Optimal Power Management System in Embedded Devices by using Novel Scheduling Algorithm

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-61
Author(s):  
Harsha S. Shanthaveeraiah ◽  
R. Balasubramani
Keyword(s):  
Embedded Systems ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Power Management ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Scheduling Algorithm ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Embedded Devices ◽  
Optimal Power

Recently, Android is being integrated and applied to various embedded systems because of good characteristics like open source, a wide connective range, multitasking, and secure communications. Most of the modern embedded designers have been focused on system performance while reducing operating power consumption. However, increasing the performance level inevitably increases power consumption. In this article, an optimal power management (OPM) system is proposed for embedded systems using a novel scheduling algorithm. It can control the operating power consumption of open source platforms (Raspberry-PI, Parallella, and Arduino) supported hardware devices (ZynqBerry, ZynqParallela, and ArduZynq). The proposed OPM system uses the scheduling algorithm based on the functionality of optimization and their tasks. Moreover, the proposed OPM system provides the low or high frequency to the devices upon receiving the low frequency and high frequency request from the devices. The simulation result is calculated in terms power consumption, maximum operating frequency and hardware utilization.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of Different Embedded Systems and Open-Source Optimization Packages Towards an Impulsive MPC Artificial Pancreas

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jhon E. Goez-Mora ◽  
María F. Villa-Tamayo ◽  
Monica Vallejo ◽  
Pablo S. Rivadeneira
Keyword(s):  
Embedded Systems ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Artificial Pancreas ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Portable Devices ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Computer Environment ◽  
The Difference

Current technological advances have brought closer to reality the project of a safe, portable, and efficient artificial pancreas for people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Among the developed control strategies for T1D, model predictive control (MPC) has been emphasized in literature as a promising control for glucose regulation. However, these control strategies are commonly designed in a computer environment, regardless of the limitations of a portable device. In this paper, the performances of six embedded platforms and three open-source optimization solver algorithms are assessed for T1D treatment. Their advantages and limitations are clarified using four MPC formulations of increasing complexity and a hardware-in-the-loop methodology to evaluate glucose control in virtual adult subjects. The performance comparison includes the execution time, the difference concerning the evolution obtained in MATLAB, the processor temperature, energy consumption, time percentage in normoglycemia, and the number of hypo- and hyperglycemic events. Results show that Quadprog is the package that faithfully follows the results obtained with control strategies designed and tuned on a computer with the MATLAB software. In addition, the Raspberry Pi 3 and the Tinker Board S embedded systems present the appropriate characteristics to be implemented as portable devices in the artificial pancreas application according to the criteria set out in this work.

scholarly journals Power management implementation in FreeRTOS on LM3S3748

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirela Simonovic ◽  
Lazar Saranovac
Keyword(s):  
Embedded Systems ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Power Management ◽  
Operating Systems ◽  
Reduce Power Consumption

Power consumption has become a major concern of embedded systems today. With the aim to reduce power consumption during the runtime, operating systems are dealing with power management. In this work, the FreeRTOS port is extended with power management features on LM3S3748 microcontroller. Tickless idle technique is implemented to provide more powersaving during the processor idle periods.

scholarly journals Dynamic Frequency Scaling Regarding Memory for Energy Efficiency of Embedded Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1798
Author(s):  
Junha Kim ◽  
Moonju Park
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Embedded Systems ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Power Management ◽  
Power Efficiency ◽  
Memory Access ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Dynamic Scaling ◽  
Frequency Scaling ◽  
Frequency Selection

Memory significantly affects the power consumption of embedded systems as well as performance. CPU frequency scaling for power management could fail in optimizing the energy efficiency without considering the memory access. In this paper, we analyze the power consumption and energy efficiency of an embedded system that supports dynamic scaling of frequency for both CPU and memory access. The power consumption of the CPU and the memory is modeled to show that the memory access rate affects the energy efficiency and the CPU frequency selection. Based on the power model, a method for frequency selection is presented to optimize the power efficiency which is measured using Energy-Delay Product (EDP). The proposed method is implemented and tested on a commercial smartphone to achieve about 3.3% - 7.6% enhancement comparing with the power management policy provided by the manufacturer in terms of EDP.

Simulations of high-resolution images of amorphous silicon films

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 544-545
Author(s):  
G. Y. Fan ◽  
J. M. Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Fourier Transformation ◽  
Amorphous Materials ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Structure Information ◽  
Frequency Components ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Spatial Frequency Spectrum

It is well known that the structure information on the specimen is not always faithfully transferred through the electron microscope. Firstly, the spatial frequency spectrum is modulated by the transfer function (TF) at the focal plane. Secondly, the spectrum suffers high frequency cut-off by the aperture (or effectively damping terms such as chromatic aberration). While these do not have essential effect on imaging crystal periodicity as long as the low order Bragg spots are inside the aperture, although the contrast may be reversed, they may change the appearance of images of amorphous materials completely. Because the spectrum of amorphous materials is continuous, modulation of it emphasizes some components while weakening others. Especially the cut-off of high frequency components, which contribute to amorphous image just as strongly as low frequency components can have a fundamental effect. This can be illustrated through computer simulation. Imaging of a whitenoise object with an electron microscope without TF limitation gives Fig. 1a, which is obtained by Fourier transformation of a constant amplitude combined with random phases generated by computer.

SEM image sharpness analysis

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 142-143
Author(s):  
M. T. Postek ◽  
A. E. Vladar
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Primary Electron ◽  
Image Sharpness ◽  
Critical Dimensions ◽  
Sem Image ◽  
Frequency Changes ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron

Fully automated or semi-automated scanning electron microscopes (SEM) are now commonly used in semiconductor production and other forms of manufacturing. The industry requires that an automated instrument must be routinely capable of 5 nm resolution (or better) at 1.0 kV accelerating voltage for the measurement of nominal 0.25-0.35 micrometer semiconductor critical dimensions. Testing and proving that the instrument is performing at this level on a day-by-day basis is an industry need and concern which has been the object of a study at NIST and the fundamentals and results are discussed in this paper.In scanning electron microscopy, two of the most important instrument parameters are the size and shape of the primary electron beam and any image taken in a scanning electron microscope is the result of the sample and electron probe interaction. The low frequency changes in the video signal, collected from the sample, contains information about the larger features and the high frequency changes carry information of finer details. The sharper the image, the larger the number of high frequency components making up that image. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis of an SEM image can be employed to provide qualitiative and ultimately quantitative information regarding the SEM image quality.

Real Ear Sound Pressure Levels Developed by Three Portable Stereo System Earphones

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 52-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail L. MacLean ◽  
Andrew Stuart ◽  
Robert Stenstrom
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Test System ◽  
Output Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Frequency Responses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sound Pressure Levels

Differences in real ear sound pressure levels (SPLs) with three portable stereo system (PSS) earphones (supraaural [Sony Model MDR-44], semiaural [Sony Model MDR-A15L], and insert [Sony Model MDR-E225]) were investigated. Twelve adult men served as subjects. Frequency response, high frequency average (HFA) output, peak output, peak output frequency, and overall RMS output for each PSS earphone were obtained with a probe tube microphone system (Fonix 6500 Hearing Aid Test System). Results indicated a significant difference in mean RMS outputs with nonsignificant differences in mean HFA outputs, peak outputs, and peak output frequencies among PSS earphones. Differences in mean overall RMS outputs were attributed to differences in low-frequency effects that were observed among the frequency responses of the three PSS earphones. It is suggested that one cannot assume equivalent real ear SPLs, with equivalent inputs, among different styles of PSS earphones.

Evaluation of Special Hearing Aids for Deaf Children

1971 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman P. Erber
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Aids ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Acoustic Stimulation ◽  
Deaf Children ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Frequency Limit ◽  
Unpublished Studies ◽  
Published Research

Two types of special hearing aid have been developed recently to improve the reception of speech by profoundly deaf children. In a different way, each special system provides greater low-frequency acoustic stimulation to deaf ears than does a conventional hearing aid. One of the devices extends the low-frequency limit of amplification; the other shifts high-frequency energy to a lower frequency range. In general, previous evaluations of these special hearing aids have obtained inconsistent or inconclusive results. This paper reviews most of the published research on the use of special hearing aids by deaf children, summarizes several unpublished studies, and suggests a set of guidelines for future evaluations of special and conventional amplification systems.

Efeitos do Método Pilates sobre a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca, flexibilidade e variáveis antropométricas em indivíduos sedentários

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Maria Lina Silva Leite
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do Método Pilates sobre a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca, na flexibilidade e nas variáveis antropométricas em indivíduos sedentários. O presente estudo contou com 14 voluntárias do sexo feminino, na faixa etária entre 40 e 55 anos, que realizaram 20 sessões de exercícios do Método Pilates, duas vezes por semana, com duração de 45 minutos cada sessão, dividida em três fases: repouso, exercício e recuperação. As variáveis estudadas foram: os dados antropométricos, flexibilidade avaliada utilizando o teste de sentar-e-alcançar com o Banco de Wells, e intervalos R-R usando um cardiotacômetro. O processamento dos sinais da frequência cardíaca foi efetuado em ambiente MatLab 6.1®, utilizando a TWC. Os dados coletados foram submetidos ao teste de normalidade de Shapiro Wilk e foi utilizado o teste de Wilcoxon e Anova One Way (α = 0,05). Nos resultados, observou-se que não houve diferenças significativas entre os valores antropométricos e de frequência cardíaca, porém houve aumento da flexibilidade com o treinamento. Comparando a primeira e a vigésima sessão com relação aos parâmetros low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), e relação LF/HF, não houve diferença na fase de repouso e foram constatadas diferenças significativas de LF (p = 0,04) e HF (p = 0,04) na fase de exercício e diferença significativa de LF/HF (p = 0,05) na fase de recuperação. Comparando os parâmetros nos períodos de repouso, exercícios e recuperação durante a primeira sessão e durante a vigésima sessão, não houve diferença significativa nos parâmetros LF, HF e LF/HF. Pode-se concluir que, em relação à flexibilidade, foi observada uma melhora significativa, enquanto a análise da frequência cardíaca caracterizou a intensidade do exercício de 50% da capacidade funcional das voluntárias. Em relação aos parâmetros LF, HF e LF/HF foram observados um aumento da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca, provavelmente produto da atividade do Método Pilates. A Transformada Wavelet (TWC) mostrou-se um Método adequado para as análises da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca.Palavras-chave: frequência cardíaca, Transformada Wavelet, Pilates.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document