Rainwater Management to Mitigate the Effects of Development on the Urban Hydrologic Cycle

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Bradford ◽  
Chris Denich
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Hydrologic Cycle ◽  
Porous Pavement ◽  
Rainwater Management ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Stream Erosion

Traditional stormwater management approaches that rely on rapid conveyance and end-of-pipe detention have not adequately mitigated the effects of urbanization on water resources and the aquatic and human communities that rely upon them. Low-impact development techniques that can support a shift to management of the post-development hydrologic cycle and runoff volumes offer better opportunities to prevent stream erosion and protect groundwater recharge, characteristics of the flow regime and water quality. The application and design of four techniques—porous pavement, bioretention cells, green roofs and rainwater harvesting— in the management of the post-development water balance are presented.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Low Impact Development and Nature-Based Solutions for stormwater management: a fully distributed modelling approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangzi Qiu ◽  
Abdellah Ichiba ◽  
Igor Da Silva Rocha Paz ◽  
Feihu Chen ◽  
Pierre-Antoine Versini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Peak Discharge ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Spatial Distributions ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Runoff Volume ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
Porous Pavement

Abstract. Currently, Low Impact Development (LID) and Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) are widely accepted as sustainable approaches for urban stormwater management. However, their complex impacts depend on the urban environmental context as well as the small-scale heterogeneity, which need to be assessed by using the fully distributed hydrological model and high resolution data at small scale. In this paper, a case study (Guyancourt), located in the South-West of Paris, was explored. Three sets of high resolution X-band radar data were applied to investigate the impact of variability of spatial distribution of rainfall. High resolution geographic information has been processed to identify the suitable areas that can be covered by the LID/NBS practices, porous pavement, green roof, and rain garden. These individual practices, as well as the combination of the three, were implemented as scenarios in a fully distributed and physically-based Multi-Hydro model, which takes into consideration the variability of the whole catchment at 10 m scale. The performance of LID/NBS scenarios are analysed with two indicators (total runoff volume and peak discharge reduction), with regards to the hydrological response of the original catchment (baseline scenario). Results are analysed with considering the coupling effect of the variability of spatial distributions of rainfall and land uses. The performance of rain garden scenario is better than scenario of green roof and porous pavement. The most efficient scenario is the combination of the three practices that can reduce total runoff volume up to 51 % and peak discharge up to 53 % in the whole catchment, and the maximum values of the two indictors in three sub-catchments reach to 60 % and 61 % respectively. The results give credence that Multi-Hydro is a promising model for evaluating and quantifying the spatial variability of hydrological responses of LID/NBS practices, because of considering the heterogeneity of spatial distributions of precipitation and land uses. Potentially, it can guide the decision-making process of the design of LID/NBS practices in urban planning.

Stormwater management by low impact development practices

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-86
Author(s):  
Melika Mani ◽  
Sayed Bateni ◽  
Omid Bozorg-Haddad ◽  
Amanda Cording
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Stormwater Runoff ◽  
Urban Pollutants ◽  
Hydrologic Regimes ◽  
Urban Catchments ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Runoff Quality

Abstract Due to the effects of climate change, urban and suburban expansion, and urban pollutants on runoff quality and quantity, applying contemporary stormwater management approaches in urban areas have become more critical. Low impact development (LID) practices are environmentally friendly stormwater management methods, seeking to replicate the natural hydrologic regimes in urban areas. They have become popular methods to reduce/prevent adverse stormwater runoff impacts in urban catchments, mainly by improving on-site infiltration or harvesting and reusing runoff. This study introduces LID practices and the importance of using them. Thereafter, the structure, benefits, and limitations of common LID practices are explained to help water resource engineers and urban planners have a better understanding of these practices, and choose the most suitable LID practice based on the needs of the project and features of the site.

The Role of Water Balance Modelling in the Transition to Low Impact Development

2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Graham ◽  
Laura Maclean ◽  
Dan Medina ◽  
Avinash Patwardhan ◽  
Gabor Vasarhelyi
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Volume Control ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Control Approach

Abstract Low impact development (LID) is increasingly being viewed by local governments and developers alike as a viable approach to stormwater management that can effectively protect aquatic habitat and water quality. LID relies on distributed runoff management measures that seek to control stormwater volume at the source by reducing imperviousness and retaining, infiltrating and reusing rainwater at the development site. Early conventional stormwater management practices tended to focus on stormwater quantity and controlling a few extreme rainfall events, whereas the more frequent storms, which represent the majority of total runoff volume, carry most of the pollutants, and control the geomorphology of streams, were addressed in stormwater quality design practiced during the last decade. These frequent events are most effectively managed with a volume control approach, often described as stormwater source control or Low impact development (LID). Such an approach is described in this paper, demonstrating how water balance modelling can be an effective tool for evaluating and supporting implementation of LID options such as bioretention, pervious paving, numerous types of infiltration systems, rainwater reuse and green roofs. It also discusses recently developed water balance modelling software, including an Internet-based planning tool and a design optimization tool.

scholarly journals Long-term performance modelling of Etobicoke exfiltration system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiyue Liu
Keyword(s):  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Hydrologic Cycle ◽  
Performance Modelling ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Epa ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance ◽  
The Impact

Urbanization increases the stress on the hydrologic cycle. The Etobicoke exfiltration system (EES) was developed in 1993 to remediate the impact on the hydrologic cycle after urbanization. The purpose of this research is to model the Etobicoke exfiltration system (EES) and evaluate the stormwater management performance of EES. A comprehensive literature review was conducted on development of stormwater management and Low impact development (LID). The US EPA SWMM was selected to model the EES. Three modelling methods were investigated to simulate the performance of EES. The Orifice-Storage-Pump method was found to perform the best. EES was applied before an existing wet pond in a case study subdivision. The modelling results show that EES meets three criteria: reduce water quantity, impact water balance and improve water quality.

scholarly journals Robust Vegetation Parameterization for Green Roofs in the EPA Stormwater Management Model (SWMM)

Hydrology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Ronja Iffland ◽  
Kristian Förster ◽  
Daniel Westerholt ◽  
María Herminia Pesci ◽  
Gilbert Lösken
Keyword(s):  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Management Model ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Vegetation Feedback ◽  
Stormwater Management Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Monteith Equation

In increasingly expanding cities, roofs are still largely unused areas to counteract the negative impacts of urbanization on the water balance and to reduce flooding. To estimate the effect of green roofs as a sustainable low impact development (LID) technique on the building scale, different approaches to predict the runoff are carried out. In hydrological modelling, representing vegetation feedback on evapotranspiration (ET) is still considered challenging. In this research article, the focus is on improving the representation of the coupled soil–vegetation system of green roofs. Relevant data to calibrate and validate model representations were obtained from an existing field campaign comprising several green roof test plots with different characteristics. A coupled model, utilizing both the Penman–Monteith equation to estimate ET and the software EPA stormwater management model (SWMM) to calculate the runoff, was set up. Through the application of an automatic calibration procedure, we demonstrate that this coupled modelling approach (Kling–Gupta efficiency KGE = 0.88) outperforms the standard ET representation in EPA SWMM (KGE = −0.35), whilst providing a consistent and robust parameter set across all green roof configurations. Moreover, through a global sensitivity analysis, the impact of changes in model parameters was quantified in order to aid modelers in simplifying their parameterization of EPA SWMM. Finally, an improved model using the Penman–Monteith equation and various recommendations are presented.

Evolution of Ontario's Stormwater Management Planning and Design Guidance

2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Bradford ◽  
Bahram Gharabaghi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Integrated Treatment ◽  
Management Planning ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Treatment Train ◽  
Groundwater Quantity ◽  
Design Guidance

Abstract Ontario's Stormwater Management, Planning and Design Manual released in March 2003 integrates some of the advancements made in stormwater management since the 1994 version of the Manual was published. Perhaps the most significant update is the recognition of in-stream erosion control and water balance objectives in addition to flood and water quality objectives for stormwater management. Specific design criteria which would allow these objectives to be achieved are not set out, but procedures that can assist in the development of criteria based on local watershed and receiving water conditions are described. While refinements will undoubtedly be needed, approaches to designing end-of-pipe facilities to prevent undesirable geomorphic changes are included. Approaches to protect groundwater and baseflow characteristics are also included although guidance on addressing potential trade-offs between groundwater quantity and quality is an additional challenge for the future. Little design guidance is available in Ontario on techniques to mitigate impacts on wetlands, however, developments from other jurisdictions may be transferable. The 2003 Manual promotes an integrated, treatment train approach to stormwater management that emphasizes prevention first, followed by lot-level and conveyance controls and finally, endof- pipe controls. Some information on better site design techniques is incorporated but in comparison to other jurisdictions, less emphasis has been placed on low-impact development strategies. Ontario's approach to design for water quality (suspended solids) control has evolved little. To complement the prevention and treatment train philosophy, the removal efficiency approach to sizing end-of-pipe facilities needs to be used in conjunction with effluent criteria and/or minimum requirements for source protection. Significant advancements in stormwater modelling over the last decade are not well reflected in the Manual; the limited discussion of modelling focusses on an event-based approach. Whether event or continuous modelling is utilized, Ontario practitioners will need guidance on adapting input data to account for the anticipated effects of climate change. Development of sound guidance on monitoring increasingly complex, multi-objective stormwater management systems and the ecosystems they are designed to protect will be critical to ensure that the knowledge gained from performance evaluations may continue to be utilized to refine the design and management of stormwater systems.

scholarly journals Long-term performance modelling of Etobicoke exfiltration system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiyue Liu
Keyword(s):  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Hydrologic Cycle ◽  
Performance Modelling ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Epa ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance ◽  
The Impact

Urbanization increases the stress on the hydrologic cycle. The Etobicoke exfiltration system (EES) was developed in 1993 to remediate the impact on the hydrologic cycle after urbanization. The purpose of this research is to model the Etobicoke exfiltration system (EES) and evaluate the stormwater management performance of EES. A comprehensive literature review was conducted on development of stormwater management and Low impact development (LID). The US EPA SWMM was selected to model the EES. Three modelling methods were investigated to simulate the performance of EES. The Orifice-Storage-Pump method was found to perform the best. EES was applied before an existing wet pond in a case study subdivision. The modelling results show that EES meets three criteria: reduce water quantity, impact water balance and improve water quality.

scholarly journals Assessing the Applicability of Low Impact Development Techniques in Arid and Semi-arid Regions

2021 ◽  
pp. 20-37
Author(s):  
Hadi Heidari ◽  
Mohammad Reza Kavianpour
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Harvesting Technique ◽  
Semi Arid

Low impact development (LID) techniques are increasingly used as a stormwater management strategy to maintain the hydrological conditions of developed areas and mitigate the negative consequences of stormwater runoff and nonpoint source pollution. Although LID techniques have been commonly used in moderate to humid areas, further information is needed on their effectiveness in semi-arid and arid regions. This study aims to examine and compare the effectiveness of LID techniques in arid and semi-arid climate conditions. First, a comprehensive study was conducted to rank LID techniques based on literature reviews while also incorporating different stakeholder priorities. Then, the city of Varamin, Tehran, Iran, was chosen as a low slope arid and semi-arid study region to assess the applicability of the best three high-ranked LID techniques using the storm water management model (SWMM). The results indicated that rainwater harvesting is the most effective technique in terms of stormwater quality and quantity management. The implementation of the rainwater harvesting technique across the case study is likely to decrease the average discharge, peak discharge, total volume, total runoff, and total suspended solids (TSS) by respectively 31.2%, 12.7%, 40.71%, 40.77% and 37.91%. Besides, rainwater tanks were projected to provide the water demands of home gardens during the five dry months, in addition to other domestic needs for water conservation objectives. The application of LID techniques in such water-limited regions can be useful for both stormwater management and water conservation.

A Survey of Nursery Water Quality Best Management Practices

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 501e-502
Author(s):  
Cody J. White ◽  
Michael A. Schnelle ◽  
Gerrit W. Cuperus
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Employee Safety ◽  
Current Water ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Environmentally Sound

A survey was designed to assess high-risk areas with respect to environmental contamination, specifically how it relates to water quality. Oklahoma growers of all economic levels, retail and/or wholesale, were queried at their place of business for their current state of implementing best management practices (BMPs) and other strategic actions that could potentially affect current and future water quality standards. Specific areas such as the physical environment of the nursery, primary pesticides and fertilizers used, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices, and employee safety training were covered as well as other aspects germane to preserving and protecting current water quality and related environmental issues. More than 75 nurseries were surveyed and given the opportunity to participate in future training at Oklahoma State Univ. Results indicated that nurseries have not fully implemented many BMPs, but have adopted fundamental IPM approaches. The stage is set for the implementation of the next phase of expansion and refinement into ecologically based programs such as propagation and sale of low pesticide input plant materials, improved cultural practices, and the integration of environmentally sound management approaches. As an example, many growers are in the process of phasing out calendar-based pesticide application programs in favor of aesthetic and/or economic threshold-driven pesticide spray programs.

Urban stormwater: the analysis of the failure of the alternative techniques and the management of quality

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
E. Alfakih ◽  
S. Barraud ◽  
Y. Azzout ◽  
B. Chocat
Keyword(s):  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Alternative Technique ◽  
Urban Stormwater ◽  
Urban Stormwater Management ◽  
Porous Pavement ◽  
Alternative Techniques ◽  
Design Construction

The implementation of alternative techniques in urban stormwater management is a difficult problem in terms of choice, design, construction, and operating. We applied a quality management approach to try and have a better understanding of these techniques. The quality of an alternative technique in urban stormwater management is defined; the factors that lead to failures were identified and analysed. In order to reduce these factors, tools were developed, and measures that allow the achievement of the necessary standard of quality are suggested. In this article, all the illustrations refer to the porous pavement technique.

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