterus are the likely pollinators of T. secundus. Morphological traits are inconclusive to support one of the two competing sister group relationships that involve Tristerix, as the lack of cataphylls in renewal shoots links Ligaria and Tristerix, whereas the terminal inflorescences support its relationship with Desmaria and Tupeia.

Apertochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): A heterogeneric phantom? 

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4238 (1) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
ATSUSHI MOCHIZUKI ◽  
CHARLES S. HENRY ◽  
PETER DUELLI
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Wing Venation ◽  
Monophyletic Clade ◽  
Molecular Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Sequence ◽  
Group Relationships

The small lacewing genus Apertochrysa comprises species from Africa, Asia and Australia. All lack a tignum, but otherwise resemble distantly related genera. We show that Apertochrysa does not form a monophyletic clade, based on analyses of molecular sequence data and morphological traits such as the presence and shape of the male gonapsis, wing venation, and larval setae. Apertochrysa kichijoi forms a clade with Eremochrysa, Suarius and Chrysemosa, whereas A. albolineatoides belongs to a clade that includes Cunctochrysa. Apertochrysa albolineatoides should become a new combination as Cunctochrysa albolineatoides, while A. kichijoi will have to be transferred to a new genus. The Australian A. edwardsi, the African A. eurydera and the type species of the genus Apertochrysa, A. umbrosa, join the large Pseudomallada group. Relationships of A. umbrosa are less certain, because for it we could amplify only one of the three nuclear genes used in the overall analysis. However, in all morphological traits tested, that species strongly resembles A. edwardsi and A. eurydera and thus is very likely just another exceptional Pseudomallada lacking a tignum. The fate of the genus name Apertochrysa depends on additional molecular and morphological analyses of A. umbrosa. 

The millipede family Nemasomatidae. With the description of a new genus, and a revision of Orinisobates (Diplopoda: Julida)

1985 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Enghoff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Altai Region ◽  
Separate Genus ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
The Family ◽  
Group Relationships ◽  
Doubtful Species

AbstractThe family Nemasomatidae is redefined to include onty genera with all sterna secondarily free from pleurotergites. Comments are given on the included genera, viz., Antrokoreana, Basoncopus gen. n. (type-species B. filiformis sp. n.) (Kazakhstan), Dasynemasoma, Thalassisobates, Sinostemmiulus, Nemasoma, and Orinisobates. Isobates coiffaiti Demange, 1961 is synonymized with Thalassisobates littoralis (Silvestri, 1903). Orinisobates is revised and shown to include O. soror sp. n. (Kuril Islands), O. microthylax sp. n. (Kamchatka and Siberia), O. gracilis (Verhoeff, 1933) (NW China), O. sibiricus (Gulicka, 1963) (Altai region, Kazakhstan), O. kasakstanus (Lohmander, 1933) (Kazahkstan), O. nigrior (Chamberlin, 1943) (eastern United States), O. utus (Chamberlin, 1912) (northwestern United States), and O. expressus (Chamberlin, 1941) (northwestern United States and adjacent Canada). Mimolene oregona Chambertin, 1941 and M. sectile Loomis & Schmitt, 1971 are synonymized with O. expressus. A possible case of parthenogenesis in O. microthylax is recorded. Evidence is presented for the following sister-group relationships: Antrokoreana + (Basoncopus + (Dasynemasoma + (Thalassisobates + (Sinostemmiulus + (Orinisobates + Nemasoma))))). The position of Basoncopus is uncertain, and O. soror may belong in a separate genus and constitute the sister-group of Orinisohates + Nemasoma. If soror does belong in Orinisobates, it is the sister-group of all its congeners. The American species of Orinisobates are shown probably to constitute a monophyietic group. The family is suggested to have originated in the eastern Palearctic region, Orinisobates having invaded North America via the Bering Bridge. Doubtful species and species erroneously assoiciated with the Nemasomatidae are listed. The genera Okeanobates and Yosidaiulus are excluded from the family and referred to Okeanobatidae stat. n. in superfamily Blaniuloidea. The genera Trichonemasoma, Telsonemasoma, and Chelojulus are also excluded from the Nemasomatidae and relegated to Julida incertae sedis.

scholarly journals Comparing phylogenetics and linear morphometrics to solve the generic assignment ofParabolinella?triarthroidesHarrington (Trilobita, Olenidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 919-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela S. Monti ◽  
Viviana A. Confalonieri
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Good Description ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Original Matrix ◽  
Quantitative Characters ◽  
Phylogenetic Framework ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Source Of Information

AbstractThe use of different methodological approaches together with an exhaustive qualitative study has helped to recognize important morphological traits to distinguish species in a systematic and phylogenetic framework.Parabolinella triarthroidesHarrington, 1938 was described based on two cranidia from the Quebrada de Coquena, Purmamarca, Jujuy province. The generic assignment ofP. triarthroideshas been questioned by a phylogenetic analysis, which resolves this species as the sister group ofBienvilliaClark, 1924. To explore the generic assignment of this species, a revision of the type material, plus a morphometric analysis including specimens ofParabolinellaBrøgger, 1882 andBienvilliawere performed. In addition, the original matrix used in the published phylogeny was reviewed and enlarged, including more species ofBienvillia. Continuous characters were coded in different ways in order to compare how they could affect the ordering of specimens and their phylogenetic relationships. Finally, both methodologies were compared, especially in regard to the behavior of the quantitative characters included in the analyses. From the combined analyses, it is shown that similarities between the cranidium ofP. triarthroidesand all otherParabolinellaspecies are true homologies instead of a by-product of evolutionary convergence. Therefore,P. triarthroidesshould be considered a member of this genus. Finally, this study demonstrates that the best strategy for solving systematic problems in groups where the morphological variation is the only source of information (i.e., fossil taxa without living representatives) is the implementation of an integrative approach, combining different methodological techniques and a good description of specimens.

scholarly journals Correlación morfo-específica en flores de Palicourea padifolia (Rubiaceae)

2017 ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angélica Hernández ◽  
Juan Francisco Ornelas
Keyword(s):  
Relative Position ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Pollen Flow ◽  
Floral Traits ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Corolla Length

Distyly is a floral polymorphism in which about half of the plants in a population have long styles and short stamens (Pin), whereas the remainder possess short styles and long stamens (Thrum). It has been suggested that the relative position of anthers and stigmas in distylous flowers enhances pollen flow between flowers of opposite morphs (legitimate pollination), in comparison to pollen flow between flowers of the same morph (illegitimate pollination). We studied the floral morphology of both floral morphs (six variables) in Palicourea padifolia (Rubiaceae) and found significant differences between floral morphs in floral traits that define the floral polymorphism. However, the correlations between morphological traits that define the floral morphs (morph-specific), and the significant correlations were stronger in the short styled morph. The morph-specific correlation patterns among some of the floral traits suggest differential selective pressures between floral morphs, regardless of corolla length.

Systematics of Paraleucopis Malloch with proposal of Paraleucopidae, a new family of acalyptrate Diptera

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4668 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-328
Author(s):  
TERRY A. WHEELER ◽  
BRADLEY J. SINCLAIR
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Type Locality ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
New Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
Group Relationships ◽  
Northwestern Mexico

Paraleucopidae Wheeler fam. nov. is proposed for the previously unplaced New World genera Paraleucopis Malloch, Mallochianamyia Santos-Neto and Schizostomyia Malloch and undescribed Australian species. A key to genera of Paraleucopidae is provided. Paraleucopis is revised and includes nine species: P. auripes Wheeler & Sinclair sp. nov. (type locality: Andalgala, Argentina); P. bispinosa Wheeler & Sinclair sp. nov. (type locality: Socos, Coquimbo, Chile); P. boharti Wheeler & Sinclair sp. nov. (type locality: Andalgala, Argentina); P. boydensis Steyskal (type locality: nr. Palm Desert, California, USA); P. corvina Malloch (type species of genus; type locality: New Mexico, USA); P. mexicana Steyskal (type locality: Kino Bay, Mexico); P. nigra Wheeler & Sinclair sp. nov. (type locality: Portal, Arizona, USA); P. paraboydensis Wheeler & Sinclair sp. nov. (type locality: Willis Palms Oasis, California, USA); P. saguaro Wheeler & Sinclair sp. nov. (type locality: Usery Mtn Park, Arizona, USA). A key to the species of Paraleucopis is provided. The distribution of Paraleucopis is disjunct, with six species in the western United States and northwestern Mexico and three species in northern Chile and northern Argentina.                The sister group and superfamilial assignment of the Paraleucopidae cannot be established based on current knowledge although the family has affinities to some families of the Asteioinea sensu J.F. McAlpine. A well-supported hypothesis on the relationships of the families of the Acalyptratae will be required before the sister group relationships of Paraleucopidae can be determined. 

Monogenoidean parasites of Acestrorhynchus falcatus (Characiformes: Acestrorhynchidae) from Pará, Brazil: species of Diaphorocleidus and Rhinoxenoides n. gen. (Monogenoidea: Dactylogyridae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-219
Author(s):  
J.F. Santos Neto ◽  
N.G.S. Costa ◽  
G.B. Soares ◽  
M.V. Domingues
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Accessory Piece ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Copulatory Organ ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Ventral Anchor ◽  
Dorsal Anchor ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Group Relationships ◽  
One New Species

AbstractTwo new species of Diaphorocleidus and one new species of Rhinoxenoides n. gen. are described from the gills of Acestrorhynchus falcatus (Bloch) from rivers of north-eastern Pará, Brazil. Diaphorocleidus jaymedeloyolai n. sp. is characterized by a male copulatory organ (MCO) possessing three counterclockwise coils; similar anchors with subtriangular superficial roots; a ventral bar with posteromedial projection; and hooks of pairs 1, 4 and 7 approximately three times longer than hook pair 5. Diaphorocleidus sclerocolpus n. sp. differs from its congeners by a dual-branched accessory piece articulated with the MCO and a sclerotized tubular vagina with a bottle-shaped vestibule. Rhinoxenoides n. gen. is proposed and is characterized by possessing: MCO sclerotized with clockwise coils; an accessory piece articulated to the base of MCO; a sinistroventral vaginal aperture; ventral anchor with conspicuous roots; dorsal anchor with superficial root five times longer than deep root; and absence of dorsal bar. The proposal of Rhinoxenoides n. gen. is also supported by its phylogenetic relationship with Protorhinoxenus prochilodi and species of Rhinoxenus, using 16 morphological characters, which resulted in the following hypothesis of sister-group relationships: Rhinoxenoides n. gen. [Protorhinoxenus (Rhinoxenus curimatae (R. nyttus (R. bulbovaginatus (R. guianensis, R. piranhus, R. euryxenus (R. arietinus, R. anaclaudiae)))))].

Karripurcellia, a new pettalid genus (Arachnida : Opiliones : Cyphophthalmi) from Western Australia, with a cladistic analysis of the family Pettalidae

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Giribet
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Museum Specimens ◽  
Anal Glands ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
Species Cluster ◽  
The Family ◽  
Group Relationships

Examination of museum specimens belonging to the cyphophthalmid Gondwanan family Pettalidae has rendered a collection of specimens placed in the new genus Karripurcellia. The genus includes three species, K.�peckorum, sp. nov., K. sierwaldae, sp. nov. and K. harveyi, sp. nov., from the Pemberton area in Western Australia. These are the first cyphophthalmid species found outside Queensland in Australia. Karripurcellia, gen. nov. is distinguished from other Australian pettalids by the lack of modifications in the anal plate, as well as the lack of the typical male anal glands of pettalids, sironids and the stylocellid genus Fangensis Rambla, 1994. Two of the species, K. peckorum, sp. nov. and K. sierwaldae, sp. nov., live sympatrically and have been collected in the same litter samples in one locality. The proposition of the new genus is accompanied by a cladistic analysis of all pettalid genera and most species within each genus, with the exception of the species-rich genus Rakaia Hirst, 1925. The cladistic analysis supports the monophyly of the Karripurcellia, gen. nov. species, but their sister-group relationships are unclear. However, the remaining Australian species cluster with the pettalids from New Zealand and South Africa, but not with Karripurcellia, sp. nov.

scholarly journals Geodina (Pezizomycetes: Wynneaceae) has a single widespread species in tropical America

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-138
Author(s):  
D.H. Pfister ◽  
L. Quijada ◽  
K.F. Lobuglio
Keyword(s):  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Trophic Interactions ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
New Family ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Tropical America

Geodina salmonicolor is shown to be a synonym of G. guanacastensis, the type and only species of the genus. Comparisons of ITS rDNA sequences of a paratype and two recent collections of G. guanacastensis with published ITS sequences of G. salmonicolor, from the Dominican Republic, show that these are nearly identical. When G. salmonicolor was erected no sequences of the type species were available. Morphological comparisons supports the conspecificity. Details regarding the description of G. salmonicolor are pointed out. A four-gene phylogeny places Geodina and Wynnea as a supported sister group to the rest of the Sarcoscyphaceae. Species in these genera share morphological traits of cyanophobic spore markings, dark angular outer excipular cells that give rise to hairs and the origin of several apothecia from a common basal stalk. Their occurrence on soil rather than on wood or plant material distinguish them from other Sarcoscyphaceae. Based on morphology, phylogenic relationships and trophic interactions we erect a new family, Wynneaceae, for Geodina and Wynnea.

scholarly journals Preliminary Analysis of Phylogenetic Relationships Among Palaearctic Simuliinae (Diptera, Simuliidae) Inferred From Morphological Characters

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 31-48
Author(s):  
K. B. Sukhomlin
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Consensus Trees ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Group Relationships

Abstract Phylogenetic relationships among the Palaearctic genera of the subfamily Simuliinae are analyzed based on the matrix of 100 morphological characters and 37 taxa, including 6 outgroups. Parsimonic analysis was resulted in 3 consensus trees (weighting based on CI, RI and RC indices) of slightly different topology, which show monophyly of the subfamily Simuliinae, tribes Stegopternini, Nevermanniini, Wilhelmiini and Simuliini, and a possible sister-group relationships between the latter two tribes. Tribe Ectemniini is apparently a paraphyletic formation. The analysis also supports transferring of the Stegopternini and Nevermanniini from Prosimuliinae to Simuliinae.

Exploring the impact of morphology, multiple sequence alignment and choice of optimality criteria in phylogenetic inference: a case study with the Neotropical orb-weaving spider genus Wagneriana (Araneae: Araneidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 188 (4) ◽  
pp. 976-1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimmy Cabra-García ◽  
Gustavo Hormiga
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Alignment ◽  
Multiple Sequence Alignment ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Optimality Criteria ◽  
Total Evidence ◽  
Multiple Sequence ◽  
Phenotypic Characters ◽  
Methodological Choices ◽  
Group Relationships ◽  
The Impact

Abstract We present a total evidence phylogenetic analysis of the Neotropical orb-weaving spider genus Wagneriana and discuss the phylogenetic impacts of methodological choices. We analysed 167 phenotypic characters and nine loci scored for 115 Wagneriana and outgroups, including 46 newly sequenced species. We compared total evidence analyses and molecular-only analyses to evaluate the impact of phenotypic evidence, and we performed analyses using the programs POY, TNT, RAxML, GARLI, IQ-TREE and MrBayes to evaluate the effects of multiple sequence alignment and optimality criteria. In all analyses, Wagneriana carimagua and Wagneriana uropygialis were nested in the genera Parawixia and Alpaida, respectively, and the remaining species of Wagneriana fell into three main clades, none of which formed a pair of sister taxa. However, sister-group relationships among the main clades and their internal relationships were strongly influenced by methodological choices. Alignment methods had comparable topological effects to those of optimality criteria in terms of ‘subtree pruning and regrafting’ moves. The inclusion of phenotypic evidence, 2.80–3.05% of the total evidence matrices, increased support irrespective of the optimality criterion used. The monophyly of some groups was recovered only after the addition of morphological characters. A new araneid genus, Popperaneus gen. nov., is erected, and Paraverrucosa is resurrected. Four new synonymies and seven new combinations are proposed.

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