The Dynamics of Technical Progress in Some Developing and Developed Countries

2016 ◽  
pp. 172-194
Author(s):  
Weshah A. Razzak ◽  
Belkacem Laabas ◽  
El Mostafa Bentour
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Technical Progress ◽  
Capital Intensity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Population ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Endogenous Growth Model ◽  
New Ideas

We calibrate a semi-endogenous growth model to study the transitional dynamic and the properties of balanced growth paths of technological progress. In the model, long-run growth arises from global discoveries of new ideas, which depend on population growth. The transitional dynamic consists of the growth rates of capital intensity, labor, educational attainment (human capital), and research and ideas in excess of world population growth. Most of the growth in technical progress in a large number of developed and developing countries is accounted for by transitional dynamics.

Opinion: The future fertility of mankind: effects on world population growth and migration

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 405 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. V. Short
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Population ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Unmet Demand ◽  
Future Fertility ◽  
Declining Populations ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Refugee Problem

The world’s population, currently just over 6 billion, is projected to increase to 9–10 billion by the year 2050. Most of this growth will occur in the developing countries of Asia, where there is an enormous unmet demand for contraception, while an increasing number of developed countries will have declining populations. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic will target developing countries, with India destined to become its new epicenter. By 2050, there may be 1 billion HIV-infected people in the world. The significant protective effect of male circumcision may spare Islamic countries, such as Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran and Indonesia, from the worst effects of the pandemic. Australia will be increasingly threatened by the high rates of population growth of her Asian neighbours. This, coupled with political instability and sea-level rises as a consequence of global warming, will turn the present trickle of refugees from a variety of Asian countries seeking safe haven on our sparsely populated northern coastline into a veritable flood. There will come a time when we have neither the manpower, nor the means, nor even the moral right to intercept, detain or repatriate the thousands who will come in peace, in search of a better life. However, if Australia is to stabilize its future population at around 23 million, which seems highly desirable on ecological grounds, then the net immigration rate must be limited to approximately 50000 people per year. Because the final point of departure for all these refugees is Indonesia, it is essential that Australia maintains good relations with Indonesia, so that together we can attempt to manage the refugee problem. However, Indonesia’s own population is destined to increase by 100 million in the next 50 years, which will only exacerbate the situation. Australia would be well advised to make a major increase in its paltry financial assistance to Indonesia’s excellent family planning programmes, which are currently starved of funds. Helping Indonesia to contain its population growth is Australia’s best long-term investment for its own future.

scholarly journals Factor accumulation and economic growth in Pakistan: incorporating human capital

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 480-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kashif Munir ◽  
Shahzad Arshad
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Endogenous Growth ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Endogenous Growth Model ◽  
Factor Accumulation

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the long-run and short-run relationship between factor accumulation (i.e. physical capital and human capital) and economic growth by calculating the stocks of human capital and real physical capital. Design/methodology/approach The study uses endogenous growth model, where GDP per worker is the dependent variable and factor accumulation (real physical capital per worker and human capital) is the explanatory variable under the autoregressive distributive lag framework from 1973 to 2014 for Pakistan. Findings The results suggest that there is a long-run relationship between factor accumulation and GDP per worker in Pakistan. Findings of the study are consistent with the endogenous growth model suggesting that accumulation of human capital increases labor productivity, employment level and per capita income, and causes economic growth. Practical implications Developing countries like Pakistan should increase share of human capital for economic development. Government should invest in the education sector because investment in human capital has a large potential of productivity growth and welfare increase in developing countries. Originality/value This study challenges the notion of human capital and real physical capital stock used by different researchers. Considering human capital as a core factor of production, a series of human capital as average year of schooling is calculated by utilizing the perpetual inventory method.

scholarly journals Examining Economic Growth Through Brand Development: A Multinational Analysis

SAGE Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 215824402092187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dila Asfuroglu ◽  
Nuriye Zeynep Ökten ◽  
Elif Yolbulan Okan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Brand Development ◽  
Endogenous Growth Model ◽  
The Relationship

Due to the increasing importance of human capital for economic growth, this article aims to clarify the relationship between economic growth and human capital by concentrating on the growth effects of an average number of brands in the economy. An endogenous growth model where branding emerges as the “growth engine” of the economy is followed by a quantitative analysis regarding the relationship between brands and economic growth. The findings suggest that developing countries should shift from traditional mass production to high value-added production, such as brand development, to achieve a similar economic performance in developed countries.

The Birth Rate Decline in Developing Countries

1993 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryant Robey
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
World Population ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Birth Rates ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Zero Population Growth ◽  
The Look

Birth rates are falling in much of the developing world. In the mid-1960s women in Asia, Africa and Latin America gave birth to an average of six children. Today, the average is about four—a drop of one-third. In some regions and countries the average is substantially lower, approaching levels in the developed world. This remarkable decline in birth rates is no cause for complacency about rapid population growth, however, as the Look at it this way article in this issue, by Catley-Carlson, rightly observes. Average family size is still well above the 2.1 ‘replacement level ’—the number of children per couple that over the long run leads to zero population growth because each couple has only enough children to replace itself in the population. Thus world population, already about 5.5 billion, continues to grow. Even as the average number of children born per woman falls, population will continue to grow rapidly for many years because the number of women of childbearing age is rising as a result of previous high birth rates—a phenomenon that demographers call ‘population momentum ’. That the world's population is growing larger in a hurry is not news. But it is something of a surprise to learn that birth rates have declined so rapidly in so many countries, including some that experts considered too poor and traditional for this to occur. In fact, birth rates have fallen much faster than experts expected. The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and similar family planning surveys conducted in more than 40 developing countries since 1985 tell the story of this striking decline.

scholarly journals The Nigerian population: A treasure for national development or an unsurmountable national challenge

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-142
Author(s):  
Vitalis Jafla Pontianus ◽  
Oruonye E.D.
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
National Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Resource Scarcity ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
High Population ◽  
Major Player ◽  
The World

Nigeria is the most populous black nation in the world. It is equally one of the Less Developed Countries (LDCs) with very high population. Population growth is a very important element and a challenge in the development process in LDCs. The population of Nigeria is expected to continue to grow up to 239 million by 2025 and 440 million by 2050, thereby ranking it to 4th position among countries of the World with high population. This without doubt will place Nigeria in a position of major player in the global system, and more importantly in the African region. It is against this background that this study examines Nigeria’s population composition by poising the following questions; will Nigeria’s present and future population structure be a benefit or a burden? How can Nigeria’s relative share of working-age composition (15- 64) and dependents (under 15 and 65 and over) contribute to long term economic growth and development of the country? The findings of the study reveals that population growth is a critical factor in the development of any economy, providing workforce for production of goods and services to boost economic development and a critical determinant of the potentials of a country’s investment. The study findings also show that continuous population growth militates against economic growth through inducement of poverty, falling medical care/services and environmental degradation, worsen resource scarcity in areas where a large proportion of the population already relies on natural resource-based livelihoods. The study argued that population increase is not a problem in itself to any nation, and that there are some impeding factors associated with population growth such as corruption, inadequate planning, inappropriate implementation of development plans, poor budget/implementation and complacency in developing human capital. These are issues that the Nigerian state since independence have continued to battle with which has invariably made it a seemingly failed state. The study concludes that how much any country can benefit from its population size is dependent on the quality of human capital. Based on the findings, the study recommends economic diversification, government empowerment of Small and Medium scale Enterprises, paying attention to human capital development and target-oriented education.

scholarly journals PROBABILITAS ANGKATAN KERJA TERDIDIK YANG TIDAK TERSERAP PADA PASAR KERJA

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-203
Author(s):  
Muhit Hidayah ◽  
◽  
Joko Triyanto ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Household Members

The existence of a demographic transition that in the long run has an impact on the population explosion in the productive age and even the population trend shows a growing pattern of population growth in the productive age. It is feared that the number of people of productive age who are not absorbed in employment will eventually become unemployed. Unemployment of productive age will have an impact on the amount of educated unemployment. This study will analyze the demographic, human capital and economic factors behind educated unemployment in Sragen Regency in 2019, from the supply dan demand side. The data used is the raw data of the results of the National Labor Force Survey (SAKERNAS) in Agustus 2019 from the Statistics of Sragen Regency (BPS) with a sample of 602 respondents. The method used is logistic regression analysis. The results showed that the variables age, number of household members, gender, relationship with the head of the household, marital status, Diploma I / II, Diploma III, Diploma IV / S1 and S2 affect the probability of the educated workforce to be unemployed. Meanwhile, the domicile variable does not significantly affect the probability of the educated workforce being unemployed.

Determinants of Industrial Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 378-406
Author(s):  
Fiona Tregenna ◽  
Kevin Nell ◽  
Chris Callaghan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Government Consumption ◽  
Capital Account Liberalization ◽  
Exchange Rate Depreciation

Global evidence suggests that, for many countries, manufacturing typically has an inverted U-shaped relationship with development. But unlike the historical experience of most developed countries, for most developing countries the turning point of this relationship is occurring sooner in the development process, and at substantially lower levels of income. This is termed ‘premature deindustrialization’. The consequences of this may be particularly important if such countries can no longer rely on manufacturing-led development. Why are some countries more industrialized, or more deindustrialized, than other comparable countries? To explore these issues, this chapter uses panel-data econometric techniques to analyse the determinants of the share of manufacturing in GDP, across countries and across time. Domestic determinants include investment, government consumption, population size, human capital, democracy, and natural resource endowments. External determinants include trade openness, capital account liberalization, and exchange rate depreciation.

Population, Environment, and Women’s Issues

2002 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Family Planning ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
World Population ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
The World

Ultimately, the necessity to supply food, energy, habitat, infrastructure, and consumer goods for the ever-growing population is responsible for the demise of the environment. Remedial actions for pollution abatement, and further technological progress toward energy efficiency, development of new crops, and improvements in manufacturing processes may help to mitigate the severity of environmental deterioration. However, we can hardly hope for restoration of a clean environment, improvement in human health, and an end to poverty without arresting the continuous growth of the world population. According to the United Nations count, world population reached 6 billion in mid October 1999 (1). The rate of population growth and the fertility rates by continent, as well as in the United States and Canada, are presented in Table 14.1. It can be seen that the fastest population growth occurs in the poorest countries of the world. Despite the worldwide decrease in fertility rates between 1975–80 period and that of 1995–2000, the rate of population growth in most developing countries changed only slightly due to the demographic momentum, which means that because of the high fertility rates in the previous decades, the number of women of childbearing age had increased. Historically, the preference for large families in the developing nations was in part a result of either cultural or religious traditions. In some cases there were practical motivations, as children provided helping hands with farm chores and a security in old age. At present the situation is changing. A great majority of governments of the developing countries have recognized that no improvement of the living standard of their citizens will ever be possible without slowing the explosive population growth. By 1985, a total of 70 developing nations had either established national family planning programs, or provided support for such programs conducted by nongovernmental agencies; now only four of the world’s 170 countries limit access to family planning services. As result, 95% of the developing world population lives in countries supporting family planning. Consequently, the percentage of married couples using contraceptives increased from less than 10% in 1960 to 57% in 1997.

scholarly journals Population and Economic Growth Under Different Growth Engines

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Bucci ◽  
Xavier Raurich
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Human Capital Investment ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Long Run

Abstract Using a growth model with physical capital accumulation, human capital investment and horizontal R&D activity, this paper proposes an alternative channel through which an increase in the population growth rate may yield a non-uniform (i.e., a positive, negative, or neutral) impact on the long-run growth rate of per-capita GDP, as available empirical evidence seems mostly to suggest. The proposed mechanism relies on the nature of the process of economic growth (whether it is fully or semi-endogenous), and the peculiar engine(s) driving economic growth (human capital investment, R&D activity, or both). The model also explains why in the long term the association between population growth and productivity growth may ultimately be negative when R&D is an engine of economic growth.

scholarly journals Human Capital Spending: A Review on the Developments and the Results in Turkey

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haşim Akça
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Capital Spending ◽  
Knowledge Capability ◽  
Factors Of Production ◽  
The Developed Countries

Human capital is defined as values like knowledge, capability, experiment and dynamism that labour contributed to production holds and enables more productive usage of other factors of production. According to this definition that includes properties of individuals in the production process like knowledge, capability, experiment and dynamism, with the definition of human capital, all capabilities devoted to the increasing production is incorporated. Developing and efficient usage of human capital and is very crucial especially in less developed and developing countries. In this countries, not only selecting the optimal combination but also acquisition and the way to use these factors of production in order to increase production exhibits an important dimension. However, this will not be sufficient to catch the developed countries. In order to achieve this goal, beyond transmitting new technologies, constructing knowledge and technology that fosters this technological development is required. Developing and efficient usage of human capital, one of the important dynamics of the economic growth is very crucial in less developed and developing countries comparing to developed countries. In order to develop human capital educated and healthy society is needed. Efficient assessment of the associated capital requires satisfaction of individuals by the means of tangible facilities social relations. In this study, the evolution of human capital will be investigated under human capital indicators and findings will be revealed. Therewithal, several suggestions will be powered for developing human capital.

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