scholarly journals Authentication of Smart Grid

Cryptography ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 257-276
Author(s):  
Melesio Calderón Muñoz ◽  
Melody Moh
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Mesh Networks ◽  
Quantum Computer ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Public Key Cryptography ◽  
Power Grids ◽  
Public Key ◽  
Self Healing

The electrical power grid forms the functional foundation of our modern societies, but in the near future our aging electrical infrastructure will not be able to keep pace with our demands. As a result, nations worldwide have started to convert their power grids into smart grids that will have improved communication and control systems. A smart grid will be better able to incorporate new forms of energy generation as well as be self-healing and more reliable. This paper investigates a threat to wireless communication networks from a fully realized quantum computer, and provides a means to avoid this problem in smart grid domains. We discuss and compare the security aspects, the complexities and the performance of authentication using public-key cryptography and using Merkel trees. As a result, we argue for the use of Merkle trees as opposed to public key encryption for authentication of devices in wireless mesh networks (WMN) used in smart grid applications.

Authentication of Smart Grid

2016 ◽  
pp. 117-136
Author(s):  
Melesio Calderón Muñoz ◽  
Melody Moh
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Mesh Networks ◽  
Quantum Computer ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Public Key Cryptography ◽  
Power Grids ◽  
Public Key ◽  
Self Healing

The electrical power grid forms the functional foundation of our modern societies, but in the near future our aging electrical infrastructure will not be able to keep pace with our demands. As a result, nations worldwide have started to convert their power grids into smart grids that will have improved communication and control systems. A smart grid will be better able to incorporate new forms of energy generation as well as be self-healing and more reliable. This paper investigates a threat to wireless communication networks from a fully realized quantum computer, and provides a means to avoid this problem in smart grid domains. We discuss and compare the security aspects, the complexities and the performance of authentication using public-key cryptography and using Merkel trees. As a result, we argue for the use of Merkle trees as opposed to public key encryption for authentication of devices in wireless mesh networks (WMN) used in smart grid applications.

scholarly journals Scale Prototype Ring Main Unit for the Measurement and Control of Nodes in a Smart Grid

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (26) ◽  
pp. 113-124
Author(s):  
Diego Alejandro Patino ◽  
Andres Eduardo Nieto Vallejo
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Power Grids ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Terminal Unit ◽  
Remote Terminal ◽  
Remote Terminal Unit ◽  
Electric Power Grids ◽  
Measurement And Control

Smart grids are playing a key role in modern electric power grids, improving load control, assuring safer operations and collecting valuable information of the electrical conditions of the grid. In a smart grid, a RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) is a device that is able to measure the electric variables of the grid and sends all the information to a MTU (Master Terminal Unit), which is responsible of controlling the operations of the grid. RMU (Ring Main Unit) devices are used in electric power grids to protect loads and to disconnect them in case of failure to prevent damage. This article presents the design of a special RMU capable of measuring voltage, current and frequency, detecting electric faults, and making automatic self-healing in order to manage the flow of energy in the smart grid to guarantee energy supply to the critical loads (hospitals). The RMU devices were installed on a scaled smart grid in order to show its operation capabilities.

scholarly journals SDN-Based Resilient Smart Grid: The SDN-microSENSE Architecture

Digital ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-187
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Radoglou Grammatikis ◽  
Panagiotis Sarigiannidis ◽  
Christos Dalamagkas ◽  
Yannis Spyridis ◽  
Thomas Lagkas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Second Tier ◽  
Smart Technologies ◽  
Power And Energy Systems

The technological leap of smart technologies and the Internet of Things has advanced the conventional model of the electrical power and energy systems into a new digital era, widely known as the Smart Grid. The advent of Smart Grids provides multiple benefits, such as self-monitoring, self-healing and pervasive control. However, it also raises crucial cybersecurity and privacy concerns that can lead to devastating consequences, including cascading effects with other critical infrastructures or even fatal accidents. This paper introduces a novel architecture, which will increase the Smart Grid resiliency, taking full advantage of the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) technology. The proposed architecture called SDN-microSENSE architecture consists of three main tiers: (a) Risk assessment, (b) intrusion detection and correlation and (c) self-healing. The first tier is responsible for evaluating dynamically the risk level of each Smart Grid asset. The second tier undertakes to detect and correlate security events and, finally, the last tier mitigates the potential threats, ensuring in parallel the normal operation of the Smart Grid. It is noteworthy that all tiers of the SDN-microSENSE architecture interact with the SDN controller either for detecting or mitigating intrusions.

scholarly journals Game Theoretic Honeypot Deployment in Smart Grid

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 4199
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Diamantoulakis ◽  
Christos Dalamagkas ◽  
Panagiotis Radoglou-Grammatikis ◽  
Panagiotis Sarigiannidis ◽  
George Karagiannidis
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Repeated Game ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Power Grids ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
Use Of Internet ◽  
The Impact

The smart grid provides advanced functionalities, including real-time monitoring, dynamic energy management, advanced pricing mechanisms, and self-healing, by enabling the two-way flow of power and data, as well as the use of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and devices. However, converting the traditional power grids to smart grids poses severe security challenges and makes their components and services prone to cyber attacks. To this end, advanced techniques are required to mitigate the impact of the potential attacks. In this paper, we investigate the use of honeypots, which are considered to mimic the common services of the smart grid and are able to detect unauthorized accesses, collect evidence, and help hide the real devices. More specifically, the interaction of an attacker and a defender is considered, who both optimize the number of attacks and the defending system configuration, i.e., the number of real devices and honeypots, respectively, with the aim to maximize their individual payoffs. To solve this problem, game theoretic tools are used, considering an one-shot game and a repeated game with uncertainty about the payoff of the attacker, where the Nash Equilibrium (NE) and the Bayesian NE are derived, respectively. Finally, simulation results are provided, which illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.

Energieflexibilität im Industrial Smart Grid*/Energy Flexibility in Industrial Smart Grids – Methodical approach for incorporating energy flexibility measures in an Industrial Smart Grid

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (05) ◽  
pp. 301-306
Author(s):  
A. Tristan ◽  
A. Emde ◽  
M. Reisinger ◽  
M. Stauch ◽  
A. Sauer
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Power Grids ◽  
Use Case ◽  
Architecture Model ◽  
Grid Architecture ◽  
Case Methodology ◽  
Methodical Approach ◽  
Flexibility Measures

Durch den Übergang in Smart Grids erhalten Stromnetze die notwendige Flexibilität, um auf die steigende Volatilität der Stromversorgung zu reagieren. Das standardisierte Smart-Grid-Architecture-Modell und die Use-Case-Methodik dienen dabei als Rahmen, um Smart Grids zu entwickeln. Ein methodischer Rahmen für den Aufbau von Industrial Smart Grids fehlt derzeit noch, ist aber besonders notwendig, um Energieflexibilitätsmaßnahmen für Industrieanlagen umzusetzen. Der hier vorgestellte methodische Ansatz liefert eine Blaupause für den Aufbau eines Industrial Smart Grid für Energieflexibilität. Mithilfe der Anpassung des Smart-Grid-Architecture-Modells und der Use-Case-Methodik wird ein Industrial-Smart-Grid-Architecture-Modell umgesetzt.   Through their transition into Smart Grids, electrical power grids gain the neccesary flexibiltiy to respond to increasing electrical supply volatility. The standardized Smart Grid Architecture Model and Use Case Methodology serve as framework to develop Smart Grids. Currently, there is still a lack of such a methodical framework for setting up Industrial Smart Energy Grids and it is particularly necessary to implement energy flexibility measures in industrial plants. The methodical approach presented here provides a blueprint for building an Industrial Smart Grid for energy flexibility by adapting the Smart Grid Architecture Model and the use case methodology .

scholarly journals A Lightweight Scheme to Authenticate and Secure the Communication in Smart Grids

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Israa Aziz ◽  
Hai Jin ◽  
Ihsan Abdulqadder ◽  
Zaid Hussien ◽  
Zaid Abduljabbar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grids ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Power Grids ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Medium Voltage ◽  
Authentication Mechanism ◽  
Computational Overhead ◽  
Automation Equipment ◽  
Lightweight Authentication

Self-reconfiguration in electrical power grids is a significant tool for their planning and operation during both normal and abnormal conditions. The increasing in employment of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs), as well as the rapid growth of the new communication technologies have increased the application of Feeder Automation (FA) in Distribution Networks (DNs). In a Smart Grid (SG), automation equipment, such as a Smart Breaker (SB), is used. Using either a wired or a wireless network or even a combination of both, communication between the Control Center (CC) and SBs can be made. Nowadays, wireless technology is widely used in the communication of DNs. This may cause several security vulnerabilities in the power system, such as remote attacks, with the goal of cutting off the electrical power provided to significant consumers. Therefore, to preserve the cybersecurity of the system, there is a need for a secure scheme. The available literature investments proposed a heavyweight level in security schemes, while the overhead was not considered. To overcome this drawback, this paper presents an efficient lightweight authentication mechanism with the necessary steps to ensure real-time automatic reconfiguration during a fault. As a first stage, authentication will be made between CC and SB, SB then sends the information about its status. To ensure the integrity of the authentication exchange, a hash function is used, while the symmetric algorithm is used to ensure privacy. The applicability of the suggested scheme has been proved by conducting security performance and analysis. The proposed scheme will be injected on ABB medium voltage breaker with the REF 542plus controller. Therefore, the probable benefit of the suggested scheme is the contribution to provide more flexibility for electrical utilities in terms of reducing the overall computational overhead and withstanding to various types of attacks, while also opening new prospects in FA of SGs.

Securing SDN-Enabled Smart Power Grids

2018 ◽  
pp. 79-98
Author(s):  
Uttam Ghosh ◽  
Pushpita Chatterjee ◽  
Sachin Shetty
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Power Grids ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Grid Networks ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Sdn Controller

Software-defined networking (SDN) provides flexibility in controlling, managing, and dynamically reconfiguring the distributed heterogeneous smart grid networks. Considerably less attention has been received to provide security in SDN-enabled smart grids. Centralized SDN controller protects smart grid networks against outside attacks only. Furthermore, centralized SDN controller suffers from a single point of compromise and failure which is detrimental to security and reliability. This chapter presents a framework with multiple SDN controllers and security controllers that provides a secure and robust smart grid architecture. The proposed framework deploys a local IDS to provide security in a substation. Whereas a global IDS is deployed to provide security in control center and overall smart grid network, it further verifies the consequences of control-commands issued by SDN controller and SCADA master. Performance comparison and simulation result show that the proposed framework is efficient as compared to existing security frameworks for SDN-enabled smart grids.

Formal Verification of ZigBee-Based Routing Protocol for Smart Grids

2021 ◽  
pp. 1002-1017
Author(s):  
Adnan Rashid ◽  
Osman Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Formal Methods ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Power Grids ◽  
Communication Link ◽  
Grid Systems ◽  
Efficiency Performance

Smart grids provide a digital upgradation of the conventional power grids by alleviating the power outages and voltage sags that occur due to their inefficient communication technologies and systems. They mainly tend to strengthen the efficiency, performance, and reliability of the traditional grids by establishing a trusted communication link between their different components through routing protocols. The conventional methods, i.e., the computer-based simulations and net testing, for analyzing these routing network protocols are error-prone and thus cannot be relied upon while analyzing the safety-critical smart grid systems. Formal methods can cater for the above-mentioned inaccuracies and thus can be very beneficial in analyzing communication protocols used in smart grids. In order to demonstrate the utilization and effectiveness of formal methods in analyzing smart grid routing protocols, we use the UPPAAL model checker to formally model the ZigBee-based routing protocol. We also verify some of its properties, such as, liveness, collision avoidance and deadlock freeness.

Vulnerabilities and Threats in Smart Grid Communication Networks

2021 ◽  
pp. 1508-1535
Author(s):  
Yona Lopes ◽  
Natalia Castro Fernandes ◽  
Tiago Bornia de Castro ◽  
Vitor dos Santos Farias ◽  
Julia Drummond Noce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Electrical Network ◽  
Physical Security ◽  
Smart Meters ◽  
Interconnected System ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Data Volume ◽  
Active Attacks

Advances in smart grids and in communication networks allow the development of an interconnected system where information arising from different sources helps building a more reliable electrical network. Nevertheless, this interconnected system also brings new security threats. In the past, communication networks for electrical systems were restrained to closed and secure areas, which guaranteed network physical security. Due to the integration with smart meters, clouds, and other information sources, physical security to network access is no longer available, which may compromise the electrical system. Besides smart grids bring a huge growth in data volume, which must be managed. In order to achieve a successful smart grid deployment, robust network communication to provide automation among devices is necessary. Therefore, outages caused by passive or active attacks become a real threat. This chapter describes the main architecture flaws that make the system vulnerable to attacks for creating energy disruptions, stealing energy, and breaking privacy.

Securing SDN-Enabled Smart Power Grids

2022 ◽  
pp. 1028-1046
Author(s):  
Uttam Ghosh ◽  
Pushpita Chatterjee ◽  
Sachin Shetty
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Power Grids ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Grid Networks ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Sdn Controller

Software-defined networking (SDN) provides flexibility in controlling, managing, and dynamically reconfiguring the distributed heterogeneous smart grid networks. Considerably less attention has been received to provide security in SDN-enabled smart grids. Centralized SDN controller protects smart grid networks against outside attacks only. Furthermore, centralized SDN controller suffers from a single point of compromise and failure which is detrimental to security and reliability. This chapter presents a framework with multiple SDN controllers and security controllers that provides a secure and robust smart grid architecture. The proposed framework deploys a local IDS to provide security in a substation. Whereas a global IDS is deployed to provide security in control center and overall smart grid network, it further verifies the consequences of control-commands issued by SDN controller and SCADA master. Performance comparison and simulation result show that the proposed framework is efficient as compared to existing security frameworks for SDN-enabled smart grids.

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