Tracking Legislative Developments in Relation to “Do Not Track” Initiatives

2015 ◽  
pp. 1405-1429
Author(s):  
Brigette Garbin ◽  
Kelly Staunton ◽  
Mark Burdon
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Privacy Law ◽  
The World ◽  
Online Behaviour ◽  
Online Tracking ◽  
Behavioral Profiling ◽  
The Web

Online behavioural profiling has now become an industry that is worth billions of dollars throughout the globe. The actual practice of online tracking was once limited to individual Websites and individual cookies. However, the development of new technologies has enabled marketing corporations to track the Web browsing activities of individual users across the Internet. Consequently, it should be no surprise that legislative initiatives are afoot throughout the world including the United States (US), the European Union (EU), and Australia. These different jurisdictions have put forward different methods of regulating online behavioural profiling and Do Not Track initiatives. Accordingly, this chapter overviews legislative developments and puts forward a typology of different legislative initiatives regarding the regulation of online behavioral profiling and Do Not Track issues. Particular focus is given to the Australian situation and whether existing Australian privacy law is sufficient to protect the privacy interests of individuals against the widespread use of online behaviour profiling tools.

Tracking Legislative Developments in Relation to “Do Not Track” Initiatives

2013 ◽  
pp. 235-259
Author(s):  
Brigette Garbin ◽  
Kelly Staunton ◽  
Mark Burdon
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Privacy Law ◽  
The World ◽  
Online Behaviour ◽  
Online Tracking ◽  
Behavioral Profiling ◽  
The Web

Online behavioural profiling has now become an industry that is worth billions of dollars throughout the globe. The actual practice of online tracking was once limited to individual Websites and individual cookies. However, the development of new technologies has enabled marketing corporations to track the Web browsing activities of individual users across the Internet. Consequently, it should be no surprise that legislative initiatives are afoot throughout the world including the United States (US), the European Union (EU), and Australia. These different jurisdictions have put forward different methods of regulating online behavioural profiling and Do Not Track initiatives. Accordingly, this chapter overviews legislative developments and puts forward a typology of different legislative initiatives regarding the regulation of online behavioral profiling and Do Not Track issues. Particular focus is given to the Australian situation and whether existing Australian privacy law is sufficient to protect the privacy interests of individuals against the widespread use of online behaviour profiling tools.

Comparative Analysis of International Approaches to the Protection of Online Privacy

2011 ◽  
pp. 347-366
Author(s):  
Peter O’Connor
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Self ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The World ◽  
Regulation Approach ◽  
The Web

The Web provides unprecedented opportunities for Web site operators to implicitly and explicitly gather highly detailed personal data about site visitors, resulting in a real and pressing threat to privacy. Approaches to protecting such personal data differ greatly throughout the world. To generalize greatly, most countries follow one of two diametrically opposed philosophies—the self-regulation approach epitomized by the United States, or the comprehensive omnibus legislative approach mandated by the European Union. In practice, of course, the situation is not so black and white as most countries utilize elements of both approaches. This chapter explains the background and importance of protecting the privacy of personal data, contrasts the two major philosophical approaches to protection mentioned above, performs a comparative analysis of the current situation throughout the world, and highlights how the legislative approach is being adopted as the de facto standard throughout the world. The use of trust marks as an alternative to the self-regulation or legislative approach is also discussed, while the effectiveness of each of these efforts is also examined.

Classifying Web Usage Behavior in the Workplace

2011 ◽  
pp. 211-234
Author(s):  
Murugan Anandarajan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World Wide Web ◽  
World Wide ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Web Usage ◽  
The World ◽  
International Data ◽  
Data Group ◽  
The Web

The ubiquitous nature of the World Wide Web (commonly known as the Web) is dramatically revolutionizing the manner in which organizations and individuals alike acquire and distribute information. Recent reports from the International Data Group indicate that the number of people on the Internet will reach 320 million by the year 2002 (Needle, 1999). Studies also indicate that in the United States alone, Web commerce will account for approximately $325 billion by the year 2002.

Evaluating Online Resources

2011 ◽  
pp. 292-296
Author(s):  
Elaine Studnicki
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Web Site ◽  
The United States ◽  
Internet Usage ◽  
Online Resources ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The World ◽  
The Web

In a matter of seconds, a person using the Web will make a decision. Do I stay on this Web site or click to another? There are many reasons for this reaction. For many the decisions are unconscious behavior and for others it is a matter of speed. Still others focus on content. Regardless, the ability to get users to a Web site and keep them there has become big business for both business and educational institutions. According to Internet Usage Statistics (2007), the Internet World Stats Web site, over 1 billion people use the Internet worldwide. The MIT home page is accessed about 2000 time a day from around the world. And use is on the rise. In 2009 the completion of an 18,000 km oceanic cable drop linking South Korea, China, and Taiwan with the United States Internet sends a clear signal that usage and dependency will only increase in the future and spread around the world. This creates an imperative that users are keenly aware of where they surf, what information they share, and, most importantly, if they can believe what they read and see.

The International Use of Telepractice

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Shprintzen ◽  
Karen J. Golding-Kushner
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Audio Technology ◽  
Speech Language Pathologist ◽  
The World ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Language Pathology

Access to the Internet and modern telecommunications around the world has increased substantially to the point where, in many parts of the world, it is easier to get online or make an international telephone call than to gain access to a speech-language pathologist. There are many parts of the world where speech-language professionals are not available at all, but substantial segments of the population do have access to the Internet. Overall, worldwide access to the Internet is approximately 30% of the population, ranging from nearly 80% in North America to approximately 11% in Africa (Internet World Stats, 2011). However, even in the locations where Internet access is not as widely available as in the United States, it is still more accessible than face-to-face speech-language pathology services. The limited access to services has been recognized as a reason for providing them by using telepractice paradigms. Many communication disorders lend themselves to assessment and treatment using video and/or audio technology. This article reports on models for providing care to people at a distance, including internationally, and presents a new model for allowing clinicians to reach people all over the world. The authors present possible obstacles as well as some misconceptions about limitations for the purpose of finding ways to allow our clinical skills to be applied to new technologies that are gaining wider acceptance.

Sex Differences in Mass Media Preferences Across Four Asian Countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malini Ratnasingam ◽  
Lee Ellis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Students ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Evolutionary Explanation ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Media Preferences

Background. Nearly all of the research on sex differences in mass media utilization has been based on samples from the United States and a few other Western countries. Aim. The present study examines sex differences in mass media utilization in four Asian countries (Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, and Singapore). Methods. College students self-reported the frequency with which they accessed the following five mass media outlets: television dramas, televised news and documentaries, music, newspapers and magazines, and the Internet. Results. Two significant sex differences were found when participants from the four countries were considered as a whole: Women watched television dramas more than did men; and in Japan, female students listened to music more than did their male counterparts. Limitations. A wider array of mass media outlets could have been explored. Conclusions. Findings were largely consistent with results from studies conducted elsewhere in the world, particularly regarding sex differences in television drama viewing. A neurohormonal evolutionary explanation is offered for the basic findings.

Germany's relations with the United States and China from a strategic triangle perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Biba
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Power ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Puzzle Piece ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Angela Merkel

Abstract As the Sino-American Great Power competition continues to intensify, newly-elected US President Joe Biden's administration now seeks to enlist the support of its allies and partners around the world. As Europe's largest economy and a, if not the, leading voice within the European Union, Germany represents an important puzzle-piece for Biden. But Germany, at least under outgoing chancellor Angela Merkel, has been reluctant to take sides. It is against this backdrop that this article looks into Germany's past and present trilateral relationships with the US and China through the theoretical lens of the so-called strategic triangle approach. Applying this approach, the article seeks to trace and explain German behaviour, as well as to elucidate the opportunities and pitfalls that have come with it. The article demonstrates that Germany's recently gained position as a ‘pivot’ (two positive bilateral relationships) between the US and Chinese ‘wings’ (positive bilateral relations with Germany and negative bilateral relations with each other) is desirable from the perspective of the strategic triangle. At the same time, being pivot is also challenging and hard to maintain. Alternative options, such as entering a US–German ‘marriage’ directed against China, are also problematic. The article therefore concludes that Germany has tough decisions to take going forward.

scholarly journals The History, Present and Future of Allergen Standardization in the United States and Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Zimmer ◽  
Jennifer Bridgewater ◽  
Fatima Ferreira ◽  
Ronald van Ree ◽  
Ronald L. Rabin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Product ◽  
Immunological Methods ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Product Standardization ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Allergen Standardization ◽  
Synthetic Medicinal

The topic of standardization in relation to allergen products has been discussed by allergists, regulators, and manufacturers for a long time. In contrast to synthetic medicinal products, the natural origin of allergen products makes the necessary comparability difficult to achieve. This holds true for both aspects of standardization: Batch-to-batch consistency (or product-specific standardization) and comparability among products from different manufacturers (or cross-product comparability). In this review, we focus on how the United States and the European Union have tackled the topic of allergen product standardization in the past, covering the early joint standardization efforts in the 1970s and 1980s as well as the different paths taken by the two players thereafter until today. So far, these two paths have been based on rather classical immunological methods, including the corresponding benefits like simple feasability. New technologies such as mass spectrometry present an opportunity to redefine the field of allergen standardization in the future.

scholarly journals Pengenalan, Optimalisasi Optimalisasi Pengenalan Produk Unggulan Desa Melalui Pelatihan Website Promosi Kecamatan Patuk Gunungkidul

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 490-495
Author(s):  
Astika Ayuningtyas ◽  
Yuliani Indrianingsih ◽  
Uyuunul Mauidzoh
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Its Region ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
The World ◽  
Promotional Materials ◽  
Feasibility Test ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Web

The development of information and computerized tenology has led to what is called the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW). In addition, the dramatic development of the Internet has given users more choice and control over content, and also provides individuals, businesses, and public and private organizations with the opportunity to generate and disseminate information. The interactive features of the web can be an effective way to build and maintain mutually beneficial relationships if the web is used properly. The presence of the Internet has proven to have a positive impact on the development of a village, sub-district or district to introduce and inform the potential of its region. This is evident in several regions of Indonesia which have successfully used Internet facilities to introduce tourist destinations to the world. Therefore, the training on the promotion website is an effort to optimize the introduction of high quality village products in the district of Patuk and is also intended to follow the results of research on the design of a promotion of superior products and tourist objects on the web in Patuk Gunungkidul district. On the basis of the website promotion feasibility test during the training for each representative in 11 villages in the Patuk sub-district, 87.36% was obtained, so that it can be said that the Introduction of superior village products via promotional materials based on the website was optimal and met the needs of users.

scholarly journals Cooperation and Coopetition as a Tools Which Could Improve Leading Startups all over the World

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Aneta Ejsmont
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Good News ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Foreign Sale ◽  
The Moment

Building own business is a long-term and laborious process. A person who leads a startup tries to start with building own business by taking first steps toward financial independence. Analyzing conditions in Poland, on average every second startup sells its services abroad, admittedly it is good news, although half of them do not export at all. Half of the startups which export their services and goods generates more than 50% of their revenues outside Poland. Very interesting is the fact that 60% of exporters have conducted their foreign sale since the moment of establishing their business. On which markets do they sell their services? It turns out that the most popular are markets in the European Union (54%), including the United Kingdom 14% and Germany 9%. Only about 25% of Polish startups exports their products and services to the United States. Taking the United States into consideration, in 2008 the USA lost their leading position in the number of startups which are newly created and achieving success in business. Currently in terms of the number of new startups the USA is on a quite distant place after Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Hungary, New Zealand, Israel or Italy. In short, more companies were closed than created, so it was, as a matter of fact, like in Poland. Therefore, the condition to improve the development of startups both from Poland and other countries all the world is to increase cooperation and coopetition.

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