Ultrathin Gate and Capacitor Dielectric Formation Using Single- Wafer Processing

1993 ◽  
Vol 303 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.P.S. Thakur ◽  
A. Ahmad ◽  
A. Ditali ◽  
A. Martin ◽  
A. Kermani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Passivation ◽  
Dielectric Films ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Thermal Oxide ◽  
Oxygen Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Wafer Processing ◽  
Better Than

ABSTRACTVarious ultrathin gate and capacitor structures were formed in a single wafer, lamp heated, reduced pressure, cold wall CVD reactor. Sequential processes including in-situ rapid thermal cleaning, surface passivation, and dielectric formation for capacitor structures was achieved at reduced pressure using pure ammonia. Three types of dielectric films were fabricated: pure thermal oxide, oxynitride, and silicon nitride. The films were grown using pure dry oxygen, nitrous oxide, and silane/ammonia chemistries, respectively. Excellent uniformity across the wafer was observed for dielectric films of different thicknesses. The RTCVD-based films exhibited improved characteristics for leakage and device drive. The TDDB data indicates that the short and long term reliability of the gate and capacitor dielectric films formed with the singlewafer process was better than that obtained with furnace-grown films. Auger electron spectroscopy and ellipsometry techniques were used to correlate film composition with processing conditions. In this paper we present the growth kinetics, composition, and thickness uniformity data and the electrical results of single-wafer processing.

Saskatchewan Highways and Transportation Reduced Tire Pressure Initiative

1997 ◽  
Vol 1589 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Davies ◽  
Tami F. Wall ◽  
Allan Carpentier
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Vehicle Stability ◽  
Road Maintenance ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Tire Pressure ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Short And Long Term

After examination of the research carried out by other agencies, Saskatchewan Highways and Transportation (SHT) embarked on an initiative to adapt low tire pressure technologies to the province's needs and environment. The focus of the initiative was to explore several technical questions from SHT's perspective: (a) Can low tire pressures be used to increase truck weights from secondary to primary without increasing road maintenance costs on thin membrane surface roads? (b) What are the short- and long-term effects of tire heating under high-speed/high-deflection constant reduced pressure (CRP) operations in a Saskatchewan environment? (c) What effects do lower tire pressures have on vehicle stability at highway speeds? To date, significant opportunities have been noted on local hauls (less than 30 min loaded at highway speeds) for CRP operation and long primary highway hauls that begin or end in relatively short secondary highway sections that limit vehicle weight allowed for the whole trip for central tire inflation technology. The background and environment for the initiative and the investigations and demonstrations envisioned and undertaken are briefly outlined.

Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investment

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Ilhéu
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Economic Imbalances ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Better Than

In past years, China recorded a fast sustainable economic growth with an estimated average GDP growth rate of 9.7% in the period of 1980-2008, turning China into the world’s second largest economy. With an export oriented economic model, China is the most attractive developing country for FDI flows, both short and long term. In this regard, China has been able to achieve a foreign exchange reserve of US$ 2.2 trillion, the world´s largest reserve currency. Around 50% of this huge reserve is being applied in American bonds, while the remaining supports Chinese health and social security systems, bank solvability, internationalization of their economy, investment in geostrategic positioning, and making foreign aid available to other developing countries. During the 2008 global crisis, China was able to resist better than other major world economies, benefitting from this downturn to implement policies to reduce its economic imbalances. One of these imbalances is the gap between Chinese FDI and OFDI, which is now progressively narrowing. In the near future, OFDI is expected to be larger than FDI, and in this paper, the authors research whether Chinese OFDI can be explained by existing theories or if a new theory is required.

scholarly journals Effect of cigarette smoking on nitric oxide, structural, and mechanical properties of mouse arteries

2006 ◽  
Vol 291 (5) ◽  
pp. H2354-H2361 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Guo ◽  
M. J. Oldham ◽  
M. T. Kleinman ◽  
R. F. Phalen ◽  
G. S. Kassab
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Coronary Arteries ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
By Products ◽  
Enos Protein

Cigarette smoking (CS) is a major risk factor for vascular disease. The aim of this study was to quantitatively assess the influence of CS on mouse arteries. We studied the effect of short-term (6 wk) and long-term (16 wk) CS exposure on structural and mechanical properties of coronary arteries compared with that of control mice. We also examined the reversibility of the deleterious effects of CS on structural [e.g., wall thickness (WT)], mechanical (e.g., stiffness), and biochemical [e.g., nitric oxide (NO) by-products] properties with the cessation of CS. The left and right coronary arteries were cannulated in situ and mechanically distended. The stress, strain, elastic modulus, and WT of coronary arteries were determined. Western blot analysis was used to analyze endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) in the femoral and carotid arteries of the same mice, and NO by-products were determined by measuring the levels of nitrite. Our results show that the mean arterial pressure was increased by CS. Furthermore, CS significantly increased the elastic modulus, decreased stress and strain, and increased the WT and WT-to-radius ratio compared with those of control mice. The reduction of eNOS protein expression was found only after long-term CS exposure. Moreover, the NO metabolite was markedly decreased in CS mice after short- and long-term exposure of CS. These findings suggest that 16 wk of CS exposure can cause an irreversible deterioration of structural and elastic properties of mouse coronary arteries. The decrease in endothelium-derived NO in CS mice was seen to significantly correlate with the remodeling of arterial wall.

scholarly journals Short Term Versus Long Term Catheterization after Urogenital Prolapse Surgery

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-43
Author(s):  
Farzana Rabee Choudhury ◽  
Maliha Rashid ◽  
Ratu Rumana ◽  
ABM Zakir Uddin ◽  
Nilufar Nasrin Ava
Keyword(s):  
Genital Prolapse ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Prolapse Surgery ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Better Than

Background: Genital prolapse is a common gynaecological problem in developing country like Bangladesh.Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the advantages of short term catheterization in comparison to long term catheterization after genital prolapse surgery. Methodology: This was a prospective analytical cross sectional study being carried out from 1st July 2005 to 30th July 2006 in the Department of Gynaecology & Obstetrics of Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital. A total of 200 patients undergoing genital prolapse surgery were selected for this study. Patients were divided into two groups. In short term catheterization group the urinary catheter was withdrawal within one day after surgery and in the short term catheterization group the catheter was remained in situ for 5 days after surgery. Result: Positive urine culture was found in 16% in long term catheterization group compared with 6% in short term group (P=0.02). Mean duration of hospital stay was 6.98 days in long term catheterization group and 4.68 days in short term catheterization group (P<0.01). Residual volume was more than 200 ml and need for re-catheterization occurred in 3% in group whereas it was 10% in case group (P=0.04). Conclusion: This study permits to conclude that short term catheterization is better than long term catheterization. J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll, 2011;3 (2): 41-43 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jssmc.v3i2.12077

Short- and Long-term Comparison between Photorefractive Keratectomy and Laser In Situ Keratomileusis

Cornea ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. S41-S45
Author(s):  
Takashi Miyai ◽  
Kazunori Miyata ◽  
Ryohei Nejima ◽  
Masato Honbo ◽  
Keiichiro Minami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser In Situ Keratomileusis ◽  
Photorefractive Keratectomy ◽  
Short And Long Term

Modulation of central glucocorticoid receptors in short- and long-term experimental hypothyroidism

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Nikolopoulou ◽  
Dimitris Mytilinaios ◽  
Dimitris Spinos ◽  
Nikitas – Apollon Panagiotopoulos ◽  
George P. Chrousos
Keyword(s):  
Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Binding Affinity ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptors ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Receptor Number ◽  
Short And Long Term

Aim: Normal adrenocortical responsiveness to stress involves glucocorticoid negative feedback to terminate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation. Hypothyroidism is associated with a centrally mediated adrenal insufficiency associated. The aim of this study was to examine whether this may be explained by a disturbed glucocorticoid feedback through specific brain receptors: the mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Methods: Cytosolic receptor binding and gene expression was assessed in male Sprague-Dawley rats (350gm) with short- (7 days) and long-standing (60 days) hypothyroidism (thyroidectomy). Glucocorticoid receptor number and binding affinity in the hippocampus were measured using radioreceptor assay. In situ hybridization was employed to examine GR and MRmRNA levels in the hippocampus and the pituitary. Results: No differences in receptor number or affinity were observed after 7days and 60days treatment. Increased GRmRNA expression in the anterior pituitary was observed in 7day hypothyroid rats under basal conditions compared to euthyroid rats (122.77+4.93 vs 99.65+4.83 DPM/mg; p<0.05), which was associated with significantly decreased GRmRNA levels after osmotic stress (100.82+2.8 vs 110.48+4.1 DPM/mg; p<0.05). No differences were observed at 60days. No effect on MR mRNA expression in the hippocampus was seen in basal condition after both 7- and 60days hypothyroidism. MRmRNA was significantly decreased in 60 days-hypothyroid rats compared to euthyroid after normal saline (3995.67+131.54 vs 5121.00+505.2 DPM/mg; p<0.05). Conclusion: Hypothyroidism resulted in significant changes in GR and MR mRNA levels, in the hippocampus and the pituitary, without changes in receptor number and binding affinity.

scholarly journals Possible odour-mediated attraction of flies to Bacillus subtilis NRS-762 stationary phase culture

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenfa Ng
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Volatile Compound ◽  
Stationary Phase Culture ◽  
Phase Culture ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Orbital Shaker

Signalling helps connects different organisms in the biosphere. This research note describes the possible concentration-dependent odour mediated attraction of flies to stationary phase aerobic liquid cultures of Bacillus subtilis NRS-762 cultivated on an open orbital shaker at 25 oC. Greater odour pungency correlated with more intense “foraging” attempts, which suggested the compounds’ possible behaviour modifying effects. Additionally, co-occurrence of optical density decline and increase in odour pungency suggested volatile compound(s) secretion might be a cell survival response mediated by a cell density-based signalling mechanism. Flies were not attracted to odourous stationary phase cultures of other common bacteria (Escherichia coli DH5α, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PRD-10, and Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5, which suggested species-specificity of the volatile compound(s)). Altogether, volatile compound(s) might serve as interkingdom messengers to enlist flies for dispersing B. subtilis to habitats with more favourable conditions in coping with possible irreversible decline in habitability, and operate in parallel with other in situ mechanisms such as cannibalism and sporulation that help B. subtilis ride out short- and long-term environmental fluctuations, respectively. Interested researchers are invited to build upon the preliminary findings.

scholarly journals Possible odour-mediated attraction of flies to Bacillus subtilis NRS-762 stationary phase culture

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenfa Ng
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Volatile Compound ◽  
Stationary Phase Culture ◽  
Phase Culture ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Orbital Shaker

Signalling helps connects different organisms in the biosphere. This research note describes the possible concentration-dependent odour mediated attraction of flies to stationary phase aerobic liquid cultures of Bacillus subtilis NRS-762 maintained on an open orbital shaker at 25 oC. Greater odour pungency was observed to correlate with more intense “foraging” attempts, which suggested the compounds’ possible behaviour modifying effects. Additionally, co-occurrence of optical density decline and increase in odour pungency suggested volatile compound(s) secretion might be a cell survival response mediated by a cell density-based signalling mechanism. Flies were not attracted to odourous stationary phase cultures of other common bacteria (Escherichia coli DH5α, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PRD-10, and Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5, which suggested species-specificity of the volatile compound(s). Altogether, volatile compound(s) might serve as interkingdom messengers to enlist flies for dispersing B. subtilis to habitats with more favourable conditions in coping with possible irreversible decline in habitability, and operate in parallel with other in situ mechanisms such as cannibalism and sporulation that help B. subtilis ride out short- and long-term environmental fluctuations, respectively. Interested researchers are invited to build upon the preliminary findings.

scholarly journals Efficacy and tolerability of fixed association of oxycodone and naloxone in elderly patients with ribs fracture: An 18-month retrospective study

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Riccardi ◽  
Beatrice Spinola ◽  
Pierangela Minuto ◽  
Marco Licenziato ◽  
Valeria Ghiglione ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Rib Fractures ◽  
Multiple Rib Fractures ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Better Than

Blunt chest trauma with isolated or multiple rib fractures constitutes a common presentation in Emergency Department (ED), particularly in elderly people. Rib fractures in the elderly create short- and long-term disabilities with a dramatic impact. Pain management in the elderly could be problematic due to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) contraindication or interaction with other drugs. We performed this retrospective study collecting and retrieving all patients aged 65 or older, with a diagnosis of rib(s) fracture(s) during an 18-month period. We analyzed the different treatments chosen, and divided them into subgroups: oxycodone- naloxone, and other treatments (also divided in: codeineacetaminophen; NSAID or Acetaminophen; Tramadol or Tapentadol). A total of 475 elderly patients (aged 65 and older) with single or multiple rib fractures were evaluated in our ED in 18 months: of these 410 patients were considered eligible, with a mean age of 79.28 years (standard deviation 7.83). 185 were male and 225 were female. Our study confirms the efficacy and tolerability of fixed association of oxycodone and naloxone. This association determined the highest and fastest reduction on Numeric Pain Scale reported by patients and is significantly better than other drugs in oral administration.

scholarly journals Recall of advertisements after various lapses of time

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Laming
Keyword(s):  
Test Sequence ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Empirical Relationships ◽  
Relevant Variable ◽  
Brain Science ◽  
Elapsed Time ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Previous Error

Abstract The recall of 90 magazine advertisements, consisting of a Brand, a Picture and a Slogan, was tested by presenting one of these components as cue and asking for the other two. The advertisements were tested in groups of ten, each group requiring a sequence of 30 test trials (10 advertisements × 3 cues). Backwards analysis of the sequences of responses—that is, starting with the last trial and comparing it successively with the responses on earlier trials—identified many responses as repetitions of previous errors, replicating many of the findings in Laming, D. On the recall of errors in recall. JSMC Brain Science, 2019, 3: 21, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333448328_On_The_Recall_Of_Errors_In_Recall. Nine different groups of advertisements were tested after various lapses of time up to 4 months. A comparison is made between the (short term) probability of repeating a previous error as a function of lag within a single test sequence and the (longer term) probability of retrieving an advertisement as a function of elapsed time. Both these empirical relationships can be characterised by reciprocal functions, but they are otherwise quite different. Extrapolation of long-term accessibility to short intervals suggests recall in the short term could be much better than it is; extrapolation of short-term accessibility to longer intervals poses the contrary problem. Even though the only relevant variable in this comparison appears to be lapse of time, there is a question whether this comparison between short and long term is truly like with like.

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