A Framework for Modeling Genetically-Aware Mosquito Vectors for Sterile Insect Technique

2012 ◽  
pp. 256-274
Author(s):  
James E. Gentile ◽  
Samuel S. C. Rund
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Software Architecture ◽  
Sterile Insect Technique ◽  
Mosquito Population ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Targeted Intervention ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
Vector Borne

Vector-borne diseases account for 16% of the global infectious disease burden (WHO, 2004). Many of these debilitating and sometimes fatal diseases are transmitted between human hosts by mosquitoes. Mosquito-targeted intervention methods have controlled or eliminated mosquito-borne diseases from many regions of the world but regions of constant transmission (holoendemic areas) still exist (Molineaux et al., 1980). To eliminate these illnesses, researchers need to understand how interventions impact a mosquito population so as to identify potential avenues for new intervention techniques. This paper presents a software architecture that allows researchers to simulate transgenic interventions on a mosquito population. The authors present specifications for a model that captures these transgenic aspects and present a software architecture that meets those needs. The authors also provide a proof of concept and some observations about sterile insect technique strategies as simulated by this architecture.

A Framework for Modeling Genetically-Aware Mosquito Vectors for Sterile Insect Technique

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Gentile ◽  
Samuel S. C. Rund
Keyword(s):  
Software Architecture ◽  
Sterile Insect Technique ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Mosquito Population ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Targeted Intervention ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
Vector Borne

Vector-borne diseases account for 16% of the global infectious disease burden (WHO, 2004). Many of these debilitating and sometimes fatal diseases are transmitted between human hosts by mosquitoes. Mosquito-targeted intervention methods have controlled or eliminated mosquito-borne diseases from many regions of the world but regions of constant transmission (holoendemic areas) still exist (Molineaux et al., 1980). To eliminate these illnesses, researchers need to understand how interventions impact a mosquito population so as to identify potential avenues for new intervention techniques. This paper presents a software architecture that allows researchers to simulate transgenic interventions on a mosquito population. The authors present specifications for a model that captures these transgenic aspects and present a software architecture that meets those needs. The authors also provide a proof of concept and some observations about sterile insect technique strategies as simulated by this architecture.

scholarly journals From the Field to the Laboratory: Quantifying Outdoor Mosquito Landing Rate to Better Evaluate Topical Repellents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Moreno-Gómez ◽  
Rubén Bueno-Marí ◽  
Andrea Drago ◽  
Miguel A Miranda
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Asian Tiger Mosquito ◽  
Personal Protection ◽  
Evaluation Standards ◽  
Testing Conditions ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Asian Tiger ◽  
The World ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Vector-borne diseases are a worldwide threat to human health. Often, no vaccines or treatments exist. Thus, personal protection products play an essential role in limiting transmission. The World Health Organization (WHO) arm-in-cage (AIC) test is the most common method for evaluating the efficacy of topical repellents, but it remains unclear whether AIC testing conditions recreate the mosquito landing rates in the field. This study aimed to estimate the landing rate outdoors, in an area of Europe highly infested with the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894, Diptera: Culididae)), and to determine how to replicate this rate in the laboratory. To assess the landing rate in the field, 16 individuals were exposed to mosquitoes in a highly infested region of Italy. These field results were then compared to results obtained in the laboratory: 1) in a 30 m3 room where nine volunteers were exposed to different mosquito abundances (ranges: 15–20, 25–30, and 45–50) and 2) in a 0.064 m3 AIC test cage where 10 individuals exposed their arms to 200 mosquitoes (as per WHO requirements). The highest mosquito landing rate in the field was 26.8 landings/min. In the room test, a similar landing rate was achieved using 15–20 mosquitoes (density: 0.50–0.66 mosquitoes/m3) and an exposure time of 3 min. In the AIC test using 200 mosquitoes (density: 3,125 mosquitoes/m3), the landing rate was 229 ± 48 landings/min. This study provides useful reference values that can be employed to design new evaluation standards for topical repellents that better simulate field conditions.

scholarly journals Deskripsi Sanitasi Lingkungan, Perilaku Ibu, dan Kesehatan Anak

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 415
Author(s):  
Kasnodihardjo Kasnodihardjo ◽  
Elsa Elsi
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Bowel Movement ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Mosquito Nets ◽  
The Media ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Diarrhea Disease

Pada tahun 2009, dilakukan penelitian deskriptif di Kecamatan Jatibarang dan Kecamatan Kedokan Bunder untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor sanitasi lingkungan, dan perilaku ibu-ibu dan kejadian penyakit infeksi pada bayi dan anak. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan kuesioner dengan responden ibu rumah tangga yang mempunyai bayi/ anak balita berjumlah 401 orang. Penyakit diare pada bayi/anak disebabkan oleh media tercemar yang masuk ke sistem pencernaan melalui sumber air untuk minum maupun mandi, cuci, kakus (MCK) yang bukan berasal dari ledeng, keluarga yang tidak mempunyai jamban, ibu yang masih jarang mencuci tangan setelah membersihkan kotoran bayi ataupun setelah buang air besar, meminum dan memakan makanan yang tidak dimasak, dan sampah yang dibuang ke lingkungan. Penyakit Infeksi saluran pernapasan atas (ISPA), pneumonia, dan tuberkulosis paru pada bayi/anak kemungkinan disebabkan media tercemar masuk ke sistem pernapasan melalui sampah yang dibakar, membawa (menggendong) anak sewaktu memasak, merokok di dalam rumah berdekatan dengan bayi/anak, menggunakan obat nyamuk bakar, penderita tuberkulosis paru meludah dan membuang dahak di sembarang tempat dan penderita tidur bersama anggota keluarga yang lain. Penyakit tular vektor pada bayi/anak (malaria) kemungkinan disebabkan upaya pen-cegahan gigitan nyamuk dengan repellent kurang efektif dan penggunaan kelambu masih rendah.In 2009 a descriptive study conducted in the subdistrict Jatibarang and Kedokan Bunder to determine the factors of environmental sanitation, infectious disease in baby/child, and mother’s behavior. Data were collect-ed using questionnaires which respondents are 401 housewives who have a baby/child. Occurrence of diarrhea disease in baby/child because of the possibility of contaminated media through the digestive system by water for drinking and toilets which do not originate from the piping network, families who do not have own toilet, mothers who still seldom washing hands after cleaning the baby’s stool or after a bowel movement, drinking and eating food that is not cooked and throw trash to the environment. Occurrence of respiratory diseases, pneumonia and pulmonary tuberculosis in baby/child possibly because the media is polluted through the respiratory system by burning garbage, carrying baby/children while, smoking at home or adjacent with babies/children, the use of mosquito coils, pulmonary tuberkulosis patients spit and throw phlegm in random places and sleeping with other family members. The occurrence of vector borne diseases in baby/child (malaria) because of the possibility of preventing mosquito bites with repellent less effective, the use of mosquito nets still low.

Climate Change Effects on Human Health with a Particular Focus on Vector-Borne Diseases and Malaria in Africa

2017 ◽  
pp. 1075-1093
Author(s):  
Salisu Lawal Halliru
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
The World ◽  
Malaria Epidemic ◽  
Vector Borne

Malaria is currently affecting more people in the world than any other disease. On average, two members of each household suffered from malaria fever monthly, with females and children being most vulnerable to malaria attacks. This chapter assessed communities' perception about malaria epidemic, weather variable and climate change in metropolitan Kano. Information was extracted related to communities' perception about malaria epidemic and climate change. Socio demographic characteristics of respondents in the study areas were extracted and analyzed. 75% of the participants were males, while 25% were females, malaria disease affected 79.66% and 59.66% respondent perceived that heavy rainfall, floods and high temperature are better conditions to the breeding and spread of malaria vectors. Hospital records revealed that Month of March and April (2677 and 2464, respectively) has highest number of malaria cases recorded between December 2010 to June 2011. Further research is recommended for in-depth information from health officials related to raising awareness.

Direct and Indirect Social Drivers and Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases

2020 ◽  
pp. 247-266
Author(s):  
Sadie J. Ryan ◽  
Catherine A. Lippi ◽  
Kevin L. Bardosh ◽  
Erika F. Frydenlund ◽  
Holly D. Gaff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Storms ◽  
Poverty Trap ◽  
Cultural Perceptions ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Social Ecological ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Developed Nations

Vector borne diseases (VBDs) are often seen by the highly developed nations of the world as an issue of poor tropical countries. While framing the problem this way—through the paradigm of a poverty-trap—may leverage aid and motivate political will toward disease control, it misses a wide range of socio-political contexts both driving, and driven by, vector borne diseases. In this chapter, we present a series of global vignettes, to illustrate different facets of the broad remit of social drivers and interactions with VBDs. We approach the urban social-ecological context in Latin America and the Caribbean, impacts and aftermath of natural disasters such as earthquakes and tropical storms, struggles with trust in intervention implementation in Haiti, and drivers and impacts of ruminant arbovirus emergence events in Europe. We conclude that incorporating an understanding of social context, including political history and cultural perceptions, is a key part of VBD research and intervention practice.

scholarly journals Epidemics of Vector-borne Diseases Observed in Infectious Disease Surveillance in Japan, 2000-2005

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (Supplement_I) ◽  
pp. S48-S55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuji Hashimoto ◽  
Miyuki Kawado ◽  
Yoshitaka Murakami ◽  
Michiko Izumida ◽  
Akiko Ohta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Infectious Disease Surveillance ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne

scholarly journals Climate change and vector-borne diseases: what are the implications for public health research and policy?

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1665) ◽  
pp. 20130552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum ◽  
Lucien Manga ◽  
Magaran Bagayoko ◽  
Johannes Sommerfeld
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Climate Change ◽  
Political Support ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Determinants ◽  
Financial Investment ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Disease Rates ◽  
The World ◽  
Vector Borne

Vector-borne diseases continue to contribute significantly to the global burden of disease, and cause epidemics that disrupt health security and cause wider socioeconomic impacts around the world. All are sensitive in different ways to weather and climate conditions, so that the ongoing trends of increasing temperature and more variable weather threaten to undermine recent global progress against these diseases. Here, we review the current state of the global public health effort to address this challenge, and outline related initiatives by the World Health Organization (WHO) and its partners. Much of the debate to date has centred on attribution of past changes in disease rates to climate change, and the use of scenario-based models to project future changes in risk for specific diseases. While these can give useful indications, the unavoidable uncertainty in such analyses, and contingency on other socioeconomic and public health determinants in the past or future, limit their utility as decision-support tools. For operational health agencies, the most pressing need is the strengthening of current disease control efforts to bring down current disease rates and manage short-term climate risks, which will, in turn, increase resilience to long-term climate change. The WHO and partner agencies are working through a range of programmes to (i) ensure political support and financial investment in preventive and curative interventions to bring down current disease burdens; (ii) promote a comprehensive approach to climate risk management; (iii) support applied research, through definition of global and regional research agendas, and targeted research initiatives on priority diseases and population groups.

scholarly journals The Challenge of Controlling Urban Mosquito-Borne Diseases in a Changing Urban Climate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Ligsay ◽  
Olivier Telle ◽  
Richard Paul
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Health Organization

Cities worldwide are facing ever-increasing pressure to develop mitigation strategies for all sectors to deal with the impacts of climate change. Cities are expected to house 70% of the world’s population by 2050 and developing related resilient health systems is a significant challenge. Because of their physical nature, cities’ surface temperatures are often substantially higher than that of the surrounding rural areas, generating the so-called Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. Whilst considerable emphasis has been placed on strategies to mitigate against the UHI-associated negative health effects of heat and pollution, the World Health Organization estimates that one of the main consequences of global warming will be an increased burden of such vector-borne diseases. Many of the major mosquito-borne diseases are urban and thus the global population exposed to these pathogens will steadily increase. Mitigation strategies beneficial for one sector may, however, be detrimental for another. Implementation of inter-sectoral strategies that can benefit many sectors (such as water, labour and health) do exist and would enable optimal use of the meagre resources available. Discussion among inter-sectoral stakeholders should be actively encouraged.

scholarly journals Human Cutaneous Leishmaniosis in Iran, Up to Date-2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Reza Razavi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Shirzad ◽  
Mehdi Mohebali ◽  
Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi ◽  
Hassan Vatandoost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
The World ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniosis

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected and parasitic vector borne diseases that is endemic in tropical and subtropical countries, including Iran. The aim of this study was to explain the present status of CL in Iran. This report is based on data that recorded by cutaneous leishmaniasis surveillance system in 2019, and evalu­ated in Center for Communicable Diseases Management in Ministry of Health in Iran. Iran has been considered an endemic area for cutaneous leishmani­asis in the world. Dependent to activities for cutaneous leishmaniasis control the number of cases decreased from 23202 in 2008 (Incidence rate 32 per 100000) to 13124 in 2019 (Incidence rate 15.8 per 100000), more cases reported from September to December, in 2019, 46% of cases had one lesion and 21% had 2 lesions, 85% of cases diagnosed when the diameter of lesions had 3 centimeters and bellows. Although the Leishmania control program began in 1977, the incidence of the disease has dropped dramat­ically since 2008 when the new cutaneous leishmaniasis control program have been implemented. Although in some areas the inci­dence of the disease increased, but the implementation of the new program has reduced the number of cas­es, in order to continue reducing the disease, permanent support for the control programs is needed.

scholarly journals Critical transitions in malaria transmission models are consistently generated by superinfection

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1775) ◽  
pp. 20180275 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Alonso ◽  
Andy Dobson ◽  
Mercedes Pascual
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Critical Transitions ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
And Control

The history of modelling vector-borne infections essentially begins with the papers by Ross on malaria. His models assume that the dynamics of malaria can most simply be characterized by two equations that describe the prevalence of malaria in the human and mosquito hosts. This structure has formed the central core of models for malaria and most other vector-borne diseases for the past century, with additions acknowledging important aetiological details. We partially add to this tradition by describing a malaria model that provides for vital dynamics in the vector and the possibility of super-infection in the human host: reinfection of asymptomatic hosts before they have cleared a prior infection. These key features of malaria aetiology create the potential for break points in the prevalence of infected hosts, sudden transitions that seem to characterize malaria’s response to control in different locations. We show that this potential for critical transitions is a general and underappreciated feature of any model for vector-borne diseases with incomplete immunity, including the canonical Ross–McDonald model. Ignoring these details of the host’s immune response to infection can potentially lead to serious misunderstanding in the interpretation of malaria distribution patterns and the design of control schemes for other vector-borne diseases.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes’. This issue is linked with the subsequent theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control’.

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