Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investment

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Ilhéu
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Economic Imbalances ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Better Than

In past years, China recorded a fast sustainable economic growth with an estimated average GDP growth rate of 9.7% in the period of 1980-2008, turning China into the world’s second largest economy. With an export oriented economic model, China is the most attractive developing country for FDI flows, both short and long term. In this regard, China has been able to achieve a foreign exchange reserve of US$ 2.2 trillion, the world´s largest reserve currency. Around 50% of this huge reserve is being applied in American bonds, while the remaining supports Chinese health and social security systems, bank solvability, internationalization of their economy, investment in geostrategic positioning, and making foreign aid available to other developing countries. During the 2008 global crisis, China was able to resist better than other major world economies, benefitting from this downturn to implement policies to reduce its economic imbalances. One of these imbalances is the gap between Chinese FDI and OFDI, which is now progressively narrowing. In the near future, OFDI is expected to be larger than FDI, and in this paper, the authors research whether Chinese OFDI can be explained by existing theories or if a new theory is required.

Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investment

2012 ◽  
pp. 154-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Ilhéu
Keyword(s):  
Direct Investment ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
The World ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Economic Imbalances ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth ◽  
Near Future

In past years, China recorded a fast sustainable economic growth with an estimated average GDP growth rate of 9.7% in the period of 1980-2008, turning China into the world’s second largest economy. With an export oriented economic model, China is the most attractive developing country for FDI flows, both short and long term. In this regard, China has been able to achieve a foreign exchange reserve of US$ 2.2 trillion, the world´s largest reserve currency. Around 50% of this huge reserve is being applied in American bonds, while the remaining supports Chinese health and social security systems, bank solvability, internationalization of their economy, investment in geostrategic positioning, and making foreign aid available to other developing countries. During the 2008 global crisis, China was able to resist better than other major world economies, benefitting from this downturn to implement policies to reduce its economic imbalances. One of these imbalances is the gap between Chinese FDI and OFDI, which is now progressively narrowing. In the near future, OFDI is expected to be larger than FDI, and in this paper, the authors research whether Chinese OFDI can be explained by existing theories or if a new theory is required.

scholarly journals Sediment Mining

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Homayoun Fathollahzadeh ◽  
Fabio Kaczala ◽  
Amit Bhatnagar ◽  
William Hogland
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Contaminated Sediments ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Metals Recovery ◽  
Environmental Footprints ◽  
Valuable Metals ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Near Future

The main dilemma of contaminated sediments has been the proper management with reduced environmental footprints. Furthermore, by considering the fact that global warming and climate change may complicate the choice of management options, finding appropriate solutions become extremely critical. In the present work, mining of contaminated sediments to recover valuable constituents such as metals and nutrients is proposed as sustainable strategy, both through enhancing resilience of ecosystem and remediation. Contaminated sediments in the Oskarshamn harbor, southeast of Sweden were collected and analyzed through a modified sequential extraction in order to evaluate the feasibility of metals recovery. The results have shown that among different metals present in the sediments, Cu and Pb can be initially considered as economically feasible to recover. The shifting in the concept of dredging and further remediation of contaminated sediments towards sediment mining and recover of valuable metals can be considered in the near future as a sustainable strategy to tackle contaminated harbor/ports areas. However, it must be highlighted that short and long-term environmental impacts related to such activities should be addressed.

Work and Welfare Benefits: Social Security, Employment and Unemployment in the 1990s

1991 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eithne McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
Welfare Benefits ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Social Security Policy

ABSTRACTThis paper considers social security policy and structures in relation to the labour market of the late 1980s and 1990s. The paper begins by describing the labour market of the late 1980s and summarising projective descriptions of labour demand in the 1990s. The second section of the paper reports on recent research examining the labour supply behaviour of long term unemployed people, drawing out the role of social security policy and structures therein. The third section of the paper concludes that the role of social security policy is at present essentially reactive rather than proactive; that it does little to address the likely need for labour of certain kinds in the 1990s; and that efforts to address the problem of long term unemployment through social security policy have been largely misdirected. The final section of the paper briefly considers some of the ways in which social security systems can be more proactive and suggests a number of both short term and longer term policy changes which research indicates would be of benefit in the UK.

scholarly journals Nur geringer haushaltspolitischer Spielraum trotz hoher Überschüsse

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina van Deuverden
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Insurance Benefits ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Social Contribution ◽  
Investment Spending ◽  
Near Future

Abstract:Public budgets in Germany developed favorable during the last years. Currently there is a broad discussion on how to spend unexpected budget surpluses: tax reductions and a various number of spending purposes are on the agenda. Many of the proposals overlook that existing surpluses partly reflect special developments and are, thus, only temporary. This part of surpluses indicates no scope for tax reductions or lasting expenditure, but it can temporarily be used on investment spending and, thus, can enhance potential growth. In many cases proposals also overlook that the development of public finances in Germany is very heterogeneous. Regarding demographic developments social security systems will face heavy challenges and will have to raise social contribution rates in near future. A medium-term projection indicates an increase of nearly four percentage points till 2025. This dampens economic development and reduces potential growth. Thus, the permanent part of the budget surplus should be used to increase tax transfers to social insurances – especially because a huge volume of non-insurance benefits is still financed within the security system.

Long-term sickness and invalidity benefits: Forecasting and other actuarial problems

1987 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Haberman
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Social Security System ◽  
Security System ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
Insurance Benefit ◽  
Disability Claim ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Uk

It is proposed to discuss the actuarial problems associated with the management of long-term sickness and invalidity benefits. The emphasis is on benefits provided by social security schemes (with particular reference to National Insurance benefit in the UK), but the main points are relevant to private sector benefits including permanent health insurance (PHI).The plan of the paper is as follows. We describe in Section 2 the nature of long-term invalidity benefit provided by the British social security system and then consider in Section 3 the problems associated with defining disability. A discussion of the differences between the incidence of morbidity and the making of an insurance claim leads to consideration of selection and moral hazard (Section 4). We then examine in Section 5 the methodology for analysing costs and estimating future costs with particular reference to the development within the Government Actuary's Department (GAD) of a model based on an incidence and survivorship approach to invalidity benefit and the debate aroused by CMI Report No. 7 on the same topic5. The paper then presents an analysis of recent trends in disability claim rates (Section 6) and incidence and termination rates (Sections 7 and 8) based on invalidity benefit within the British social security system, as well as PHI and the experience of other countries. Attempts are then made in Section 9 to explain these trends and the upward trend in financial costs for disability benefits experienced by many social security systems. The paper concludes with an examination of two areas of current interest, viz. sex differences in morbidity rates and claim rates (Section 10) and the relationship between claim rates and the prevailing level of unemployment (Section 11).

Ultrathin Gate and Capacitor Dielectric Formation Using Single- Wafer Processing

1993 ◽  
Vol 303 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.P.S. Thakur ◽  
A. Ahmad ◽  
A. Ditali ◽  
A. Martin ◽  
A. Kermani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Passivation ◽  
Dielectric Films ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Thermal Oxide ◽  
Oxygen Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Wafer Processing ◽  
Better Than

ABSTRACTVarious ultrathin gate and capacitor structures were formed in a single wafer, lamp heated, reduced pressure, cold wall CVD reactor. Sequential processes including in-situ rapid thermal cleaning, surface passivation, and dielectric formation for capacitor structures was achieved at reduced pressure using pure ammonia. Three types of dielectric films were fabricated: pure thermal oxide, oxynitride, and silicon nitride. The films were grown using pure dry oxygen, nitrous oxide, and silane/ammonia chemistries, respectively. Excellent uniformity across the wafer was observed for dielectric films of different thicknesses. The RTCVD-based films exhibited improved characteristics for leakage and device drive. The TDDB data indicates that the short and long term reliability of the gate and capacitor dielectric films formed with the singlewafer process was better than that obtained with furnace-grown films. Auger electron spectroscopy and ellipsometry techniques were used to correlate film composition with processing conditions. In this paper we present the growth kinetics, composition, and thickness uniformity data and the electrical results of single-wafer processing.

scholarly journals Is the Aurora Borealis an Inspiration to the Performance of Nordic Economic Sustainability?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9961
Author(s):  
Manuel Carlos Nogueira ◽  
Mara Madaleno
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Social Success ◽  
Aurora Borealis ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth ◽  
Term Maintenance

The Nordic countries are well positioned in the main international economic, social, and sustainability indices, and the scientific literature that supports these indices argues that a rise in these rankings promotes economic growth. With this unprecedented empirical study, we intended to assess whether, in the case of the Nordic countries, the long term maintenance of high positions translates into sustainable economic growth. The period considered was between 2004 and 2008, and we used the ARDL methodology to assess time series. The ARDL methodology has the advantage of providing us with short and long term coefficients. Using five of the leading international indices, we conclude that, for the Nordic countries, economic freedom is not important for economic growth, while business friendly regulation is the most important variable. Three important findings of our study (in which Granger causality complemented the ARDL methodology) are that these countries were able to adapt perfectly to the globalization process, entrepreneurship makes an important contribution to the continued economic and social success of these countries (allowing them to continue to enjoy their “Nordic welfare states” in these uncertain times), and corruption harms the Nordic economy. These variables have contributed to the countries’ economic and social sustainability.

scholarly journals Efficacy and tolerability of fixed association of oxycodone and naloxone in elderly patients with ribs fracture: An 18-month retrospective study

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Riccardi ◽  
Beatrice Spinola ◽  
Pierangela Minuto ◽  
Marco Licenziato ◽  
Valeria Ghiglione ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Rib Fractures ◽  
Multiple Rib Fractures ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Better Than

Blunt chest trauma with isolated or multiple rib fractures constitutes a common presentation in Emergency Department (ED), particularly in elderly people. Rib fractures in the elderly create short- and long-term disabilities with a dramatic impact. Pain management in the elderly could be problematic due to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) contraindication or interaction with other drugs. We performed this retrospective study collecting and retrieving all patients aged 65 or older, with a diagnosis of rib(s) fracture(s) during an 18-month period. We analyzed the different treatments chosen, and divided them into subgroups: oxycodone- naloxone, and other treatments (also divided in: codeineacetaminophen; NSAID or Acetaminophen; Tramadol or Tapentadol). A total of 475 elderly patients (aged 65 and older) with single or multiple rib fractures were evaluated in our ED in 18 months: of these 410 patients were considered eligible, with a mean age of 79.28 years (standard deviation 7.83). 185 were male and 225 were female. Our study confirms the efficacy and tolerability of fixed association of oxycodone and naloxone. This association determined the highest and fastest reduction on Numeric Pain Scale reported by patients and is significantly better than other drugs in oral administration.

scholarly journals Recall of advertisements after various lapses of time

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Laming
Keyword(s):  
Test Sequence ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Empirical Relationships ◽  
Relevant Variable ◽  
Brain Science ◽  
Elapsed Time ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Previous Error

Abstract The recall of 90 magazine advertisements, consisting of a Brand, a Picture and a Slogan, was tested by presenting one of these components as cue and asking for the other two. The advertisements were tested in groups of ten, each group requiring a sequence of 30 test trials (10 advertisements × 3 cues). Backwards analysis of the sequences of responses—that is, starting with the last trial and comparing it successively with the responses on earlier trials—identified many responses as repetitions of previous errors, replicating many of the findings in Laming, D. On the recall of errors in recall. JSMC Brain Science, 2019, 3: 21, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333448328_On_The_Recall_Of_Errors_In_Recall. Nine different groups of advertisements were tested after various lapses of time up to 4 months. A comparison is made between the (short term) probability of repeating a previous error as a function of lag within a single test sequence and the (longer term) probability of retrieving an advertisement as a function of elapsed time. Both these empirical relationships can be characterised by reciprocal functions, but they are otherwise quite different. Extrapolation of long-term accessibility to short intervals suggests recall in the short term could be much better than it is; extrapolation of short-term accessibility to longer intervals poses the contrary problem. Even though the only relevant variable in this comparison appears to be lapse of time, there is a question whether this comparison between short and long term is truly like with like.

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