Influence of Concept, Definitions, Assessments Methods, and Sources of Data on Prevalence of Sexual Abuse

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Rejani Thudalikunnil Gopalan
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
General Population ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Individuals With Disabilities ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Special Groups ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Interview Methods ◽  
Different Dimensions

The focus of this chapter is to examine how the conceptual differences influence the definition and prevalence of sexual abuse among children, adolescence and adults. Attempting to understand measures, sources of data and special groups influences on prevalence rates is a challenge. It was observed that the prevalence of sexual abuse varies according to the type of concept and definitions, legal criteria, method of data collection, like interview methods, questionnaires, or self reports, and the source of data such as general population or specific groups such as prisoners, and individuals with disabilities are used for the study. In some studies, the rates are exaggerated because of the definitions. The chapter concludes that is important to evaluate prevalence studies of sexual abuse on different dimensions and criteria to make final conclusions.

Inconsistent retrospective self-reports of childhood sexual abuse and their correlates in the general population

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 603-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willemien Langeland ◽  
Jan H. Smit ◽  
Harald Merckelbach ◽  
Gerard de Vries ◽  
Adriaan W. Hoogendoorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Childhood Sexual Abuse ◽  
General Population ◽  
Self Reports

The Prevalence of Sexual Revictimization: A Meta-Analytic Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah E. Walker ◽  
Jennifer S. Freud ◽  
Robyn A. Ellis ◽  
Shawn M. Fraine ◽  
Laura C. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Child Sexual Abuse ◽  
General Population ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Abuse Survivors ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Sexual Abuse Survivors ◽  
Sexual Revictimization ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
The Mean

The literature consistently demonstrates evidence that child sexual abuse survivors are at greater risk of victimization later in life than the general population. This phenomenon is called sexual revictimization. Although this finding is robust, there is a large amount of variability in the prevalence rates of revictimization demonstrated in the literature. The purpose of the present meta-analysis was to calculate an average prevalence rate of revictimization across the literature and to examine moderators that may potentially account for the observed variability. Based on a review of PsycINFO and PILOTS, 1,412 articles were identified and reviewed for inclusion. This process resulted in the inclusion of 80 studies, which contained 12,252 survivors of child sexual abuse. The mean prevalence of sexual revictimization across studies was 47.9% (95% confidence intervals [43.6%, 52.3%]), suggesting that almost half of child sexual abuse survivors are sexually victimized in the future. The present study failed to find support for any of the examined moderators. Potential explanations of and implications for the results are offered, including suggestions for therapists.

Perlaksanaan Kaedah Pembelajaran Berasaskan Projek dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Kaedah Fiqh

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
Mohd Aderi Che Noh ◽  
Normurni Mohamad ◽  
Adibah Hasanah Abd Halim ◽  
Absha Atiah Abu Bakar
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Mechanical Engineering ◽  
Project Based Learning ◽  
Narrative Form ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
Engineering Program ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Interview Methods

This study aims to see the implementation of project based learning methods (PBL) implemented by lecturers in the Science, Technology and Engineering P&P processes in Islam as an effort to enhance students' understanding in the Fiqh Method. Respondents in this study were students of second semester, Diploma of Mechanical Engineering program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Banting. Observation and interview methods are used for data collection purposes. The data were analyzed descriptively and presented in narrative form. The findings show that PBL activity is a fun and enjoyable P&P activity for students. Abstrak Kajian  ini  bertujuan  untuk  melihat  perlaksanaan  kaedah  pembelajaran  berasaskan  projek  (PBL)  yang dilaksanakan  oleh  pensyarah  dalam  proses  P&P Sains,  Teknologi  dan  kejuruteraan  dalam  Islam  sebagai usaha  meningkatkan  kefahaman  pelajar  pelajar  dalam  tajuk  Kaedah Fiqh.  Responden  dalam  kajian  ini adalah   terdiri   daripada   pelajar   semester   dua   progran   Diploma   Kejuruteraan   Mekanikal,   Jabatan Kejuruteraan  Mekanikal,  Politeknik  Banting.  Kaedah  pemerhatian  dan  temu  bual  digunakan  bagi  tujuan pengutipan data. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif dan dipersembahkan dalam bentuk naratif. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan aktiviti PBL merupakan aktiviti P&P yang disukai dan menyeronokkan bagi para pelajar.

scholarly journals Mental disorders among adults formerly in out-of-home care: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Süheyla Seker ◽  
Cyril Boonmann ◽  
Heike Gerger ◽  
Lena Jäggi ◽  
Delfine d’Huart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Welfare ◽  
General Population ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Juvenile Justice ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Out Of Home Care ◽  
Specific Disorders ◽  
Home Placement ◽  
Care History

AbstractWhile children and adolescents placed in child welfare or juvenile justice out-of-home care show higher prevalence rates of mental disorders compared to the general population, it remains unclear whether this pattern persists into adulthood. A quantitative synthesis of existing studies is lacking. The aim of this meta-analysis was to estimate the prevalence rates for mental disorders among adults with a foster or residential child welfare or juvenile justice care history, comparing them where possible to rates among the general population. PubMed, PsycInfo, EMBASE, and Web of Science were systematically searched for epidemiological studies published up to 28 October 2020. Nineteen studies, totaling 604,257 participants, met our inclusion criteria. Random-effects models were used for prevalence rates and odds ratios (OR) of mental disorders, and study quality was rated. A prevalence rate of 30% [95% CI (23.36, 37.36)] for any mental disorder in adults with a child welfare care history was found (3–17% for specific disorders). A prevalence rate of 45% [95% CI (42.38, 47.38)] for any mental disorder was found in adults with a juvenile justice care history (6–66% for specific disorders). For out-of-home placement history, adult mental disorders were significantly higher than in the general population (OR = 1.33–2.76). Studies differed in terms of methodology and the disorder groups considered, so heterogeneity between effect sizes ranged from low to high. Our findings suggest that the high risk that mental health issues will persist in adults with an out-of-home placement history needs to be taken seriously in the transition from adolescence to adulthood. The care systems involved need to collaborate and to be aware of these risks.

scholarly journals Personalized Biometrics of Physical Pain Agree with Psychophysics by Participants with Sensory over Responsivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Jihye Ryu ◽  
Tami Bar-Shalita ◽  
Yelena Granovsky ◽  
Irit Weissman-Fogel ◽  
Elizabeth B. Torres
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Summary Statistics ◽  
Physical Pain ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Theoretical Population ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Reported Data

The study of pain requires a balance between subjective methods that rely on self-reports and complementary objective biometrics that ascertain physical signals associated with subjective accounts. There are at present no objective scales that enable the personalized assessment of pain, as most work involving electrophysiology rely on summary statistics from a priori theoretical population assumptions. Along these lines, recent work has provided evidence of differences in pain sensations between participants with Sensory Over Responsivity (SOR) and controls. While these analyses are useful to understand pain across groups, there remains a need to quantify individual differences more precisely in a personalized manner. Here we offer new methods to characterize pain using the moment-by-moment standardized fluctuations in EEG brain activity centrally reflecting the person’s experiencing temperature-based stimulation at the periphery. This type of gross data is often disregarded as noise, yet here we show its utility to characterize the lingering sensation of discomfort raising to the level of pain, individually, for each participant. We show fundamental differences between the SOR group in relation to controls and provide an objective account of pain congruent with the subjective self-reported data. This offers the potential to build a standardized scale useful to profile pain levels in a personalized manner across the general population.

scholarly journals Forensic Behavioral Science of Serial and Mass Murder with an Addition of Leisure Research: A Descriptive Synthesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
D J Williams
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Mass Murder ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Multiple Homicide ◽  
Violent Events ◽  
Science Disciplines

Prevalence rates of multiple homicide are statistically rare and vary across nations, yet such cases create substantial suffering for victims and can generate widespread fear among the general population. Despite extreme rarity, it remains important for forensic experts and professionals to be prepared when extremely violent events occur. This review summarizes contemporary behavioral science of serial and mass murder, then highlights the application of recent leisure research to add new motivational and behavioral insights. Research on the application of leisure science to homicide research is in its infancy, yet in conjunction with other related behavioral science disciplines, appears to hold promise in understanding, and perhaps helping to prevent, future violence.

scholarly journals Willingness of Greek general population to get a COVID-19 vaccine

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia Kourlaba ◽  
Eleni Kourkouni ◽  
Stefania Maistreli ◽  
Christina-Grammatiki Tsopela ◽  
Nafsika-Maria Molocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
General Population ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
To Receive

Abstract Background Epidemiological data indicate that a large part of population needs to be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity. Hence, it is of high importance for public health officials to know whether people are going to get vaccinated for COVID-19. The objective of the present study was to examine the willingness of adult residents in Greece to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Methods A cross-sectional was survey conducted among the adult general population of Greece between April 28, 2020 to May 03, 2020 (last week of lockdown), using a mixed methodology for data collection: Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) and Computer Assisted web Interviewing (CAWI). Using a sample size calculator, the target sample size was found to be around 1000 respondents. To ensure a nationally representative sample of the urban/rural population according to the Greek census 2011, a proportionate stratified by region systematic sampling procedure was used to recruit particpants. Data collection was guided through a structured questionnaire. Regarding willingness to COVID-19 vaccination, participants were asked to answer the following question: “If there was a vaccine available for the novel coronavirus, would you do it?” Results Of 1004 respondents only 57.7% stated that they are going to get vaccinated for COVID-19. Respondents aged > 65 years old, those who either themselves or a member of their household belonged to a vulnerable group, those believing that the COVID-19 virus was not developed in laboratories by humans, those believing that coronavirus is far more contagious and lethal compared to the H1N1 virus, and those believing that next waves are coming were statistically significantly more likely to be willing to get a COVID-19 vaccine. Higher knowledge score regarding symptoms, transmission routes and prevention and control measures against COVID-19 was significantly associated with higher willingness of respondents to get vaccinated. Conclusion A significant proportion of individuals in the general population are unwilling to receive a COVID-19 vaccine, stressing the need for public health officials to take immediate awareness-raising measures.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review Summarizing the State of Evidence on Bullying in Childhood Cancer Patients/Survivors

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisy E. Collins ◽  
Sarah J. Ellis ◽  
Madeleine M. Janin ◽  
Claire E. Wakefield ◽  
Kay Bussey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Childhood Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
The State ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
School Absence ◽  
Self Reports

Background: One in four school-aged children is bullied. However, the risk may be greater for childhood cancer patients/survivors (diagnosed <18 years), because of symptoms of the disease and treatment that may prejudice peers. While the serious consequences of bullying are well documented in the general population, bullying may have even greater impact in children with cancer due to the myriad of challenges associated with treatment and prolonged school absence. Objective: To summarize the state of evidence on bullying in childhood cancer patients/survivors; specifically, the rate and types of bullying experienced and the associated factors. Method: We searched five electronic databases from inception to February 2018 for original research articles reporting on bullying in childhood cancer patients/survivors. Results: We identified 29 eligible articles, representing 1,078 patients/survivors ( M = 14.35 years). Self-reports from patients/survivors revealed a considerably higher rate of bullying (32.2%) compared with the general population (25%). Our review identified little information on the factors associated with bullying in patients/survivors. However, the bullying described tended to be verbal and was often related to the physical side effects of treatment, indicating that differences in appearance may prejudice peers. It was further suggested that educating the child’s classmates about cancer may prevent bullying. Conclusions: Our findings confirm that bullying is a significant challenge for many childhood cancer patients/survivors. Additional studies are needed to identify factors that may influence the risk of bullying, which will inform the development of evidence-based interventions and guidelines to prevent bullying in childhood cancer patients/survivors.

Speech Disorders among College Freshmen

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald L. Culton
Keyword(s):  
College Freshmen ◽  
Spontaneous Recovery ◽  
Voice Disorders ◽  
Speech Disorders ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Direct Examination ◽  
Fluency Disorders ◽  
Communicative Disorders ◽  
Interview Methods

This report provides data collected over a 13-year period on communicative disorders among college freshmen. The students were examined for existing speech disorders and questioned about recovery from previous disorders, with and without treatment. At examination, 2.42% exhibited articulation, voice, or fluency disorders; whereas an additional 2.34%, no longer exhibiting problems, reported recovery from previous disorders. Articulation therapy was reportedly effective in recovery (46%), whereas therapy for fluency disorders was less effective (24%) than spontaneous recovery (35%). Although voice disorders were evident at examination, self-perception of previous voice problems was almost nonexistent. The data, compared with those from other reports, confirm that direct examination produces prevalence rates higher than those found via informant interview methods.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document