Eco-Friendly On-Site Water Analyses for Ultra-Trace Harmful Ions

2017 ◽  
pp. 313-326
Author(s):  
Yukiko Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Site Water ◽  
Energy Consuming ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Ultra Trace ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Analytical Time

Governments in developed countries specify water quality standards to be applied in their own countries. Recently the allowance values of harmful metals are getting tighter for environmental water and industrial wastewater throughout the world. For example, World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the criterion value of 3 ppb for cadmium for protection of human health, furthermore, governments of some countries provide the wastewater standard for zinc for conservation of aquatic life. High-performance analytical instruments such as AAS, ICP, and ICP-MS have been employed as official analytical methods of ultra-trace elements. Besides the costly initial and running expenses and the material and energy consuming of the instruments, specific technical skills and long analytical time are required for sample pre-treatment. Therefore, simple yet highly sensitive and eco-friendly on-site methods have been demanded for quick judgment of industrial and environmental water in developed countries as well as evaluation of drinking water in developing countries.

scholarly journals Assessment of a Portable Device to Quantify Vitamin A in Fortified Foods (Flour, Sugar, and Milk) for Quality Control

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaud Laillou ◽  
Cécile Renaud ◽  
Jacques Berger ◽  
Regina Moench-Pfanner ◽  
Laura Fontan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Retinyl Palmitate ◽  
World Health ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Good Determination ◽  
Health Organization

Background Simple-to-use quantitative methods are needed to check the adequacy of vitamin A fortification levels. Objective To assess the capacity of a portable fluorometer (iCheck FLUORO) and its test kit vials (iEx Mila) to quantify retinyl palmitate in fortified milks, flours (wheat, maize), and sugar. Methods The portable fluorometer was assessed in a three-step procedure to determine its working range and linearity, intra-assay precision, and interperson precision. Measurements were compared with the results obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), commonly regarded as the standard method for vitamin A analysis. Results The portable fluorometer (iCheck FLUORO) and its test kit vials (iEx Mila) precisely determined the vitamin A contents in fortified flours, sugar, and milks. Its working range was 1 to 10, 0.5 to 3.0, and 5 to 15 mg retinol equivalents (RE) kg−1 for flours (wheat and corn), milks, and sugar, respectively; these values are in accordance with the World Health Organization recommendations for food fortification in least developed countries. The limits of detection are higher than those of HPLC but are all satisfactory (< 1.46 mg RE kg−1). The coefficients of variation within and between observers were satisfactory, especially for sugar and milk. Conclusions The linear relationship between the data from the portable fluorometer and the HPLC data confirms that the portable fluorometer provides a good determination of the vitamin A content of the fortified products in the tested range.

April 20 to 26, 2020 – World Immunization Week

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
Oksana Rybachok
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Preventive Vaccination ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Third World

Infectious diseases in the modern world continue to claim millions of human lives despite the achievements of medicine. While in developed countries the main cause of death is cancer and diseases of the cardiovascular system, it is the infectious processes that occupy leading positions in the structure of mortality in the third world countries. About 1.7 million children die from infections that could have been avoided by vaccination according to the World Health Organization. In contrast to the countries of Western Europe, where preventive vaccinations for the population are carried out for a fee, preventive vaccination in the Russian Federation is funded by the state. Immunoprophylaxis includes not only prevention of 12 major infections included in the calendar of preventive vaccinations (diphtheria, polio, tetanus, whooping cough, tuberculosis, measles, rubella, mumps, hepatitis B, pneumococcal infections and haemophilus influenzae, influenza), but also vaccination against 17 additional infections in case of epidemiological indications.

scholarly journals Cross-cultural differences in the epidemiology of unexplained fatigue syndromes in primary care

2003 ◽  
Vol 182 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petros Skapinakis ◽  
Glyn Lewis ◽  
Venetsanos Mavreas
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
World Health ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
International Data ◽  
Health Organization

BackgroundUnexplained fatigue has been extensively studied but most of the samples used were from Western countries.AimsTo present international data on the prevalence of unexplained fatigue and fatigue as a presenting complaint in primary care.MethodSecondary analysis of the World Health Organization study of psychological problems in general health care. A total of 5438 primary care attenders from 14 countries were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview.ResultsThe prevalence of unexplained fatigue of 1-month duration differed across centres, with a range between 2.26 (95% CI 1.17–4.33) and 15.05 (95% CI 10.85–20.49). Subjects from more-developed countries were more likely to report unexplained fatigue but less likely to present with fatigue to physicians compared with subjects from less developed countries.ConclusionsIn less-developed countries fatigue might be an indicator of unmet psychiatric need, but in more-developed countries it is probably a symbol of psychosocial distress.

scholarly journals World Health Organization Sub-Types, Initial Treatment Outcome and Prognostic Study of Unselected Adult Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukaemia in Shanghai: An Analysis of 623 Cases

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 1191-1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Ma ◽  
X Wang ◽  
X Xu ◽  
G Lin
Keyword(s):  
Prognostic Factor ◽  
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Acute Myeloid

This study investigated the complete remission (CR) rate and survival of 623 newly diagnosed patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in Shanghai, China, classified according to World Health Organization and French–American–British criteria, and compared the differences in treatment effect with those reported in developed countries and those reported in Shanghai from 1984 to 1994. Total CR rate was 66.5%, median survival was 18 months and estimated survival at 3 years was 30.8%. The 3-year relapse rate was 55.1%. These data showed that the CR rate was similar to that achieved in studies from developed countries, but long-term survival was worse. The CR rate and survival were increased markedly compared with data previously collected in Shanghai (1984-1994). Induction chemotherapeutic regimens based on idarubicin, daunorubicin or homoharringtonine all had similar CR rates and survivals. Karyotype was the most important prognostic factor. Multilineage dysplasia in de novo AML was not an independent prognostic factor. Improvement in the long-term treatment effect in China is an important challenge for the future.

scholarly journals Osteopathic correction in the treatment of pain in the lower back

2020 ◽  
pp. 140-146
Author(s):  
V. O. Belash ◽  
Yu. O. Novikov
Keyword(s):  
Back Pain ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Lower Back ◽  
The World ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Acute Back Pain ◽  
Health Organization

According to experts of the World Health Organization the lower back pain (LBP) prevalence in developed countries reaches the pandemic size, and it is a serious medical and socio-economic problem. Acute back pain is transformed into chronic in 10–20 % of working age patients′ cases; this causes serious psychological disorders appearing, forms painful behavior and persists even when the initial pain trigger is eliminated. Data from metaanalyses of randomized controlled trials indicate the effectiveness of the osteopathic approach in the treatment of LBP patients. At the same time the osteopathic correction is effective not only for acute pain, but also for chronic pain. A case from clinical practice is described demonstrating the possibility of osteopathic correction of a LBP patient.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Therapeutic Effectiveness of Combined Action Antiallergic Drugs in Monotherapy of Allergic Conjunctivitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-123
Author(s):  
N. G. Zumbulidze ◽  
V. M. Khokkanen ◽  
I. B. Litvin
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Conjunctivitis ◽  
Systemic Exposure ◽  
Local Therapy ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Ophthalmic Manifestations ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

According to statistical studies in recent decades, there has been an increase of allergic diseases in most countries of the world. Predisposing factors are the deterioration of the environmental situation, the total “chemicalization” of life and the forced use of drugs. Twenty years ago, the World Health Organization called the new century “the century of allergies” and the disease itself as an “epidemic”. As time has shown, these forecasts have come true: from 2001 to 2010, the number of allergic people in the world increased by 20 % and many of these patients suffer from ophthalmic manifestations of the pathology: the eyes are involved in the process in almost every second case. This is due to the fact that the eyes are directly exposed to the environment and a variety of external allergens. The most common disease of an eye-allergic nature is allergic conjunctivitis: approximately 15 % of the total population of economically developed countries suffer from it. Allergic blepharitis, eyelid dermatitis, keratitis, iritis, uveitis, retinitis and optic neuritis are much less common. The following manifestations are typical for allergic conjunctivitis: burning, lacrimation, pruritus, hyperemia of the eyelids and conjunctiva, photophobia. In the case of a transition to a chronic form, pronounced tissue changes are observed. Therefore, timely diagnosis and effective treatment certainly have a positive effect on the quality of life of the patient and the course of the disease. The treatment of patients with allergic conjunctivitis, first of all, consists in the maximum possible restriction of contact with the allergen. During desensitizing therapy, local and general drugs are used. Numerous studies have proven the advantage of targeted and effective antiallergic local therapy compared with systemic exposure. Currently used local ophthalmic antiallergic drugs belonging to various groups. The tactics of their use is determined by the acuity, severity and etiology of the process. When choosing a drug, in some cases, you should focus on the presence of substances that provide a double mechanism of action: a pronounced antihistamine activity in combination with the stabilization properties of mast cells, which has a quick and long therapeutic effect. This study evaluated efficacy of Vizallergol (olopatadin 0.2 %) application in cases of allergic conjunctivitis in 239 patients was evaluated. The medication arrested the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis in 89 % of patients, at that the mean period of treatment made 10.7 ± 0.3 days. In the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis, the therapeutic efficacy of Vizallergol 0.2 % was comparable to opatanol 0.1 % and was found to be more comfortable for most patients due to the convenience of a single use.

Technical Report Abstract: The Management of Acute Gastroenteritis in Children—Technical Report for the American Academy of Pediatrics Practice Parameter

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-436
Author(s):  
GAIL R. BROWN ◽  
PETER MARGOLIS
Keyword(s):  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Practice Parameter ◽  
Oral Rehydration ◽  
Technical Report ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Quantitative Synthesis ◽  
Evidence Model ◽  
Health Organization

This technical report describes the process followed in the development of the AAP practice parameter on acute gastroenteritis, as well as the evidence used to formulate the final recommendations. An evidence model that defined acute gastroenteritis and identified diagnostic tests and interventions used in its management and outcomes of importance was used to identify topics to include in the guideline. The three topics selected were: (1) methods of rehydration, (2) refeeding after rehydration, and (3) the use of antidiarrheal agents. Primary outcomes of interest were duration of disease, complications of therapy, parental satisfaction, and cost. Multiple bibliographic sources were searched to identify articles related to these areas; the sources included MEDLINE, reports on gastroenteritis from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization, the Federal Register, a report to the Food and Drug Administration, and files of the expert panel. More than 4000 articles were initially reviewed, of which 230 were identified as being potentially related to the three topics. Qualitative aspects of the literature reviewed were summarized in evidence tables. Sufficient data for quantitative summary were available only for refeeding after rehydration. In this analysis, the weighted difference across studies between treatment and control groups in the mean duration of diarrhea was used as the measure of the relative benefit of one form of therapy over another. Methods of Rehydration Evidence comparing oral rehydration and intravenous therapy was limited to five reports of randomized trials conducted in developed countries. It was not possible to perform a quantitative synthesis of this information because of a lack of similar outcomes.

scholarly journals Quality of antimalarials in Kinshasa peri-urban areas with regard to local pharmaceutical legislation and regulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-263
Author(s):  
Don Jethro Mavungu Landu ◽  
Michel Frédérich ◽  
Joseph Manzambi Kuwekita ◽  
Christian Bongo-Pasi Nswe ◽  
J K Mbinze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Brand Names ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Array Detector ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Health Commodities

Abstract Background In the context of old pharmaceutical legislation and regulations not adapted to current realities, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the existing pharmaceutical system in peri-urban areas of Kinshasa. Methods A prospective study was carried out during the period 2016–2018. The most used antimalarial medicines were identified through household and pharmaceutical establishment surveys. The samples of the obtained medicines were assayed with generic separation methods using the high-performance liquid chromatography technique coupled to a diode array detector. The registration status was checked for 126 antimalarial brand names. A characterization was carried out in 196 pharmaceutical establishments on the basis of standards set out by the Ministry of Health. Results Of the 75 samples assayed, 19% (14/75) were non-compliant. Of the 124 brand names, 46.0% (57/124) were unlicensed and 14.5% (18/124) had an expired licence. Of the 196 pharmaceutical establishments, only 2 (1.0%) had an authorization to practice, none met all the Ministry of Health minimum standards and 24.5% (48/196) met the World Health Organization Guidelines for the Storage of Essential Medicines and Other Health Commodities. Conclusions More resources should be mobilized to apply regulator sanctions.

Arsenic-hypertolerant and arsenic-reducing bacteria isolated from wells in Tucumán, Argentina

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 876-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Maizel ◽  
Pilar Balverdi ◽  
Barry Rosen ◽  
Adriana M. Sales ◽  
Marcela A. Ferrero
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
High Performance ◽  
World Health ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Major Anions ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Reducing Bacteria ◽  
The Village

Arsenic-hypertolerant bacteria were isolated from arsenic-contaminated well water from the village of Los Pereyra in Tucumán province, Argentina. Microorganisms that biotransform arsenic are a major factor in arsenic mobilization in contaminated aquifers. Groundwater analyses showed a level of arsenic contamination (mean concentration of 978 μg·L−1) that exceeds the safe drinking water limit of 10 μg·L−1recommended by the World Health Organization and the Argentine Food Code. There was considerable spatial variability in the concentration of arsenic in each of the wells analyzed and in the distribution of the major anions HCO3–, SO42–, and Cl–. Eighteen bacterial strains were characterized. Six strains belonging to the Actinobacteria phylum were able to grow in media with 20 mmol·L–1As(III) or 200 mmol·L–1As(V) and were also highly resistant to Cr, Cd, and Cu. Their ability to biotransform arsenic was examined by speciation of the products by high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In addition, two strains, Brevibacterium sp. strain AE038-4 and Microbacterium sp. strain AE038-20, were capable of aerobic arsenate reduction, which suggests that these strains could increase the mobility of arsenic by formation of more mobile As(III).

Recommendations for Establishing a Drug and Toxicology Information Center in a Developing Country

DICP ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 1379-1383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ossy J. Kasilo ◽  
Charles F.B. Nhachi
Keyword(s):  
Health Professionals ◽  
Information Service ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Teaching Institution ◽  
National Drug ◽  
Information Center ◽  
Drug Policies ◽  
Teaching Curriculum ◽  
Health Organization

The purpose of this work was to formulate guidelines to help health professionals in establishing or strengthening the capabilities of drug and toxicology information centers and related facilities in developing countries. These guidelines are based on the experience of an established drug and toxicology information service in Zimbabwe which has been operating for more than ten years and on information obtained from other centers in developed countries. The guidelines provide advice rather than a unique model and should therefore be adapted rather than adopted. We conclude that national drug policies should include provision for establishing drug information centers. The World Health Organization and similar organizations should assist in establishing these centers. We believe that a drug and toxicology information center is more beneficial to the community when it is part of the teaching curriculum and continuing education for health professionals. Therefore, the center should be located in a medical teaching institution.

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