Automation in Sputum Microscopy

2016 ◽  
pp. 414-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pramit Ghosh ◽  
Debotosh Bhattacharjee ◽  
Mita Nasipuri
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Soft Computing ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
False Negative Rate ◽  
Diagnostic System ◽  
Diagnostic Technique ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sputum Microscopy

This chapter describes an automatic intelligent diagnostic system for Tuberculosis. Sputum microscopy is the most common diagnostic technique to diagnose Tuberculosis. In Sputum microscopy, Sputum are examined using a microscope for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This manual process is being automated by image processing, where classification is performed by using a hybrid approach (color based and shape based). This hybrid approach reduces the false positive and false negative rate. Final classification decision is taken by a fuzzy system. Image processing, soft-computing, mechanics, and control system plays a significant role in this system. Slides are given as input to the system. System finds for Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria and generates reports. From designing point of view ARM11 based, 32 bit RISC processor is used to control the mechanical units. The main mathematical calculation (including image processing and soft computing) is distributed between ARM11 based group and Personal Computer (Intel i3). This system has better sensitivity than manual sputum microscopy.

Clinically Meaningful Change

Methodology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Ferrer ◽  
Antonio Pardo
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
False Negative ◽  
False Negative Rate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Skewed Distribution ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
False Negatives ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test

Abstract. In a recent paper, Ferrer and Pardo (2014) tested several distribution-based methods designed to assess when test scores obtained before and after an intervention reflect a statistically reliable change. However, we still do not know how these methods perform from the point of view of false negatives. For this purpose, we have simulated change scenarios (different effect sizes in a pre-post-test design) with distributions of different shapes and with different sample sizes. For each simulated scenario, we generated 1,000 samples. In each sample, we recorded the false-negative rate of the five distribution-based methods with the best performance from the point of view of the false positives. Our results have revealed unacceptable rates of false negatives even with effects of very large size, starting from 31.8% in an optimistic scenario (effect size of 2.0 and a normal distribution) to 99.9% in the worst scenario (effect size of 0.2 and a highly skewed distribution). Therefore, our results suggest that the widely used distribution-based methods must be applied with caution in a clinical context, because they need huge effect sizes to detect a true change. However, we made some considerations regarding the effect size and the cut-off points commonly used which allow us to be more precise in our estimates.

scholarly journals Machine Learning Assisted Cervical Cancer Detection

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mavra Mehmood ◽  
Muhammad Rizwan ◽  
Michal Gregus ml ◽  
Sidra Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
False Negative Rate ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Screening Programs

Cervical malignant growth is the fourth most typical reason for disease demise in women around the globe. Cervical cancer growth is related to human papillomavirus (HPV) contamination. Early screening made cervical cancer a preventable disease that results in minimizing the global burden of cervical cancer. In developing countries, women do not approach sufficient screening programs because of the costly procedures to undergo examination regularly, scarce awareness, and lack of access to the medical center. In this manner, the expectation of the individual patient's risk becomes very high. There are many risk factors relevant to malignant cervical formation. This paper proposes an approach named CervDetect that uses machine learning algorithms to evaluate the risk elements of malignant cervical formation. CervDetect uses Pearson correlation between input variables as well as with the output variable to pre-process the data. CervDetect uses the random forest (RF) feature selection technique to select significant features. Finally, CervDetect uses a hybrid approach by combining RF and shallow neural networks to detect Cervical Cancer. Results show that CervDetect accurately predicts cervical cancer, outperforms the state-of-the-art studies, and achieved an accuracy of 93.6%, mean squared error (MSE) error of 0.07111, false-positive rate (FPR) of 6.4%, and false-negative rate (FNR) of 100%.

scholarly journals Preoperative false-negative transthoracic echocardiographic results in native valve infective endocarditis patients: a retrospective study from 2001 to 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuning Ren ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Hongjie Chen ◽  
Xichao Mo ◽  
Shaohang Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infective Endocarditis ◽  
False Negative ◽  
False Negative Rate ◽  
Diagnostic Technique ◽  
Native Valve ◽  
Surgery Group ◽  
Cerebrovascular Events ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluations ◽  
Valvular Lesions ◽  
Rule Out

Abstract Background: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a lethal disease that is difficult to diagnosis early. Although echocardiography is one of the most widely used diagnostic technique, it has limited sensitivity. This study surveyed the clinical features of IE patients who underwent surgery and compared transthoracic echocardiography and histological findings to explore the factors related to false-negative echocardiographic results.Methods: Medical records were extracted from IE patients consecutively hospitalized between June 2001 and June 2018.Results: A total of 182 patients with native valve IE who underwent surgery were included. Compared to the non-surgery group, the surgery group was more likely to have pre-existing valvular lesions and more serious cardiac conditions and a relative lack of signs of infection and cerebrovascular events, leading to a lower proportion of “definite cases” before surgery. The false-negative rate of echocardiography was 14.5%. Echocardiography has significant disadvantages in diagnosing perivalvular abscesses, valve perforations, and left-sided endocarditis, especially for subjects with both aortic and mitral valve infections. The multivariate analysis identified congenital heart disease and small vegetations (<10 mm) as independent predictors of false-negative echocardiography results. Conversely, fever and heart murmurs on admission served as protective factors.Conclusions: Under some circumstances, echocardiography provides inconsistent results compared with surgical findings, and negative echocardiography results do not rule out IE. The diagnosis of IE depends on comprehensive evaluations using multiple methods.

scholarly journals Preoperative false-negative transthoracic echocardiographic results in native valve infective endocarditis patients: a retrospective study from 2001 to 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuning Ren ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Hongjie Chen ◽  
Xichao Mo ◽  
Shaohang Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infective Endocarditis ◽  
False Negative ◽  
False Negative Rate ◽  
Diagnostic Technique ◽  
Native Valve ◽  
Surgery Group ◽  
Cerebrovascular Events ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluations ◽  
Valvular Lesions ◽  
Rule Out

Abstract Background Infective endocarditis (IE) is a lethal disease that is difficult to diagnosis early. Although echocardiography is one of the most widely used diagnostic technique, it has limited sensitivity. This study surveyed the clinical features of IE patients who underwent surgery and compared transthoracic echocardiography and histological findings to explore the factors related to false-negative echocardiographic results. Methods Medical records were extracted from IE patients consecutively hospitalized between June 2001 and June 2018. Results A total of 182 patients with native valve IE who underwent surgery were included. Compared to the non-surgery group, the surgery group was more likely to have pre-existing valvular lesions and more serious cardiac conditions and a relative lack of signs of infection and cerebrovascular events, leading to a lower proportion of “definite cases” before surgery. The false-negative rate of echocardiography was 14.5%. Echocardiography has significant disadvantages in diagnosing perivalvular abscesses, valve perforations, and left-sided endocarditis, especially for subjects with both aortic and mitral valve infections. The multivariate analysis identified congenital heart disease and small vegetations (< 10 mm) as independent predictors of false-negative echocardiography results. Conversely, fever and heart murmurs on admission served as protective factors. Conclusions Under some circumstances, echocardiography provides inconsistent results compared with surgical findings, and negative echocardiography results do not rule out IE. The diagnosis of IE depends on comprehensive evaluations using multiple methods.

scholarly journals Preoperative false-negative transthoracic echocardiographic results in native valve infective endocarditis patients: a retrospective study from 2001 to 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuning Ren ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Hongjie Chen ◽  
Xichao Mo ◽  
Shaohang Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infective Endocarditis ◽  
False Negative ◽  
False Negative Rate ◽  
Diagnostic Technique ◽  
Native Valve ◽  
Surgery Group ◽  
Cerebrovascular Events ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluations ◽  
Valvular Lesions ◽  
Rule Out

Abstract Background: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a lethal disease that is difficult to diagnosis early. Although echocardiography is one of the most widely used diagnostic technique, it has limited sensitivity. This study surveyed the clinical features of IE patients who underwent surgery and compared transthoracic echocardiography and histological findings to explore the factors related to false-negative echocardiographic results.Methods: Medical records were extracted from IE patients consecutively hospitalized between June 2001 and June 2018. Results: A total of 182 patients with native valve IE who underwent surgery were included. Compared to the non-surgery group, the surgery group was more likely to have pre-existing valvular lesions and more serious cardiac conditions and a relative lack of signs of infection and cerebrovascular events, leading to a lower proportion of “definite cases” before surgery. The false-negative rate of echocardiography was 14.5%. Echocardiography has significant disadvantages in diagnosing perivalvular abscesses, valve perforations, and left-sided endocarditis, especially for subjects with both aortic and mitral valve infections. The multivariate analysis identified congenital heart disease and small vegetations (<10 mm) as independent predictors of false-negative echocardiography results. Conversely, fever and heart murmurs on admission served as protective factors. Conclusions: Under some circumstances, echocardiography provides inconsistent results compared with surgical findings, and negative echocardiography results do not rule out IE. The diagnosis of IE depends on comprehensive evaluations using multiple methods.

scholarly journals Preoperative False-Negative Transthoracic Echocardiographic Results in Native Valve Infective Endocarditis Patients: A Retrospective Study from 2001 To 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuning Ren ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Hongjie Chen ◽  
Xichao Mo ◽  
Shaohang Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infective Endocarditis ◽  
False Negative ◽  
False Negative Rate ◽  
Diagnostic Technique ◽  
Native Valve ◽  
Surgery Group ◽  
Cerebrovascular Events ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluations ◽  
Valvular Lesions ◽  
Rule Out

Abstract Background: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a lethal disease that is difficult to diagnosis early. Although echocardiography is one of the most widely used diagnostic technique, it has limited sensitivity. This study surveyed the clinical features of IE patients who underwent surgery and compared transthoracic echocardiography and histological findings to explore the factors related to false-negative echocardiographic results.Methods: Medical records were extracted from IE patients consecutively hospitalized between June 2001 and June 2018. Results: A total of 182 patients with native valve IE who underwent surgery were included. Compared to the non-surgery group, the surgery group was more likely to have pre-existing valvular lesions and more serious cardiac conditions and a relative lack of signs of infection and cerebrovascular events, leading to a lower proportion of “definite cases” before surgery. The false-negative rate of echocardiography was 14.5%. Echocardiography has significant disadvantages in diagnosing perivalvular abscesses, valve perforations, and left-sided endocarditis, especially for subjects with both aortic and mitral valve infections. The multivariate analysis identified congenital heart disease and small vegetations (<10 mm) as independent predictors of false-negative echocardiography results. Conversely, fever and heart murmurs on admission served as protective factors. Conclusions: Under some circumstances, echocardiography provides inconsistent results compared with surgical findings, and negative echocardiography results do not rule out IE. The diagnosis of IE depends on comprehensive evaluations using multiple methods.

scholarly journals The doctrinal paradox: comparison of decision rules in a probabilistic framework

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aureli Alabert ◽  
Mercè Farré
Keyword(s):  
False Positive Rate ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Decision Rules ◽  
False Negative Rate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Doctrinal Paradox ◽  
Positive Rate

AbstractThe doctrinal paradox is analysed from a probabilistic point of view assuming a simple parametric model for the committee’s behaviour. The well known premise-based and conclusion-based majority rules are compared in this model, by means of the concepts of false positive rate (FPR), false negative rate (FNR) and Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) space. We introduce also a new rule that we call path-based, which is somehow halfway between the other two. Under our model assumptions, the premise-based rule is shown to be the best of the three according to an optimality criterion based in ROC maps, for all values of the model parameters (committee size and competence of its members), when equal weight is given to FPR and FNR. We extend this result to prove that, for unequal weights of FNR and FPR, the relative goodness of the rules depends on the values of the competence and the weights, in a way which is precisely described. The results are illustrated with some numerical examples.

Retrospective analysis of gene expression profiling and TTF-1 staining in cancer of unknown primary (CUP).

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 10579-10579
Author(s):  
Wendy M. Chiang ◽  
Gary M. Strauss ◽  
J. Scott Nystrom
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Expression Profiling ◽  
Expression Profiling ◽  
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
False Negative ◽  
False Negative Rate ◽  
Diagnostic Technique ◽  
Unknown Primary ◽  
Site Location ◽  
Cell Lung Carcinoma

10579 Background: CUP involves extensive use of immunohistochemical (IHC) stains because no individual marker is highly both site specific or sensitive. IHC algorithms lack standardization and may even eliminate actual primary sites. Extensive validation studies with gene expression profiling (GEP) has shown it be a new diagnostic technique that further contributes tumor site location in CUP. Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) IHC stain is commonly used to identify the pulmonary origin of CUP (particularly adenocarcinoma) and is often used to exclude lung primary in CUP patients. This study evaluates the utility of TTF-1 staining in lung primaries (specifically non-small cell lung carcinoma - NSCLC) of CUP to GEP testing. Methods: This retrospective study contains data obtained from a registry of physicians who received the GEP-based Tissue of Origin (TOO) test (Pathwork Diagnostic, Sunnyvale, CA) between 07/2009 and 12/2009 on CUP cases. Sixty-six physicians contributed 111 TOO test cases. Only cases that had TTF-1 done were included for analysis and these were compared to TOO NSCLC results. Results: Out of 111 cases, there were 73 analyzable TTF-1 results with 12 cases of NSCLC and 61 cases of non-NSCLC by TOO (see TABLE). Assuming that the results of TOO testing accurately indicated the true primary site, the sensitivity and specificity of TTF-1 was 50% and 90%, respectively. The false negative rate was 50%, indicating that half of the identified NSCLC cases in this series had negative TTF-1. On the other hand, 10% of the 61 cases with primaries other than NSCLC (none of whom had thyroid cancer), had positive TTF-1. The “false positive” TTF-1 cases comprised 4 ovarian, 1 breast and 1 colorectal as the site of origin. Conclusions: TTF-1 has limited utility in identifying NSCLC in the setting of CUP. Half of NSCLCs identified by TOO testing had negative TTF-1, and 10% of non-lung primaries were TTF-1 positive. Negative TTF-1 should not be used to exclude NSCLC in the workup of CUP. [Table: see text]

Handling Water Reflections for Computer Vision in Aquaculture

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Zhou ◽  
Chuanheng Sun ◽  
Kai Lin ◽  
Daming Xu ◽  
Qiang Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Computer Vision ◽  
Support Vector Machine ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
False Positive Rate ◽  
False Negative ◽  
False Negative Rate ◽  
Image Texture ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Type I

Abstract. In aquaculture, almost all images collected of an aquaculture scene contain reflections, which often affect the results and accuracy of machine vision. Classifying these images and obtaining images of interest are key to subsequent image processing. The purpose of this study was to identify useful images and remove images that had a substantial effect on the results of image processing for computer vision in aquaculture. In this study, a method for classification of reflective frames based on image texture and a support vector machine (SVM) was proposed for an actual aquaculture site. Objectives of this study were to: (1) develop an algorithm to improve the speed of the method and to ensure that the method has a high classification accuracy, (2) design an algorithm to improve the intelligence and adaptability of the classification, and (3) demonstrate the performance of the method. The results show that the average classification accuracy, false positive rate, and false negative rate for two types of reflective frames (type I and II) were 96.34%, 4.65%, and 2.23%, respectively. In addition, the running time was very low (1.25 s). This strategy also displayed considerable adaptability and could be used to obtain useful images or remove images that have substantial effects on the accuracy of image processing results, thereby improving the applicability of computer vision in aquaculture. Keywords: Aquaculture, Genetic algorithm, Gray level-gradient co-occurrence matrix, Principal component analysis, Reflection frame, Support vector machine.

Diagnostic Value of a Carpal Tunnel Corticosteroid Injection in Patients with Negative Electrodiagnostic Studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M. Katt ◽  
Casey Imbergamo ◽  
Fortunato Padua ◽  
Joseph Leider ◽  
Daniel Fletcher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carpal Tunnel ◽  
Corticosteroid Injection ◽  
Carpal Tunnel Release ◽  
False Negative ◽  
False Negative Rate ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Symptom Improvement ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Abstract Introduction There is a known false negative rate when using electrodiagnostic studies (EDS) to diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). This can pose a management dilemma for patients with signs and symptoms that correlate with CTS but normal EDS. While corticosteroid injection into the carpal tunnel has been used in this setting for diagnostic purposes, there is little data in the literature supporting this practice. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prognostic value of a carpal tunnel corticosteroid injection in patients with a normal electrodiagnostic study but exhibiting signs and symptoms suggestive of carpal tunnel, who proceed with a carpal tunnel release. Materials and Methods The group included 34 patients presenting to an academic orthopedic practice over the years 2010 to 2019 who had negative EDS, a carpal tunnel corticosteroid injection, and a carpal tunnel release. One patient (2.9%), where the response to the corticosteroid injection was not documented, was excluded from the study, yielding a study cohort of 33 patients. Three patients had bilateral disease, yielding 36 hands for evaluation. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square analysis for nonparametric data. Results Thirty-two hands (88.9%) demonstrated complete or partial relief of neuropathic symptoms after the corticosteroid injection, while four (11.1%) did not experience any improvement. Thirty-one hands (86.1%) had symptom improvement following surgery, compared with five (13.9%) which did not. Of the 32 hands that demonstrated relief following the injection, 29 hands (90.6%) improved after surgery. Of the four hands that did not demonstrate relief after the injection, two (50%) improved after surgery. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.03). Conclusion Patients diagnosed with a high index of suspicion for CTS do well with operative intervention despite a normal electrodiagnostic test if they have had a positive response to a preoperative injection. The injection can provide reassurance to both the patient and surgeon before proceeding to surgery. Although patients with a normal electrodiagnostic test and no response to cortisone can still do well with surgical intervention, the surgeon should carefully review both the history and physical examination as surgical success may decrease when both diagnostic tests are negative. Performing a corticosteroid injection is an additional diagnostic tool to consider in the management of patients with CTS and normal electrodiagnostic testing.

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