Psychophysical interactions with a double-slit interference pattern: Exploratory evidence of a causal influence

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88
Author(s):  
Dean Radin ◽  
Helané Wahbeh ◽  
Leena Michel ◽  
Arnaud Delorme
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Interference Pattern ◽  
Type I Error ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type I ◽  
Fringe Visibility ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Double Slit

An experiment we conducted from 2012 to 2013, which had not been previously reported, was designed to explore possible psychophysical effects resulting from the interaction of a human mind with a quantum system. Participants focused their attention toward or away from the slits in a double-slit optical system to see if the interference pattern would be affected. Data were collected from 25 people in individual half-hour sessions; each person repeated the test ten times for a total of 250 planned sessions. “Sham” sessions designed to mimic the experimental sessions without observers present were run immediately before and after as controls. Based on the planned analysis, no evidence for a psychophysical effect was found. Because this experiment differed in two essential ways from similar, previously reported double-slit experiments, two exploratory analyses were developed, one based on a simple spectral analysis of the interference pattern and the other based on fringe visibility. For the experimental data, the outcome supported a pattern of results predicted by a causal psychophysical effect, with the spectral metric resulting in a 3.4 sigma effect (p = 0.0003), and the fringe visibility metric resulting in 7 of 22 fringes tested above 2.3 sigma after adjustment for type I error inflation, with one of those fringes at 4.3 sigma above chance (p = 0.00001). The same analyses applied to the sham data showed uniformly null outcomes. Other analyses exploring the potential that these results were due to mundane artifacts, such as fluctuations in temperature or vibration, showed no evidence of such influences. Future studies using the same protocols and analytical methods will be required to determine if these exploratory results are idiosyncratic or reflect a genuine psychophysical influence.

Comparison of Means: An F Test Followed by a Modified Multiple Range Procedure

1979 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliet Popper Shaffer
Keyword(s):  
Error Control ◽  
Type I Error ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type I ◽  
F Test ◽  
Range Test

If used only when a preliminary F test yields significance, the usual multiple range procedures can be modified to increase the probability of detecting differences without changing the control of Type I error. The modification consists of a reduction in the critical value when comparing the largest and smallest means. Equivalence of modified and unmodified procedures in error control is demonstrated. The modified procedure is also compared with the alternative of using the unmodified range test without a preliminary F test, and it is shown that each has advantages over the other under some circumstances.

Reliability Analysis of a System with Multiple-Stage Policy Considering Type I and II Errors

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (06) ◽  
pp. 1950028
Author(s):  
Mitsuhiro Imaizumi ◽  
Mitsutaka Kimura
Keyword(s):  
Type I Error ◽  
The Other ◽  
Renewal Processes ◽  
Type I ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Markov Renewal Processes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Server System ◽  
Multiple Stages

This paper formulates a stochastic model for a system with illegal access. The server has the function of IDS, and illegal access is checked in multiple stages which consist of simple check and detailed check. In this model, we consider type I and II errors of simple check and a type I error of detailed check. There are two cases where IDS judges the occurrence of illegal access erroneously. One is when illegal access does not occur, and the other is when illegal access occurs. We apply the theory of Markov renewal processes to a system with illegal access, and derive the mean time and the expected checking number until a server system becomes faulty. Further, an optimal policy which minimizes the expected cost is discussed. Finally, numerical examples are given.

scholarly journals Statistical model specification and power: recommendations on the use of test-qualified pooling in analysis of experimental data

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1851) ◽  
pp. 20161850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Colegrave ◽  
Graeme D. Ruxton
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Statistical Model ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Error Term ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Type I Error ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Statistical Testing ◽  
Model Specification ◽  
Type I

A common approach to the analysis of experimental data across much of the biological sciences is test-qualified pooling. Here non-significant terms are dropped from a statistical model, effectively pooling the variation associated with each removed term with the error term used to test hypotheses (or estimate effect sizes). This pooling is only carried out if statistical testing on the basis of applying that data to a previous more complicated model provides motivation for this model simplification; hence the pooling is test-qualified. In pooling, the researcher increases the degrees of freedom of the error term with the aim of increasing statistical power to test their hypotheses of interest. Despite this approach being widely adopted and explicitly recommended by some of the most widely cited statistical textbooks aimed at biologists, here we argue that (except in highly specialized circumstances that we can identify) the hoped-for improvement in statistical power will be small or non-existent, and there is likely to be much reduced reliability of the statistical procedures through deviation of type I error rates from nominal levels. We thus call for greatly reduced use of test-qualified pooling across experimental biology, more careful justification of any use that continues, and a different philosophy for initial selection of statistical models in the light of this change in procedure.

scholarly journals Solubility of menthol in pressurized carbon dioxide: Experimental data and thermodynamic modeling

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatolii Galushko ◽  
Helena Sovová ◽  
Roumiana Stateva
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Thermodynamic Modeling ◽  
Pressure Range ◽  
Dynamic Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Melting Point Depression ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Modeling Data ◽  
First Time

The paper reports new experimental data and the results of the thermodynamic modeling of menthol solubility in pressurized CO2. The solubility was measured using the dynamic method and modeled with the Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation of state in the temperature range 30-60?C and pressure range 66-144 bar. The results obtained were compared with the solubility data published by Maier and Stephan and by Sovov? and Jez. The agreement with Maier and Stephan was very good: The deviation of the solubilities, published by Sovov? and Jez, from the other data sources was explained and revised accordingly. The paper also presents for the first time experimental and modeling data for the melting point depression of menthol in the presence of carbon dioxide in the pressure range of interest up to 60 bars. The experimental data was obtained comparing the appearance of menthol particles before and after their exposure to pressurized carbon dioxide.

scholarly journals The existential role of women in The Flies and the dirty hands, by Jean Paul Sartre

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (137) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Majed Jamil NASIF ◽  
Ridha Thamer BAQER
Keyword(s):  
Human Mind ◽  
The Other ◽  
Politics And Literature ◽  
Dirty Hands ◽  
Jean Paul ◽  
The Family ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Second World

          The freedom and the existential engagement represent two essential notions in the mind of the writer Jean-Paul Sartre. It has been presented in a good and clear way by his philosophy or, in a clearer way, by his artworks. More specifically, the two plays of this author, The Flies and the dirty hands, are the mirror that reflects these twos existential notions.           These two plays are the perfect testimonies for the two important periods in the XXth century: before and after the Second World War. These two periods vary in so far, the human mind, politics and literature as are concerned. This variation has followed the historical and the political changes in the world in general and in France in particular.           Even if The Flies and the dirty hands are considered like two different existential dramas, but each one completes the other. The first drama evokes a human mind but, indirectly, another political one, whether the other play evokes the inverse. Oreste and Hugo, the two heroes of our study plays, are the superior heroes who try to save humanity of slavery and submission to injustice. Sartre and his audience place their hopes in these two heroes who search for the freedom through their existential engagement.           In the other hand, the female characters have played an affective role in the dramatic action in the two plays. By its freedom and its existential engagement, the female condition, according to Sartre's vision, searches for proving his human existence and revolting against the authority of the family, the society and the humanity. 

Intraclass Correlation for Measures from a Middle School Nutrition Intervention Study: Estimates, Correlates, and Applications

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 666-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Murray ◽  
Glenn A. Phillips ◽  
Amanda S. Birnbaum ◽  
Leslie A. Lytle
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Type I Error ◽  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
School Nutrition ◽  
Nutrition Intervention ◽  
School Level ◽  
Type I ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Estimate Variance

This article presents the first estimates of school-level intraclass correlation for dietary measures based on data from the Teens Eating for Energy and Nutrition at School study. This study involves 3,878 seventh graders from 16 middle schools from Minneapolis–St. Paul, Minnesota. The sample was 66.8% White, 11.2% Black, and 7.0% Asian; 48.8% of the sample was female. Typical fruit and vegetable intake was assessed with a modified version of the Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System questionnaire. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were conducted by nutritionists using the Minnesota Nutrition Data System. Mixed-model regression methods were used to estimate variance components for school and residual error, both before and after adjustment for demographic factors. School-level intraclass correlations were large enough, if ignored, to substantially inflate the Type I error rate in an analysis of treatment effects. The authors show how to use the estimates to determine sample size requirements for future studies.

The effect of ACTH stimulation on plasma steroids in two patients with congenital hypoaldosteronism and in their relatives

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. S. Drop ◽  
I. M. E. Frohn-Mulder ◽  
H. K. A. Visser ◽  
W. G. Sippell ◽  
H. G. Dörr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Acth Stimulation ◽  
Oxidase Deficiency ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Plasma Steroids ◽  
Deficiency Type

Abstract. In two children with isolated congential hyperreninaemic hypoaldosteronism, as well as in their relatives, plasma levels of aldosterone (Aldo), corticosterone (B), deoxycorticosterone (DOC), 18-OH-B and 18-OH-DOC were measured before and after an iv bolus of 0.25 mg Synacthen® (Ciba). A corticosterone methyl oxidase deficiency type II was demonstrated in one child. Her normoreninaemic parents (no consanguinity) had plasma values consistent with heterozygosity. The results in the other child and one asymptomatic sib were compatible with a partial corticosterone methyl oxidase deficiency type I. His parents were consanguine but had normal Aldo levels. Overnight dexamethasone administration did not suppress any of the steroids measured except cortisol, suggesting synthesis of these steroids by the zona glomerulosa.

scholarly journals Bonferroni's and Sidak's modified tests

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Conagin ◽  
Décio Barbin
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type I ◽  
Test Type ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Differences

Results of practical importance had been discarded testing formulated hypothesis with the aid of statistical analysis of experimental data because of the power of the utilized test. This study compares the power of two Bonferroni's Modified and one Sidak's Modified tests with known tests analyzing 1200 simulated experiments. All differences of means were obtained in relation to the mean of the adopted control to guarantee parametrical magnitude of mean differences. Student's test (type I comparisonwise error) and Waller-Duncan's (Bayesian error) showed the highest percentage of significative differences, followed by Duncan's, BM2, SiM, BM1, DunnettU's, SiN, BN, Dunnettu's, SNK's, REGWF's, REGWQ's, Tukey's, Sidak's and Bonferroni's tests. For differences equal to zero, Student's and Waller-Duncan's test exhibit 5% frequency of rejection of the null hypothesis, in accordance the nominal error I adopted (alpha = 0.05). All other tests had values below 0.05, generally ranging on 0.01 to 0.02 or less. Depending of the number of zero differences and considering the type I experimentwise error I, Student's, Waller-Duncan's and Duncan's tests showed crescent values of errors (> 0.05), proportional to the number of null differences included in the experiment; all other tests exhibit showed of type I experimentwise error < 0.05, most nearing 0.01-0.02 or less. Efficiency of the three "Modified Tests" was close to DunnettU's test, but higher than the other testes of type I experimentwise error nature (MEER).

scholarly journals Reasonable Doubt: Experimental Detection of Job‐Level Employment Discrimination

Econometrica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 765-792
Author(s):  
Patrick Kline ◽  
Christopher Walters
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Decision Rule ◽  
Type I Error ◽  
Decision Rules ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Reasonable Doubt ◽  
Type Model ◽  
Higher Moments ◽  
Type I ◽  
Job Level

This paper develops methods for detecting discrimination by individual employers using correspondence experiments that send fictitious resumes to real job openings. We establish identification of higher moments of the distribution of job‐level callback rates as a function of the number of resumes sent to each job and propose shape‐constrained estimators of these moments. Applying our methods to three experimental data sets, we find striking job‐level heterogeneity in the extent to which callback probabilities differ by race or sex. Estimates of higher moments reveal that while most jobs barely discriminate, a few discriminate heavily. These moment estimates are then used to bound the share of jobs that discriminate and the posterior probability that each individual job is engaged in discrimination. In a recent experiment manipulating racially distinctive names, we find that at least 85% of jobs that contact both of two white applications and neither of two black applications are engaged in discrimination. To assess the potential value of our methods for regulators, we consider the accuracy of decision rules for investigating suspicious callback behavior in various experimental designs under a simple two‐type model that rationalizes the experimental data. Though we estimate that only 17% of employers discriminate on the basis of race, we find that an experiment sending 10 applications to each job would enable detection of 7–10% of discriminatory jobs while yielding Type I error rates below 0.2%. A minimax decision rule acknowledging partial identification of the distribution of callback rates yields only slightly fewer investigations than a Bayes decision rule based on the two‐type model. These findings suggest illegal labor market discrimination can be reliably monitored with relatively small modifications to existing correspondence designs.

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