Progressive Development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Its Holistic Evolution of Natural Treatments

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-99
Author(s):  
Priyaranjan Maral ◽  
Namita Pande
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Related Disorder ◽  
Holistic Treatment ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Natural Medicines

This chapter explores the progressive development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) before and during the establishment of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM). In addition, this chapter also tried to investigate the evolution of natural medicines or therapies of PTSD. Findings of the researches showed that significant historical events like wars were the major reasons behind getting recognition of PTSD among worldwide societies. It has a long history as well as existed in different forms and names among human beings. It takes a long time to get the identity, position, and recognition across the different editions of DSM. With the addition of PTSD under trauma and stressor related disorder in the 5th edition of DSM, a large number of PTSD cases were identified and produced as compared to the previous editions of DSM. Moreover, holistic treatment and complementary and alternative medicine approaches were more effective treatment for PTSD and help to nullify the symptoms of PTSD. Ayurveda, meditation, yoga, animals, forest bathing, and ocean therapies were used more for dealing with combat veterans suffering from PTSD.

scholarly journals Lifelong posttraumatic stress disorder: evidence from aging Holocaust survivors

2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Holocaust Survivors ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
World War Ii Veterans ◽  
Axis I

Despite the fact that 50 years have passed since the Nazi regime and the Holocaust the psychic sequelae are far from being overcome. The majority of Holocaust survivors and World War II veterans still list their experiences as the "most significant stressors" of their lives. The literature provides ample evidence that posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors persists into old age. However, there is still a need to define the differences in frequency, clinical presentation, severity, and comorbid conditions among aging Holocaust survivors. Age at the time of trauma, cumulative lifetime stress, and physical illness are reported to have a positive association with more severe posttraumatic symptomatology. The presence of comorbid Axis i psychiatric disorders (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual [DSIVI]), has been the focus of research by our group, demonstrating that their interaction with earlier trauma leads to a course of chronic, debilitating disease. Despite reactivation of traumatic symptoms during aging and continuous mental suffering, the majority of Holocaust survivors show good instrumental coping and preserved functioning.

Overview of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Downs ◽  
Carol North
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Exposure To Trauma ◽  
Deep Brain

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder that may follow exposure to trauma. The experience of trauma has potential personal implications. Some individuals develop PTSD after trauma; others may be more resilient, experiencing distress but not succumbing to psychopathology; and yet others may emerge from the experience with new strength and direction. This review contains 1 figure, 5 tables, and 46 references Keyword: Posttraumatic stress disorder, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), deep brain stimulation, vagal nerve stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the Gut Microbiome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey M. Loupy ◽  
Christopher A. Lowry
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Related Disorder ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Glucocorticoid Signaling ◽  
System Functioning

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma- and stressor-related disorder that is often associated with the dysregulation of multiple physiological systems, including autonomic nervous system functioning, glucocorticoid signaling, and chronic low-grade inflammation. Recent evidence suggests that persons with a diagnosis of PTSD also exhibit alterations in the composition of gut microbiomes compared to people who are trauma-exposed but do not develop PTSD. The bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome, the gut, and the brain, deemed the microbiome-gut-brain (MGB) axis, is composed of neural, neuroendocrine, and immune processes that both impact and respond to the structure of the gut microbiome. This chapter aims to outline (1) the ways in which trauma and stressor exposure may impact the gut microbiome; (2) the ways in which gut microbiome composition may influence brain function, including anxiety, and fear responses; and (3) how the bidirectional MGB axis, through interactions with several physiological circuits, may determine individual variability in resilience versus vulnerability to development of PTSD after trauma exposure.

Prevalence and Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Chinese Youths After an Earthquake

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 1613-1623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Wei ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Richu Wang ◽  
Chengqi Cao ◽  
Zhanbiao Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
School Students ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Reaction Index ◽  
Current Criterion ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

In the current study we investigated the prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Chinese youths after an earthquake. A total of 753 middle school students participated in the survey and 99.5% of them were of Tibetan ethnicity. The University of California, Los Angeles PTSD Reaction Index was used to assess PTSD symptoms and a total of 101 participants were identified as probable PTSD cases. Independent predictors of PTSD included female sex, being injured, witnessing death, and derealization during the earthquake. Our results add to extant understanding of the impact of disasters on youth mental health, and carry implications for revising the current Criterion A2 of PTSD in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

The Assessment of the Relationship Between ADHD and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Child and Adolescent Patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 900-903
Author(s):  
Hatice Ünver ◽  
Işık Karakaya
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Clinical Interviews ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Adolescent Patients ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: This study examined ADHD comorbidity in child and adolescent patients who diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Method: Sixty-eight child and adolescent patients with PTSD and 42 child and adolescent patients with OCD were evaluated for ADHD. The sample included 110 patients who were administered structured clinical interviews based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Results: Results showed that 22.05% patients with PTSD and 59.52% patients with OCD met criteria for ADHD. Conclusion: The results of our study indicate that no meaningful differences were detected in comparisons between PTSD and OCD groups, in having ADHD as comorbidity.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick J. Stoddard Jr ◽  
David M. Benedek ◽  
Mohammed R. Milad ◽  
Robert J. Ursano
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Women Soldiers ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Medical Trauma ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Psychological Models

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects people of all ages and backgrounds and causes persistent suffering and impaired function, but its diagnosis offers the opportunity for early intervention. It is the subject of intensive developmental, epidemiological, genetic/genomic, translational, neurobiological, neuropsychological, and psychological research, and emerging computational methods with “big data,” statistical modeling, and machine learning are likely to accelerate this research. The findings from research on PTSD are changing education and the ways clinicians practice, offering the hope for improved care of those experiencing traumatic stress. Those at particular risk for PTSD include children and adolescents, women, soldiers, refugees and survivors of genocide, sexual orientation minorities, racial and ethnic minorities, patients with burns, injuries and medical trauma, and victims of rape, violence, accidents, and disasters. This chapter provides an overview of PTSD, covering Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition) diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, neurochemistry and neurobiology, biological and psychological models, assessment, and treatment.

scholarly journals Diagnosing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Refugees

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shafaz Veettil ◽  
Anastasiya Vinokurtseva
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Symptom Cluster ◽  
Related Disorder ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Health Distress ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Global crises has amounted to the forced international displacement of 25.4 million refugees. Refugees from conflict-affected areas are especially vulnerable to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to the general population due to their past and present hardships and history of trauma. PTSD is characterized by a constellation of symptoms identified by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). DSM-5 departed from DSM-IV by reclassifying PTSD as a trauma- and stressor-related disorder and introducing a fourth symptom cluster—negative alterations in mood/cognition—to the previous three-symptom cluster model. In severely traumatized refugees, this new cluster exhibited relatively high sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive power, and negative predictive power—in concordance with the range of symptoms exhibited by this population—and allowed for the applicability of the DSM-5 criteria. However, the Western sample basis of the DSM-5 might make it inferior to alternative models as a diagnostic tool for PTSD in refugees and as a springboard for treatment. In addition (and possibly due) to PTSD, refugees are at high risk for mental health distress and suffer from poor health outcomes. Optimizing diagnostic criteria and overcoming barriers to diagnosis and access to care would benefit patients and facilitate treatment.

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