Behavioral Interventions

2019 ◽  
pp. 14-28
Author(s):  
Kate A. Helbig ◽  
Sarah J. Wright ◽  
James R. Derieux ◽  
Stefanie R. Schrieber ◽  
Keith C. Radley
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Instructional Strategies ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Temporal Proximity ◽  
Close Temporal Proximity

Behavior does not occur in a vacuum—there are many environmental factors and events that contribute to the occurrence of behavior. When developing an intervention to address the behavior of students, it is critical to first consider the events in close temporal proximity to the behavior of interest. In this chapter, the authors discuss antecedent-behavior-consequent relations and how to effectively modify behavior in one of three ways: manipulating antecedents to behavior, altering the consequences of a behavior, and teaching replacement or alternative forms of the behavior. Further, the chapter provides a review of principles of operant conditioning: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment. Finally, the chapter provides an overview of key instructional strategies, such as imitation training, chaining, and shaping.

Online Shopping for Positive and Negative Reinforcement Products

2004 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Patricia Sorce ◽  
Victor Perotti ◽  
Stanley Widrick
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Shopping Behavior ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Conditioning Theory ◽  
Online Shoppers ◽  
Operant Conditioning Theory

The present research applies operant conditioning theory to the question of what products and services consumers will shop for and buy online. Operant conditioning theory explains differences between products that are used to alleviate uncomfortable experiences (negative reinforcement) and those providing enjoyable experiences (positive reinforcement). The preliminary results described in this study confirmed the importance of operant conditioning as a factor in the behavior of online shoppers. For example, when asked to provide an open-ended list of products that they had shopped for, our respondents mentioned products that produce positive reinforcement 476 times versus only four mentions for those that create negative reinforcement. Furthermore, for a list of seventeen common product categories, the results showed that respondents were not only less likely to shop for negative reinforcement products but also even less likely to purchase negative products online than positive products. The results of this exploratory study lay the groundwork for future research by introducing negative and positive reinforcement as a predictor of Internet shopping behavior.

Skinner’s Operant Conditioning

2020 ◽  
pp. 0-5:39 minutes
Author(s):  
Caitlin McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Consumer Behaviour ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Consumer Attitudes ◽  
Fundamental Concept

This module introduces the fundamental concept of Skinner’s Operant Conditioning and discusses its uses in the area of consumer behaviour. Specifically, the module discusses how to utilize positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment in the field of marketing to influence consumer attitudes and behaviours.

Operant treatment

2013 ◽  
pp. 531-542
Author(s):  
Keith J. Slifer ◽  
Adrianna Amari ◽  
Cynthia Maynard Ward
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Medical Procedure ◽  
Recurrent Pain ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Pain Behaviour ◽  
Conditioning Theory ◽  
Clinical Pain ◽  
Operant Conditioning Theory

Operant conditioning interventions for clinical pain involve the modification of environmental and social stimuli that are (1) antecedents (discriminative stimuli or setting events) to maladaptive pain behaviour or (2) consequent stimuli that maintain the maladaptive pain behaviour through positive reinforcement (social attention or assistance from others) or negative reinforcement (escape or avoidance of uncomfortable, effortful activity, or of social, academic, or work responsibilities). While aspects of operant conditioning theory have been included in the design of interventions to manage acute paediatric medical procedure-related pain (see Slifer et al., 1995 , 2002 , 2011 ), this chapter will not include these studies but will focus on operant conditioning based interventions for illness-and injury-related chronic or recurrent pain.

A Problem-Solving Approach to Teaching Operant Conditioning

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Shields ◽  
Margaret Gredler
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Psychology Students ◽  
Classroom Observations ◽  
Regular Classroom ◽  
Discriminative Stimuli ◽  
Approach To Teaching ◽  
Basic Concepts

Psychology students frequently have misconceptions of basic concepts in operant conditioning. Prior classroom observations revealed that most students defined positive reinforcement as reward and equated negative reinforcement and punishment. Students also labeled positive reinforcement as rewarding good behavior and negative reinforcement as punishing bad behavior. We developed 14 problem-solving situations that involve positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment. Students analyzed these situations in regular classroom sessions and as homework. In these exercises, students specified the discriminative stimuli, the responses, and the nature of the consequences. Correlated t tests on the pre- and posttest means indicated a significant increase in students' understanding of these concepts.

Come on Over: Analyst/Investor Days as a Disclosure Medium

2016 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 1725-1750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus P. Kirk ◽  
Stanimir Markov
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Price Impact ◽  
Senior Management ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Temporal Proximity ◽  
Conference Presentations ◽  
Close Temporal Proximity ◽  
Jel Classifications

ABSTRACT Our study introduces analyst/investor days, a new disclosure medium that allows for private interactions with influential market participants. We also highlight interdependencies in the choice and information content of analyst/investor days and conference presentations, a well-researched disclosure medium that similarly allows for private interactions. Analyst/investor days are less frequent, but with longer duration and greater price impact than conference presentations. They are mostly hosted by firms that already have opportunities to interact with investors at conferences, but whose complex and diverse activities make the short duration and rigid format of a conference presentation an imperfect solution to these firms' information problems. Analyst/investor days and conference presentations tend to occur in different quarters, consistent with their competing for the time and attention of senior management. When these two mediums are scheduled in close temporal proximity to each other, analyst/investor days diminish the information content of conference presentations, but not vice versa, consistent with managers' favoring analyst/investor days over conference presentations as a disclosure medium. JEL Classifications: D82; M41; G11; G12; G14. Data Availability: Data are publicly available from the sources identified in the paper.

Approach and avoidance learning in patients with major depression and healthy controls: relation to anhedonia

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Chase ◽  
M. J. Frank ◽  
A. Michael ◽  
E. T. Bullmore ◽  
B. J. Sahakian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Negative Bias ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Global Reduction

BackgroundCentral to understanding of the behavioural consequences of depression has been the theory that the disorder is accompanied by an increased sensitivity to negative compared with positive reinforcement (negative bias), whereas other theorists have emphasized a global reduction in sensitivity to reinforcement in depression (blunting).MethodIn this study, we used a probabilistic selection task that was designed to examine independently rates of learning to predict both positive and negative reinforcement. Twenty-three depressed out-patients and 23 healthy controls from the local population participated in the study.ResultsNo evidence for a negative bias was observed on the task, either during acquisition of the task or during generalization of the learned information. Depressed patients responded slower on the task than controls but showed a similar modulation of reaction times (RTs) as controls following reinforcement. Evidence for blunting was observed on the training phase, as reflected in reduced trial-by-trial adjustment during this phase. However, this effect was related specifically to the severity of anhedonia, as measured by the Snaith–Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS), and was independent of overall depression severity.ConclusionsWe argue that the observation of a negative bias or blunting in a group of depressed patients may be dependent on the neuropsychological task and the symptoms of the patients tested. Our results provide insight into how these theories might be further tested.

Single SNN Architecture for Classical and Operant Conditioning using Reinforcement Learning

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Etienne Dumesnil ◽  
Philippe-Olivier Beaulieu ◽  
Mounir Boukadoum
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Field Programmable Gate Array ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Spiking Neural Network ◽  
Robotic Platform ◽  
Low Resource ◽  
Field Programmable ◽  
The Stability

A bio-inspired robotic brain is presented where the same spiking neural network (SNN) can implement five variations of learning by conditioning (LC): classical conditioning (CC), and operant conditioning (OC) with positive/negative reinforcement/punishment. In all cases, the links between input stimuli, output actions, reinforcements and punishments are strengthened depending on the stability of the delays between them. To account for the parallel processing nature of neural networks, the SNN is implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), and the neural delays are extracted via an adaptation of the synapto-dendritic kernel adapting neuron (SKAN) model, for a low resource demanding FPGA implementation of the SNN. A custom robotic platform successfully tested the ability of the proposed architecture to implement the five LC behaviors. Hence, this work contributes to the engineering field by proposing a scalable low resource demanding architecture for adaptive systems, and the cognitive field by suggesting that both CC and OC can be modeled as a single cognitive architecture.

scholarly journals PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN BEHAVIORAL OPERANT CONDITIONING PADA PEMBELAJARAN PAI DI SMA NEGERI 3 GOWA

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Agustina Rahayu ◽  
Wahyuni Ismail ◽  
Saprin .
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Student Behavior ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Lesson Plan ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Secondary Data Sources ◽  
Conditioning Approach

This study aims to find out the application of behavioral operant conditioning approach in learning Islamic education in state high school 3 Gowa, knowing the supporting factors and inhibiting the application of behavioral operant conditioning approach in Islamic education learning in state high school 3 Gowa and to know the result of applying behavioral operant conditioning approach on Islamic education learning in state high school 3 Gowa. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative research. This thesis uses primary and secondary data sources. Methods of data collection are observation, interview and documentation. Data analysis is data reduction, display data (presentation of data) and conclusion. The results showed that the implementation of behavioral operant conditioning approach on learning Islamic education in state high school 3 Gowa has been running well because Islamic education teachers have made lesson plans, implement learning according to lesson plan and evaluate to students on each sub-subject matter that can not be separated from provision of positive and negative reinforcement, although sometimes in the implementation of learning is less in accordance with the lesson plan that has been made by teachers Islamic education. In addition, after applying the behavioral operant conditioning approach to Islamic education learning in state high school 3 Gowa teachers also gained advantages and disadvantages of behavioral operant conditioning approach. The advantages obtained are students more enthusiastic and competing in following the learning process, can change student behavior to be better and motivated students in order to learn more enterprising. While the lack of a student who feels envy to students who excel and student behavior more wins.

scholarly journals Gender Differences of Smoking Perception among Adolescents in Terengganu, Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S3) ◽  
pp. 331-335
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Control Factor ◽  
Male Smoker ◽  
Negative Perception ◽  
Smoking Patterns

Majority of smokers who begin smoking as adolescents are at risk for developing smoking patterns. Misperception has contributed that smokers underestimate the risks related with smoking. The aim of this study was to identify the gender differences in adolescents’ perception about smokers based on four factors. A total of 863 respondents consist of 302 male (age 21.2 ± 0.56 year) and 562 female (age 20.9 ± 0.66 year) were participated in this study. They were asked to complete a Short-Form Smoking Consequences Questionnaire (S-SCQ) in this study. The result showed female adolescence reported significantly higher discontentment rate (negative perception) for smoking compared to male. There are all four factors were affected on smoking perception relative gender included negative consequence (z=-6.321, p<0.0001), positive reinforcement (z=- 8.110, p<0.0001), negative reinforcement (z=-7.584, p<0.0001) and appetite-weight control factor (z=-6.142, p<0.0001). Female tend to have negative perception on smoking behavior compared to male that encourage the higher number of male smoker than female adolescents. In conclusion, misconceptions about the consequence and reinforcement regarding smoking are widespread among adolescent under this study. Hence, significant public anti-smoking is vital to redress these misperceptions

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