Ethics of Outsourcing Drug Trials

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Somjit Barat
Keyword(s):  
Drug Testing ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Marketing Ethics ◽  
Drug Trials ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Research Participants ◽  
Drug Companies

With rising costs of drug testing and more stringent requirements, Western countries have been increasingly outsourcing their drug trials. While such actions make sense from a cost-benefit point of view, can we conclude the same from a marketing-ethics perspective? Are these lesser-developed countries being held to the same ethical standards and practices as expected in the Western countries? Are the drug companies' actions somehow influencing the research participants' decision to partake in such trials? The author applies the theory of reasoned action and ethical marketing underpinnings to develop relevant propositions. Consequently, drug testing companies, research participants, and marketing agencies can utilize these propositions to investigate whether more rigorous oversight is required to protect research participants.

Confidentiality of Statistical Records: A Threat-Monitoring Scheme for On Line Dialogue

1976 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 36-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Schlörer
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Monitoring Scheme ◽  
Access Controls ◽  
On Line ◽  
Bona Fide

From a statistical data bank containing only anonymous records, the records sometimes may be identified and then retrieved, as personal records, by on line dialogue. The risk mainly applies to statistical data sets representing populations, or samples with a high ratio n/N. On the other hand, access controls are unsatisfactory as a general means of protection for statistical data banks, which should be open to large user communities. A threat monitoring scheme is proposed, which will largely block the techniques for retrieval of complete records. If combined with additional measures (e.g., slight modifications of output), it may be expected to render, from a cost-benefit point of view, intrusion attempts by dialogue valueless, if not absolutely impossible. The bona fide user has to pay by some loss of information, but considerable flexibility in evaluation is retained. The proposal of controlled classification included in the scheme may also be useful for off line dialogue systems.

Physical capital stock, technological upgrading and modernisation in Hungary

2005 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Szalavetz
Keyword(s):  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Technology Generation ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Physical Capital Accumulation

This paper discusses the relation between the quality and quantity indicators of physical capital and modernisation. While international academic literature emphasises the role of intangible factors enabling technology generation and absorption rather than that of physical capital accumulation, this paper argues that the quantity and quality of physical capital are important modernisation factors, particularly in the case of small, undercapitalised countries that recently integrated into the world economy. The paper shows that in Hungary, as opposed to developed countries, the technological upgrading of capital assets was not necessarily accompanied by the upgrading of human capital i.e. the thesis of capital skill complementarity did not apply to the first decade of transformation and capital accumulation in Hungary. Finally, the paper shows that there are large differences between the average technological levels of individual industries. The dualism of the Hungarian economy, which is also manifest in terms of differences in the size of individual industries' technological gaps, is a disadvantage from the point of view of competitiveness. The increasing differences in the size of the technological gaps can be explained not only with industry-specific factors, but also with the weakness of technology and regional development policies, as well as with institutional deficiencies.

Public Investment Criteria: Benefit-Cost Analysis for Planned Economic Growth by Stephen A. Marglin. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1967. pp.103. 22s. 6d.********** Investments for Capacity Expansion: Size, Location and Time-Phasing edited by Alan S. Manne. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1967. pp.239. 45s.Investments for Capacity Expansion: Size, Location and Time-Phasing edited by Alan S. Manne. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1967. pp.239. 45s.

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-420
Author(s):  
Arthur MacEwan
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Capacity Expansion ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Many ◽  
Benefit Cost

These books are numbers 4 and 5, respectively, in the series "Studies in the Economic Development of India". The two books are interesting complements to one another, both being concerned with the analysis of projects within national plan formulation. However, they treat different sorts of problems and do so on very different levels. Marglin's Public Investment Criteria is a short treatise on the problems of cost-benefit analysis in an Indian type economy, i.e., a mixed economy in which the government accepts a large planning responsibility. The book, which is wholely theoretical, explains the many criteria needed for evaluation of projects. The work is aimed at beginning students and government officials with some training in economics. It is a clear and interesting "introduction to the special branch of economics that concerns itself with systematic analysis of investment alternatives from the point of view of a government".

Drugs and the College Athlete: An Analysis of the Attitudes of Student Athletes at Risk

1997 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Tricker ◽  
Declan Connolly
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Peer Influence ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Subjective Norms ◽  
College Athlete ◽  
Salient Beliefs

Theories related to planned behavior and reasoned action have included an individual's attitude as an important factor in the formation of behavioral intentions and behaviors [1, 2]. Research on this topic suggests that salient beliefs affect intentions and subsequent behaviors, either through attitudes or subjective norms, or the degree of (perceived) control that an individual feels he/she has over the behavior. This study was designed to examine the relative importance of selected attitude variables in describing a profile of athletes who were at risk for using anabolic steroids, human grown hormone, amphetamines, cocaine, and marijuana. Responses from 563 student athletes at two Division One NCAA universities were used in the study. The results of this study suggest that subjective norms, based on the influence of drug testing, peer influence, and a fear of detection are significant factors that influence the decisions of student athletes related to using banned substances. In this article characteristics of at-risk athletes are presented with recommendations for drug education programs for student athletes.

scholarly journals The Complexity of Zoonotic Filariasis Episystem and Its Consequences: A Multidisciplinary View

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Simón ◽  
Javier González-Miguel ◽  
Alicia Diosdado ◽  
Paula Josefina Gómez ◽  
Rodrigo Morchón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Network ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Temporal Scales ◽  
Intracellular Symbiont ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

Vector-borne transmitted helminthic zoonosis affects the health and economy of both developing and developed countries. The concept of episystem includes the set of biological, environmental, and epidemiological elements of these diseases in defined geographic and temporal scales. Dirofilariasis caused by different species of the genusDirofilariais a disease affecting domestic and wild canines and felines and man, transmitted by different species of culicid mosquitoes. This complexity is increased becauseDirofilariaspecies harbor intracellular symbiontWolbachiabacteriae, which play a key role in the embryogenesis and development of dirofilariae and in the inflammatory pathology of the disease. In addition, the vector transmission makes the dirofilariasis susceptible to the influence of the climate and its variations. The present review addresses the analysis of dirofilariasis from the point of view of the episystem, analyzing the complex network of interactions established between biological components, climate, and factors related to human activity, as well as the different problems they pose. The progress of knowledge on human and animal dirofilariasis is largely due to the multidisciplinary approach. Nevertheless, different aspects of the disease need to continue being investigated and cooperation between countries and specialists involved should be intensified.

scholarly journals Taxane therapy in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer in Italy: economic evaluation

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
Simona Ravera ◽  
Lorenzo G. Mantovani
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Preventive Therapy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Adjuvant Setting ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Equivalent Efficacy ◽  
Dosing Regimens

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the leading cause of death in developed Countries and every year more than a million new cases are diagnosed worldwide. In Italy the prevalence of BC was estimated to be 1,070 per 100,000 at 31 December 1992. Nevertheless, despite the increase in incidence, mortality rate for BC are decreased in the last decades probably due to several factors such as implementation of screening programs, early diagnosis and new adjuvant therapies. Important types of adjuvant chemotherapy include anthracyclines and taxanes and these treatments continue to be evaluated to determine optimal combinations and dosing regimens. The efficacy of paclitaxel and docetaxel in adjuvant setting for the treatment of early BC has been assessed in different trials where the two taxanes showed a significant increase in both Disease Free Survival (DFS) and Overall Survival (OS) in comparison with nontaxane therapy. In particular results from one of the last studies comparing paclitaxel and docetaxel show equivalent efficacy for both drugs. At the light of the recent findings, the objective of this work is to perform a cost minimization analysis of paclitaxel vs docetaxel in the adjuvant setting for treatment of early BC in Italy. The analysis was conducted from the National Health Service’s point of view, assuming equivalent efficacy in terms of DFS and OS for both taxanes. Costs were evaluated on the basis of therapeutic schemes used in the analyzed trials. Results show that paclitaxel, administered every 3 weeks for 4 cycles after doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, represents the less costly therapy. This is a conservative costs estimate based on data from literature that does not take into account possible additional costs associated to the treatment of febrile neutropenia (FN) as adverse event related to chemotherapy. Since, on the basis of scientific literature data, FN seems to be more related with docetaxel than with paclitaxel administration, it is likely that in clinical practice the Growth–Colony Stimulating Factor is often prescribed as a preventive therapy when Docetaxel is administred, giving rise to treatment costs.

scholarly journals Vaccine refusal/hesitancy—the ethical point of view

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
João Gentil
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Moral Conflicts ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Vaccine Refusal

Abstract Background In 2019, WHO classified vaccine hesitancy as one of the top 10 threats to global health. Vaccination is an area of excellence in nursing that has gained a new focus and has become a challenge in the provision of care and in the management field. Vaccine hesitation raises questions about mandatory vaccination, individual versus collective freedom that are highlighted in the current context due to the emergence of new vaccines. In this paper, we want to analyze and update knowledge about vaccines hesitancy from an ethical and bioethical perspective. Methods A combination of literature reviews on vaccine refusal/hesitancy, ethics and COVID-19 vaccine confidence, accessed on SciELO and PubMed databases and analysis of documents from General Directorate of Health and Ordem dos Enfermeiros (National Nurses Association). Results Vaccination programs aim is a collective protection. The desirable effects at individual level do not have the same ethical value at collective level, leading to cost-benefit imbalances. Moral conflicts between the individual and the collective, cost-benefit imbalances and the insufficiency of bioethics principles, lead us to the use of other moral values and principles, such as responsibility, solidarity and social justice, as a tool for ethical reflection problems related to COVID-19 vaccines. Conclusions There are no perfect solutions to ethical dilemmas and some optimal solutions could depend the context. In a pandemic situation, one of the most relevant ethical issues is the herd immunity since it leaves public health at risk. Equity and the principle of justice in vaccination campaign are shown daily in the nursing profession.

scholarly journals Digital Service Taxes and Their Application

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megersa Kelbesa
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Digital Service

Many developing economies have seen a rise in e-commerce activity within their borders, and a decline in income from traditional industries as a result of COVID-19, meaning the digital economy offers a potentially unexploited source of tax revenue. . As a result, more developing countries may soon begin adopting some sort of digital tax. The economic activities which may be subject to the Digital Services Tax (DST) may vary from country to country. It will, therefore, be necessary for businesses operating in multiple jurisdictions across developing countries to keep up with the changes in digital taxes. Before implementing a DST scheme, developing countries are advised to perform an in-depth cost-benefit analysis and due considerations. Some developing (and several developed) countries have already unilaterally implemented a “provisional” DST system. Other developing countries are on the process of implementing DST or have simply announced that they will implement a DST soon. Although most of the countries so far actively working on DST (are rich countries, a growing list of developing countries are joining the process. Some examples include the following: Malaysia, Indonesia, Kenya, Nigeria, Argentina and, Chile. It is important to mention that the literature on DST is very limited – although growing, and the evidence base around the economic impacts is particularly scarce. This is partly due to the quite recent nature of DST implementation. The evidence is even scarcer for developing countries – Due to these limitations, this rapid evidence review looks at different types of available literature – including reports and blogs issued by international financial institutions and development agencies. The rest of the report will give an overview of key proposed approaches to tax the digital economy, provide a very brief account of the economic impact of DST, provide a brief mapping of the implementation of digital service taxes in developing countries, provide a brief description of each DST system and about the economic impact of the DST, finally a brief account or attributes of a “good” DST system.

scholarly journals Loss of work productivity in a warming world: Differences between developed and developing countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Yu ◽  
Zhongwei Yan ◽  
Jiangjiang Xia ◽  
Alcide Zhao ◽  
Anzhi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The World ◽  
Warming World

<p>Comparable estimates of the heat-related work productivity loss (WPL) in different countries over the world are difficult partly due to the lack of exact measures and comparable data for different counties. In this study, we analysed 4363 responses to a global online survey on the WPL during heat waves in 2016. The participants were from both developed and developing countries, facilitating estimates of the heat-related WPL across the world for the year. The heat-related WPL for each country involved was then deduced for increases of 1.5, 2, 3 and 4 °C in the global mean surface temperature under the representative concentration pathway scenarios in climate models. The average heat-related WPL in 2016 was 6.6 days for developing countries and 3.5 days for developed countries. The estimated heat-related WPL was negatively correlated with the gross domestic product per capita. When global surface temperatures increased by 1.5, 2, 3 and 4 °C, the corresponding WPL was 9 (19), 12 (31), 22 (61) and 33 (94) days for developed (developing) countries, quantifying how developing countries are more vulnerable to climate change from a particular point of view. Moreover, the heat-related WPL was unevenly distributed among developing countries. In a 2°C-warmer world, the heat-related WPL would be more than two months in Southeast Asia, the most influenced region. The results are considerable for developing strategy of adaptation especially for developing countries.</p>

scholarly journals The importance of the promotion of university sport on the faculty level – case analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-96
Author(s):  
Tvrtko Galić ◽  
Mijo Ćurić ◽  
Antun Biloš
Keyword(s):  
Time Lag ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Sport Activities ◽  
University Level ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The University ◽  
The Way

The ways of informing students about the activities which are organized on a faculty or university level daily present an increasing challenge. The very aim of this work is to analyze and compare ways of informing students of the Faculty of Education about the sport activities on the faculty and university level. The way of informing students about the activities will be compared with the ways of informing about general sport activities in order to identify possible deviation from two different types of activities. Promotion being one of the marketing elements, so is the appliance of adequate promotion tools very important in all social processes. Numerous examples, especially in sport, proved that the activities of the sport participants will not be successful without the adequate use of promotion. University sport in developed countries surely occupies an important place in the academic community; from that point of view it is very important to determine the way of managing the university sport. The university sport in the Republic of Croatia is becoming more significant element of students' activities every day, and the promotion contributes to that. Apart from comparing the ways of informing about sport and regular activities, this paper will provide the time comparison of the mentioned researches between 2014 and 2020. The comparison of the same data with the time lag will provide the best picture of the changes in the ways of informing in a 6-year-period. The obtained results have shown that even after six years, students continue to prefer certain communication channels, i.e. they remain primary.

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