Introduction

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Keyword(s):  
The Many ◽  
Key Terms

This chapter sets the scene by introducing “Obama Girl” who was present at President Barack Obama’s speech in Shanghai in 2009. She became a hot media “star” and representative of one of the many cases of “Internet pushing hands.” We define “Internet mercenaries” and clarify key terms such as “pushing hands” and “water army.” Then the key attributes of “Internet mercenaries” are listed. The chapter ends with a consideration of some of the “legal grey areas” pertaining to Internet mercenary operations

ΓΝΩΣΙΣ and ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΗ in Socrates' Dream in the Theaetetus

1969 ◽  
Vol 89 ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
J. H. Lesher
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge By Acquaintance ◽  
Dream Theory ◽  
Intellectual Knowledge ◽  
The Many ◽  
Key Terms

It has been alleged by many commentators that Plato never developed a precise philosophical vocabulary, and this view is strengthened when one investigates the employment of many of Plato's key terms: εἶδος, ἰδέα, αἴσθησις, δόξα, to name but a few. In the early and middle dialogues, Plato uses these terms in a variety of contexts without giving the slightest indication of which of the many possible senses is to be understood. Indeed, in the Euthydemus, Socrates is represented as ridiculing those who attempt to draw precise distinctions for they ‘… would only be able to play with men tripping them up and oversetting them with distinctions of words’ (Jowett, 278). Yet one must be cautious in simply assuming that Plato never attempted to clarify the meaning of his central philosophical terms; in particular, one must note that the Theaetetus contains several attempts to mark off various senses of λόγος, and that the entire dialogue is directed toward a precise account of what is, or ought to be meant by ‘knowledge’. Thus while it is true to say that Plato usually fails to mark off distinctions between various senses of the same term, the Theaetetus shows that this is not always the case.In this paper, I shall argue (1) that Plato attempts to separate two distinct senses of the comprehensive Greek term for knowledge, εἰδέναι, reserving γνῶσις for what we should term ‘knowledge by acquaintance’ and employing ἐπιστήμη for ‘intellectual knowledge’ or ‘knowledge that something is the case’, and (2) that the statement and refutation of Socrates' dream theory in the Theaetetus show this.

scholarly journals SCIENTIFIC BASES FOR STOCK MARKET FIASCO FORECASTING TECHNOLOGY WITH USE OF INFORMATION SPACE ENTROPY

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 74-77
Author(s):  
Vasily Karasev ◽  
Ekaterina Karaseva
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Information Space ◽  
Search Queries ◽  
Technical And Fundamental Analysis ◽  
Renyi’S Entropy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
Near Future

The article contains a theoretical study and description of general algorithm for predicting a stock market fiasco caused by non-financial and other factors. Market fiasco is considered as non-periodical, sudden and random event which can arise due to the many latent reasons. Methods of technical and fundamental analysis are useless to solve this problem, therefore, the use of systems analysis methods is proposed. The author’s idea is the numerical calculation of search queries entropy as a part of global information space. Decrease in the Renyi’s entropy, associated with rapid grow search queries, containing key terms from the subject area, indicates the possible stock market fiasco in the near future. This article presents an algorithm for the dynamic calculation of Renyi’s entropy, allowing predict rare events which are not reflected in statistical data (or frequency of their realizations is too small). The method and algorithm can be realized in trade information systems and decision-making systems in economic sphere. 

Why Dreams Mattered in Late Antiquity

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Bronwen Neil
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Dream Vision ◽  
Rabbinic Judaism ◽  
Spiritual Authority ◽  
Early Islam ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Many ◽  
Key Terms

The introductory chapter outlines the standard methods of approach that have been adopted in post-Foucauldian scholarship on dreams and their cultural importance. It reviews the history of recent scholarship on dreams and the various methods of approach to modern and pre-modern dreaming, including the gender studies perspective adopted here. It defines key terms such as ‘dream-vision’ and ‘divination’, and introduces the main themes of the chapters to follow. The study of the three monotheistic traditions—rabbinic Judaism, Byzantine Christianity, and early Islam—together in this volume shows the many ways in which dreams and spiritual authority were inextricably linked across the various cultures of the ancient Mediterranean. Ancient religious approaches to dreams are contrasted with modern psychoanalytic and social psychology approaches. The book adopts an ‘ecumenic perspective’ on dream interpretation, treating it as a shared ideology of pagans and monotheists in the East and West. An ecumenic perspective focuses on the common idea that the prophetic dream carried a message from the realm of the divine, rather than focusing on what prophetic dreams can tell us about the dreamer’s subconscious mind. The chapter offers a summary of the scope of the study and of the contents of the remaining six chapters.

scholarly journals Physical Activity and Hip Fracture Disability: A Review

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Marks
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hip Fracture ◽  
Hip Fractures ◽  
English Language ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Fracture Prevention ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
The Many ◽  
Key Terms

Objective. The present paper examines pertinent literature sources published in the peer-reviewed English language between 1980 and November 1, 2010 concerning hip fractures. The aim was to highlight potential intervention points to offset the risk of incurring a hip fracture and its attendant disability.Methods. An in-depth search of the literature using the key terms: disability, epidemiology, hip fracture, prevention, and risk factors was conducted, along with data from the author's research base detailing the disability associated with selected hip fracture cases. All articles that dealt with these key topics were reviewed, and relevant data were tabulated and analyzed.Results. Hip fractures remain an important but potentially preventable public health problem. Among the many related remediable risk factors, low physical activity levels are especially important. Related determinants of suboptimal neuromuscular function also contribute significantly to hip fracture disability.Conclusion. Physical activity participation can help to reduce the prevalence and excess disability of hip fractures and should be encouraged.

scholarly journals Considerations of Consciousness and Emotive Memory

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Nets ◽  
Psychoactive Drugs ◽  
Neural Net ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Affective Quality ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Cognitive Information ◽  
The Many ◽  
Key Terms

The role of chemistry is generally overlooked in theories of consciousness; most neuroscientists focus exclusively on electrodynamic signaling. We argue that chemodynamic signaling modes must also be considered. As an aide to continuing this discourse, we clarify key terms, namely: Feelings, Emotions, Code and Neural net. In particular, we distinguish between “memory” as applied to the binary formatted “information” employed by computers, which lack any affective quality, and “emotive memory”, the recall of subjective “cognitive information” experienced by neural nets. Most concepts of consciousness focused on the electrodynamic activation, witness the many popular books and movies, as well as scientific papers based on this premise. However, the discovery of neurotransmitters (NTs) and development of psychoactive drugs indicates that consciousness is also enabled by chemodynamic processes, which particularly impact affective states. A graphic timeline is presented which highlights the historical milestones in the neuroscientific clarification of signaling modes pertinent to consciousness. We opine that a combined chemodynamic and electrodynamic description of emotive memory will clarify the causative processes from which the experiential consciousness of the neural net emerges. Consider that without chemically encoded emotive memory, a conscious creature could not long survive; its consciousness would be moot.

scholarly journals Living Things Are Not (20th Century) Machines: Updating Mechanism Metaphors in Light of the Modern Science of Machine Behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Bongard ◽  
Michael Levin
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Life ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Living Things ◽  
The Many ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
Novel Devices ◽  
Program Software ◽  
Modern Machine

One of the most useful metaphors for driving scientific and engineering progress has been that of the “machine.” Much controversy exists about the applicability of this concept in the life sciences. Advances in molecular biology have revealed numerous design principles that can be harnessed to understand cells from an engineering perspective, and build novel devices to rationally exploit the laws of chemistry, physics, and computation. At the same time, organicists point to the many unique features of life, especially at larger scales of organization, which have resisted decomposition analysis and artificial implementation. Here, we argue that much of this debate has focused on inessential aspects of machines – classical properties which have been surpassed by advances in modern Machine Behavior and no longer apply. This emerging multidisciplinary field, at the interface of artificial life, machine learning, and synthetic bioengineering, is highlighting the inadequacy of existing definitions. Key terms such as machine, robot, program, software, evolved, designed, etc., need to be revised in light of technological and theoretical advances that have moved past the dated philosophical conceptions that have limited our understanding of both evolved and designed systems. Moving beyond contingent aspects of historical and current machines will enable conceptual tools that embrace inevitable advances in synthetic and hybrid bioengineering and computer science, toward a framework that identifies essential distinctions between fundamental concepts of devices and living agents. Progress in both theory and practical applications requires the establishment of a novel conception of “machines as they could be,” based on the profound lessons of biology at all scales. We sketch a perspective that acknowledges the remarkable, unique aspects of life to help re-define key terms, and identify deep, essential features of concepts for a future in which sharp boundaries between evolved and designed systems will not exist.

scholarly journals Problematic risk-taking involving emerging technologies: A stakeholder framework to minimize harms

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas B. Swanton ◽  
Alex Blaszczynski ◽  
Cynthia Forlini ◽  
Vladan Starcevic ◽  
Sally M. Gainsbury
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Online Gambling ◽  
Treatment Providers ◽  
The Many ◽  
Key Terms

Background and aims Despite the many benefits of technological advancements, problematic use of emerging technologies may lead to consumers experiencing harms. Substantial problems and behavioral addictions, such as gambling and gaming disorders, are recognized to be related to Internet-based technologies, including the myriad of new devices and platforms available. This review paper seeks to explore problematic risk-taking behaviors involving emerging technologies (e.g., online gambling and gaming, online sexual behaviors, and oversharing of personal information via social networking sites) that have the potential to lead to problematic outcomes for individuals. Results and discussion Previous research has focused on policy frameworks for responding to specific issues (e.g., online gambling), but a broader framework is needed to address issues as they emerge, given lags in governments and regulators responding to dynamically evolving technological environments. In this paper, key terms and issues involved are identified and discussed. We propose an initial framework for the relative roles and responsibilities of key stakeholder groups involved in addressing these issues (e.g., industry operators, governments and regulators, community groups, researchers, treatment providers, and individual consumers/end users). Conclusion Multidisciplinary collaboration can facilitate a comprehensive, unified response from all stakeholders that balances individual civil liberties with societal responsibilities and institutional duty of care.

Identifying suboptimalities with factorial model comparison

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Ji Ma
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Model Comparison ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Factorial Experimental Design ◽  
Factorial Model ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
The Many

AbstractGiven the many types of suboptimality in perception, I ask how one should test for multiple forms of suboptimality at the same time – or, more generally, how one should compare process models that can differ in any or all of the multiple components. In analogy to factorial experimental design, I advocate for factorial model comparison.

Representing utility and deploying the body

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Spurrett
Keyword(s):  
Functional Activity ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
The Body ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Processing Demands ◽  
The Many

Abstract Comprehensive accounts of resource-rational attempts to maximise utility shouldn't ignore the demands of constructing utility representations. This can be onerous when, as in humans, there are many rewarding modalities. Another thing best not ignored is the processing demands of making functional activity out of the many degrees of freedom of a body. The target article is almost silent on both.

The many faces of obligation

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Tomasello
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
The Many ◽  
Sense Of Obligation

Abstract My response to the commentaries focuses on four issues: (1) the diversity both within and between cultures of the many different faces of obligation; (2) the possible evolutionary roots of the sense of obligation, including possible sources that I did not consider; (3) the possible ontogenetic roots of the sense of obligation, including especially children's understanding of groups from a third-party perspective (rather than through participation, as in my account); and (4) the relation between philosophical accounts of normative phenomena in general – which are pitched as not totally empirical – and empirical accounts such as my own. I have tried to distinguish comments that argue for extensions of the theory from those that represent genuine disagreement.

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