scholarly journals Adapted ageing tests for the evaluation of alabaster used in the restoration of Bishop’s Palace of Tarazona

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (338) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
R. Bustamante ◽  
P. Vázquez ◽  
P. Rodríguez-Monteverde ◽  
J. Monjo
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rain ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Thermal Fatigue ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Volume Loss ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Capillary Uptake

The advanced condition of deterioration of the column’s bases of the courtyard of the Bishop’s Palace of Tarazona (Spain) built in the middle of 16th century required its restoration with Aragonese alabaster. Thus, adapted ageing tests were developed to simulate the environmental conditions in which the stones were and will be exposed. These tests were thermal fatigue by temperature variations, acid rain and water stagna­tion by immersion tests and a combination of both agents of decay. The results indicated that alabaster did not experimented deformation after thermal fatigue but a progressive dehydration to bassanite. This process entailed an increase of porosity and consequently a loss of structural properties. The dissolution was measured as a lineal weight and volume loss while porosity and capillary uptake remained stable. The conclusions of this study establish the importance of restoration protocols to maintain the alabaster integrity when used and exposed to rainwater and insolation.

scholarly journals A Review of PZT Patches Applications in Submerged Systems

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 2251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Presas ◽  
Yongyao Luo ◽  
Zhengwei Wang ◽  
David Valentin ◽  
Mònica Egusquiza
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
System Dynamics ◽  
Vibration Control ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Working Medium ◽  
Mechanical And Structural Properties

Submerged systems are found in many engineering, biological, and medicinal applications. For such systems, due to the particular environmental conditions and working medium, the research on the mechanical and structural properties at every scale (from macroscopic to nanoscopic), and the control of the system dynamics and induced effects become very difficult tasks. For such purposes in submerged systems, piezoelectric patches (PZTp), which are light, small and economic, have been proved to be a very good solution. PZTp have been recently used as sensors/actuators for applications such as modal analysis, active sound and vibration control, energy harvesting and atomic force microscopes in submerged systems. As a consequence, in these applications, newly developed transducers based on PZTp have become the most used ones, which has improved the state of the art and methods used in these fields. This review paper carefully analyzes and summarizes these applications particularized to submerged structures and shows the most relevant results and findings, which have been obtained thanks to the use of PZTp.

Virtual Modeling of Dynamic Loading of Glass Mould

2008 ◽  
Vol 39-40 ◽  
pp. 535-540
Author(s):  
Ivo Matoušek
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Dynamic Loading ◽  
Thermal Fatigue ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Critical Areas ◽  
Classical Design ◽  
Virtual Modeling

In the contribution problem of dynamic loading of glass moulds is analysed. Possibilities of FEM for evaluation of tensile states initiated with temperature variations are shown on a particular case. Critical areas where cracks nucleation as a result of thermal fatigue can be expected are evaluated. Results are used for relative comparison of service life of mould with classical design and mould with optimised design (with control cooling).

scholarly journals The Influence of Environmental Factors on Employee Comfort Based on an Example of Location Temperature

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Szer ◽  
E. Błazik-Borowa ◽  
J. Szer
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Significant Temperature

AbstractWork in unfavorable, changing environmental conditions negatively affects people working on scaffoldings used on construction sites, which may increase the risk of occurrence of dangerous situations. The purpose of this article is to show the scale of temperature changes which workers are exposed to. The paper compares examples of temperature measurements obtained from a metrological station and during tests on scaffoldings located in the Lodz and Warsaw regions. This article also presents the methodology of examining environmental parameters of the surroundings where employees work on scaffoldings. Analysis results show that high temperatures and significant temperature variations frequently occur on the scaffoldings, which leads to a lack of adaptability and consequently to tiredness or decreased alertness. Unfavorable environmental conditions can lead to behaviors which, in turn, can cause accidents.

scholarly journals «The Tsar, My Lord, Have Mercy on Me». The Problems in the Recruitment of Service Men «According to the Instrument» to Yelets Fortress at the End of the XVI Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 205-213
Author(s):  
Alexey Roschupkin
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Local Society ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Service Groups

The article is devoted to the history related to the formation of service groups in a southern outpost of the Moscow state at the end of the 16th century. It was Yelets fortress which for many years became a barrier on the road of the detachments of Cherkasy and Crimean Tatars; it ensured the coordinated work of the stanitsa and guard services. The problematic of the article reveals issues related to the formation of a combat-capable military garrison from the inhabitants of the region as well as to determining the reasons why service maen left the fortress and their service. The surviving materials of numerous cases make it possible to trace the behavior of Yelets citizens included in the life of the fortress and their involvement in solving not only military, but also economic issues related to the construction of fortifications and land development. The analysis of the documents allows us to determine how difficult and dangerous the service and life of a medieval man was, every day they faced with harsh environmental conditions, as well as the threat of being killed or captured. In addition, one can trace the features of the behavioral model characterizing Yelets service people. The models are clearly reflected in correspondence with the Ambassadorial Order. In general, the article сovers the issue how the formation of local society happened if we consider the characteristics of the region and the population’s perception of their duties to the tsar and the central government as a whole.

scholarly journals The semantic and structural properties of modal markers in old Lithuanian writings (the 16th century)

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Erika Jasionytė-Mikučionienė
Keyword(s):  
Structural Properties ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Epistemic Modality ◽  
The Other ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Verbal Form ◽  
God's Will ◽  
Two Factors

The present study examines the expression of modality in the 16th century texts of Old Lithuanian, namely in Jonas Bretkūnas’ Postilė (1591) and Mikalojus Daukša’s Postilė (1599). The aim of the study is to compile the inventory of the modal markers and to give a description of semantic as well as structural features of the modals in the selected old Lithuanian writings. The results show that although the range of modal markers in the 16th century is wide and varied, the expressions of non-epistemic modality are more diverse than the expressions of epistemic modality. The former are expressed by the verbs reikėti ‘need to’, turėti ‘have to’, pareiti(s(i)) ‘have to’, gauti ‘get’, derėti ‘ought to’, the constructions būti privalu ‘be obligatory’ and būti valnu ‘be allowed’, while the latter are expressed by the adverb veikiai (veikiaus) ‘soon’ and the verbal form regis ‘it seems/seemingly’, etc. The greater variety of non-epistemic markers could have been determined by two factors. One of the factors may be that epistemic meanings were not as developed as non-epistemic meanings in the 16th century (it is compatible with the universal development of non-epistemic meaning into epistemic meaning in other languages). The other factor may be connected with the type of texts under study. Deontic meaning prevails in the 16th century texts due to their religious character. They instruct the reader how to follow God‘s commandments and thus live according to God‘s will.  

Reversible Leaflet Movements in Relation to Drought Adaptation of Cowpeas, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Schakel ◽  
AE Hall
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Heat Load ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Canopy Architecture ◽  
Percentage Cover ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Drought Effects

Two aspects of the heliotropic responses of leaflets of V. unguiculata cv. California Blackeye No. 5 were studied: the environmental conditions responsible for the responses, and the significance of the leaflet orientation responses for adaptation. In the field under drought conditions, leaflets were observed to sun-track (diaheliotropism) in the morning and sun-avoid (paraheliotropism) by becoming more vertical in the afternoon. Overnight irrigation of droughted plants in the field resulted in leaflet movements on the day after irrigation similar to those of the well watered plants. Leaflets of well watered plants were diaheliotropic during the morning and evening, and essentially horizontal during the late morning and afternoon. Controlled-environment studies confirmed field observations of drought effects on leaflet movement and showed that leaflet orientation responses are reversible within 3 h after irrigating droughted plants. Temperature variations similar to those experienced in the field had only small effects on leaflet orientation. Vertical leaflet movement affected canopy architecture and significantly reduced percentage cover at midday. Manually moving the vertical leaflets of droughted plants caused substantial changes in leaflet temperatures, indicating that leaflet movement could substantially reduce heat load, water use, and water deficits in cowpeas.

Direct observation of hymenes in diatoms by low-voltage SEM

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 208-209
Author(s):  
Nan Yao ◽  
Ilhan A. Aksay
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Acid Rain ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Shell Structure ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
First Record ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
Ecological Significance ◽  
New Information ◽  
Sedimentary Diatoms

From the early days of Kolkwitz and Marsson (1908) diatoms have proved to be valuable in pollution studies, especially of river systems. Economic applications have developed because the remains of sedimentary diatoms were found to be useful for many industrial processes owing to the fine structure and inert nature of the siliceous materials. Their ecological significance arises from observing that diatoms that grew in oceanic and freshwater sediments contain indications of past environmental conditions; more recently, diatoms have been used to detect pH changes attributed to 'acid rain.' The first record of a diatom can be traced back to the early 1700s when an English gentleman looked at roots of the pond-weed Lemna using his simple microscope. Today, extensive studies using TEM and SEM techniques have provided much new information about the fixed and variable details of the diatom, yet research focusing on the morphology of the shell structure remains very active.

Observations of the spatial structure of interstellar hydrogen

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 45-46
Author(s):  
Carl Heiles
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Velocity Dispersion ◽  
Temperature Variations

High-resolution 21-cm line observations in a region aroundlII= 120°,b11= +15°, have revealed four types of structure in the interstellar hydrogen: a smooth background, large sheets of density 2 atoms cm-3, clouds occurring mostly in groups, and ‘Cloudlets’ of a few solar masses and a few parsecs in size; the velocity dispersion in the Cloudlets is only 1 km/sec. Strong temperature variations in the gas are in evidence.

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