Minimum Description Length Adaptive Bayesian Mining

2011 ◽  
pp. 1231-1235
Author(s):  
Diego Liberati
Keyword(s):  
Information Theory ◽  
Bayesian Networks ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Minimum Description Length ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Minimal Set ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Classification Procedures

In everyday life, it often turns out that one has to face a huge amount of data, often not completely homogeneous, often without an immediate grasp of an underlying simple structure. Many records, each instantiating many variables are usually collected with the help of several tools. Given the opportunity to have so many records on several possible variables, one of the typical goals one has in mind is to classify subjects on the basis of a hopefully reduced meaningful subset of the measured variables. The complexity of the problem makes it natural to resort to automatic classification procedures (Duda and Hart, 1973) (Hand et al., 2001). Then, a further questions could arise, like trying to infer a synthetic mathematical and/or logical model, able to capture the most important relations between the most influencing variables, while pruning (O’Connel 1974) the not relevant ones. Such interrelated aspects will be the focus of the present contribution. In the First Edition of this encyclopedia we already introduced three techniques dealing with such problems in a pair of articles (Liberati, 2005) (Liberati et al., 2005). Their rationale is briefly recalled in the following background section in order to introduce the kind of problems also faced by the different approach described in the present article, which will instead resort to the Adaptive Bayesian Networks implemented by Yarmus (2003) on a commercial wide spread data base tool like Oracle. Focus of the present article will thus be the use of Adaptive Bayesian Networks are in order to unsupervisedly learn a classifier direcly form data, whose minimal set of features is derived through the classical Minimun Description Lenght (Barron and Rissanen, 1998) popular in information theory. Reference will be again made to the same popular micro-arrays data set also used in (Liberati et al., 2005), not just to have a common benchmark useful to compare results and discuss complementary advantages of the various procedures, but also because of the increasing relevance of the bioinformatics field itself.

Eusebius of Caesarean Commentary on Psalm 37 in the Old Georgian Version

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-38
Author(s):  
Сергий Ким
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Critical Edition ◽  
Russian Translation ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Eusebius Of Caesarea

Толкование Евсевия Кесарийского на 37-й псалом в греческом оригинале было исследовано автором настоящей статьи в рамках проекта по Александрийской и Антиохийской экзегезе при Берлинско-Бранденбургской академии наук1 в 2017-2018 гг. По итогам исследования греческих рукописей было подготовлено новое критическое издание (в печати). Данная статья является продолжением работы над этим памятником и представляет читателю первую часть древнегрузинской версии Толкования на 37-й псалом и её русского перевода. The Greek original of the Commentary on Psalm 37 by Eusebius of Caesarea was studied by the author of the present contribution in the frame of the project «Die alexandrinische und antiochenische Bibelexegese in der Spätantike» at the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences in 2017-2018. The investigation of the Greek manuscripts led to a new critical edition of Eusebius’ text (forthcoming). We conceive the present article as a continuation of our study on this text and offer the reader a first part of the critical edition of the hitherto inedited Old Georgian version of Eusebius’ Commentary on Psalm 37 alongside its Russian translation.

scholarly journals Gender discrimination in societal and familial realms: Understanding agency among Chinese marriage migrant women in Switzerland

2021 ◽  
pp. 011719682098159
Author(s):  
Yali Chen
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
Professional Women ◽  
Migrant Women ◽  
Leftover Women ◽  
Foreign Wives

To understand the agency of Chinese marriage migrant women in Switzerland in their everyday life, the present article examines the reasons why Chinese women marry European men and their post-migratory life in Switzerland. Based on interviews with Chinese marriage migrant women, the article discusses their gendered representations before migration (as “leftover women” or “divorced women”) to being “foreign wives” after migration to Switzerland. Their migration from China to Switzerland also resulted to a change in their roles from “professional women” to “homemakers.” The gender-related discrimination the women encountered from China to their post-migration life in Switzerland demonstrates a continuum of gender discrimination in which they highly exert their agency that has also been enhanced by acts of resistance.

Representations of Evil in the Novels Miss Christina, The Snake and Isabel and the Devil’s Waters by Mircea Eliade

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-86
Author(s):  
Constantin Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Mircea Eliade ◽  
The Fantastic

"Representations of Evil in the Novels Miss Christina, The Snake and Isabel and the Devil’s Waters by Mircea Eliade. The present article analyzes some representations of evil in the novels Miss Christina, The Snake and Isabel and the Devil’s Waters by Mircea Eliade. In particular, we draw attention to the evil that directly refers to the mysterious dimension and, therefore, outlines a perception that exceeds the mundane experience of everyday life. In this sense, the emergence of unfathomable aspects and phenomena can only be explained in an imaginary approach. This type of representation of evil is perceived within the limits of a manifestation of the supernatural, in an unveiling of the evil through ill-fated, Mephistophelean characters or in the potentiation of “heresies” in the folkloric imaginary. The paper aims to examine how this evil, most often related to some almost occult experiences and fueled by local folklore, is capitalized in the fantastic prose of Mircea Eliade. Keywords: mysterious, fantastic, magical, imaginary, representation, evil, devil "

scholarly journals The role of the Italian Constitutional Court in the policy agenda: persistence and change between the First and Second Republic

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Rebessi ◽  
Francesco Zucchini
Keyword(s):  
Access Point ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Policy Agenda ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Research Questions

AbstractIf we examine the current literature, no study on policy agenda has so far addressed the agenda of a Constitutional Court in a country that has recently experienced crucial changes in its political system. The present contribution on the Italian Constitutional Court seeks to bridge this gap. We aim at assessing the role the Italian Court plays in the policy process in both the First and the Second Republic by answering two research questions: (1) in its decisions does the Court accommodate themes that are neglected in the parliamentary legislative process? (2) Does the Court (and if so, how often) represent interests and values in opposition to the interests and values supporting the current legislative majorities? By employing an original data set that puts together all decisions of constitutional illegitimacy under incidental review between the years 1983 and 2013, we found that in both Republics Court’s agenda is significantly more concentrated than Parliament’s agenda, and it does not broadly offer an alternative access point to the policy-making for new or neglected issues. However, at the same time, the alternational system of the Second Republic seems to trigger more immediate and ‘salient’ reactions from the Constitutional Court, which in that period becomes more prone to sanction recent legislation.

scholarly journals Adaptive Estimation for Epidemic Renewal and Phylogenetic Skyline Models

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1163-1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris V Parag ◽  
Christl A Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Information Theory ◽  
Model Selection ◽  
Adaptive Estimation ◽  
Minimum Description Length ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
Information Criteria ◽  
Classification Problems ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Incident Cases

Abstract Estimating temporal changes in a target population from phylogenetic or count data is an important problem in ecology and epidemiology. Reliable estimates can provide key insights into the climatic and biological drivers influencing the diversity or structure of that population and evidence hypotheses concerning its future growth or decline. In infectious disease applications, the individuals infected across an epidemic form the target population. The renewal model estimates the effective reproduction number, R, of the epidemic from counts of observed incident cases. The skyline model infers the effective population size, N, underlying a phylogeny of sequences sampled from that epidemic. Practically, R measures ongoing epidemic growth while N informs on historical caseload. While both models solve distinct problems, the reliability of their estimates depends on p-dimensional piecewise-constant functions. If p is misspecified, the model might underfit significant changes or overfit noise and promote a spurious understanding of the epidemic, which might misguide intervention policies or misinform forecasts. Surprisingly, no transparent yet principled approach for optimizing p exists. Usually, p is heuristically set, or obscurely controlled via complex algorithms. We present a computable and interpretable p-selection method based on the minimum description length (MDL) formalism of information theory. Unlike many standard model selection techniques, MDL accounts for the additional statistical complexity induced by how parameters interact. As a result, our method optimizes p so that R and N estimates properly and meaningfully adapt to available data. It also outperforms comparable Akaike and Bayesian information criteria on several classification problems, given minimal knowledge of the parameter space, and exposes statistical similarities among renewal, skyline, and other models in biology. Rigorous and interpretable model selection is necessary if trustworthy and justifiable conclusions are to be drawn from piecewise models. [Coalescent processes; epidemiology; information theory; model selection; phylodynamics; renewal models; skyline plots]

scholarly journals Comparing basal dendrite branches in human and mouse hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons with Bayesian networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bojan Mihaljević ◽  
Pedro Larrañaga ◽  
Ruth Benavides-Piccione ◽  
Javier DeFelipe ◽  
Concha Bielza
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Networks ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Ca1 Region ◽  
Basal Dendrites ◽  
Hippocampal Ca1 ◽  
Dendritic Branches ◽  
Branch Type ◽  
Human And Mouse

Abstract Pyramidal neurons are the most common cell type in the cerebral cortex. Understanding how they differ between species is a key challenge in neuroscience. A recent study provided a unique set of human and mouse pyramidal neurons of the CA1 region of the hippocampus, and used it to compare the morphology of apical and basal dendritic branches of the two species. The study found inter-species differences in the magnitude of the morphometrics and similarities regarding their variation with respect to morphological determinants such as branch type and branch order. We use the same data set to perform additional comparisons of basal dendrites. In order to isolate the heterogeneity due to intrinsic differences between species from the heterogeneity due to differences in morphological determinants, we fit multivariate models over the morphometrics and the determinants. In particular, we use conditional linear Gaussian Bayesian networks, which provide a concise graphical representation of the independencies and correlations among the variables. We also extend the previous study by considering additional morphometrics and by formally testing whether a morphometric increases or decreases with the distance from the soma. This study introduces a multivariate methodology for inter-species comparison of morphology.

Bayesian networks: Theory, applications and sensitivity issues

2017 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 1630014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron S. Kenett
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Networks ◽  
Expert Opinion ◽  
Data Science ◽  
Information Quality ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Statistical Tool ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Operational Variables ◽  
High Level

This chapter is about an important tool in the data science workbench, Bayesian networks (BNs). Data science is about generating information from a given data set using applications of statistical methods. The quality of the information derived from data analysis is dependent on various dimensions, including the communication of results, the ability to translate results into actionable tasks and the capability to integrate various data sources [R. S. Kenett and G. Shmueli, On information quality, J. R. Stat. Soc. A 177(1), 3 (2014).] This paper demonstrates, with three examples, how the application of BNs provides a high level of information quality. It expands the treatment of BNs as a statistical tool and provides a wider scope of statistical analysis that matches current trends in data science. For more examples on deriving high information quality with BNs see [R. S. Kenett and G. Shmueli, Information Quality: The Potential of Data and Analytics to Generate Knowledge (John Wiley and Sons, 2016), www.wiley.com/go/information_quality.] The three examples used in the chapter are complementary in scope. The first example is based on expert opinion assessments of risks in the operation of health care monitoring systems in a hospital environment. The second example is from the monitoring of an open source community and is a data rich application that combines expert opinion, social network analysis and continuous operational variables. The third example is totally data driven and is based on an extensive customer satisfaction survey of airline customers. The first section is an introduction to BNs, Sec. 2 provides a theoretical background on BN. Examples are provided in Sec. 3. Section 4 discusses sensitivity analysis of BNs, Sec. 5 lists a range of software applications implementing BNs. Section 6 concludes the chapter.

scholarly journals Forensic Fiction and the Normalization of Surveillance

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liv Hausken
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Crime Fiction ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
To Come

Abstract This essay investigates forensic fiction as a trend in televised crime fiction and argues that this trend or subgenre is particularly interesting if we are to understand how surveillance is portrayed in contemporary society. The essay looks particularly into an extremely popular example of forensic fiction, namely CSI and its two spin-offs CSI: NY and CSI: Miami. Through a discussion of the conceptions of knowledge, crime and power, which seem to come forth in the three CSI series, the present article argues that the particular blend of technological optimism, positivism and moralism that can be witnessed in forensic fiction in general, and in CSI in particular, is important to understanding how popular culture lends a certain normalization of surveillance to everyday life

scholarly journals PRINCIPIOS DEL SECTOR COOPERATIVO EN EL MUNICIPIO DE EL ESPINAL (COLOMBIA)

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jairo Hernández Sánchez ◽  
César Augusto Cruz Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Operative Management ◽  
Social Growth ◽  
Research Technique ◽  
Cooperative Principles

El presente artículo es producto de una investigación desarrollada en el sector cooperativo adscrito al municipio de El Espinal, departamento del Tolima (Colombia). El objetivo del estudio consistió en determinar si las entidades del sector cooperativo cumplen efectivamente con la aplicación de los principios del cooperativismo. El tipo de estudio fue exploratorio y descriptivo; en tanto que el método de investigación utilizado fue cuanti-cualitativo, la técnica de investigación fue la encuesta, que se aplicó a los asociados de las diferentes cooperativas. Los resultados mostraron que pocos asociados reciben formación respecto a los principios del cooperativismo y a la gestión cooperativa, situación que dificulta su aplicación eficiente. En conclusión, el sector cooperativo de El Espinal-Tolima requiere fomentar la cultura de formación y apropiación de los principios cooperativos de sus asociados para que sean aprovechados en el quehacer diario. Esto exige a los directivos generar estrategias de divulgación oportunas, que fortalezcan la interiorización y aplicación de la filosofía y principios cooperativos, de manera que se produzca un crecimiento económico y social al interior de la empresa. ABSTRACTThe present article is the result of a research developed in the cooperative sector in the municipality of “El Espinal”, department of Tolima (Colombia). The aim of this study consisted of determining if the entities of the cooperative sector comply with the implementation of cooperative principles. The type of study was exploratory and descriptive; while the research method used was the quantitative-qualitative one; a survey was the research technique applied to the associates of the different co-operatives. The results showed that few associates receive formation with regard toco-operative principles and the co-operative management; this situation makes their application difficult. In conclusion, the co-operative sector in ”El Espinal”, Tolima, needs to promote the culture of formation and appropriation of co-operative principles of its associates for them to be used in everyday life. This demands managers to generate appropriate dissemination strategies, which strengthen the internalization and application of Philosophy and co-operative principles, so that an economic and social growth takes place within the company.

scholarly journals Everyday Life of German Prisoners of War in the Russian Empire during World War I (on the basis of personal documents)

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
С.Р. Повалишникова ◽  
О.В. Захарова
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
Eastern Siberia ◽  
World War ◽  
Prisoner Of War ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Research

Основной массив современных отечественных исследований направлен на изучение положения русских военнопленных в годы Первой мировой войны. В настоящей статье сделана попытка проанализировать бытовые условия содержания военнопленных, находившихся на территории Российской империи. Эти условия во многом зависели от звания и национальности пленных. В статье делается акцент на источники личного происхождения. Особое внимание уделяется воспоминаниям немецкого генерала Э. Людендорфа, немецкого журналиста А. Курта и находившегося в Восточной Сибири немецкого военнопленного Э. Двингера. The vast majority of modern Russian research is aimed at the investigation of the position of Russian prisoners of war during World War I. The present article attempts to analyze the conditions of everyday life of German prisoners of war who lived in the Russian Empire during World War I. The conditions largely depended on the rank and nationality of prisoners of war. The article analyzes personal documents. It focuses on memoirs written by E. Ludensdorff (German general), A. Kurt (German journalist), who lived in Eastern Siberia, and E. Dwinger (German prisoner of war).

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