On the Notion of Collective Intelligence

In this article, the author explores the notion of Collective Intelligence (CI) as an emerging computing paradigm. The article is meant to provide a historical and contextual view of CI through the lenses of as many related disciplines as possible (biology, sociology, natural and environmental sciences, physics) in conjunction with the computer science point of view. During this explorative journey, the article also aims at pinpointing the current strengths and weaknesses of CI-related computational and system engineering design and implementation methodologies of CI-based systems. A non-exhaustive list of case studies set up the stage for CI applications as well as challenging research questions. These can be particularly directed towards the Social Web, as a very prominent example of synergistic interactions of a group of people with diverse cultural and professional backgrounds and its potential to become a platform for the emergence of truly CI-based systems.

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On the Notion of Collective Intelligence

Intelligent and Knowledge-Based Computing for Business and Organizational Advancements ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-1577-9.ch001 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Epaminondas Kapetanios

Keyword(s):

Collective Intelligence ◽

Point Of View ◽

Environmental Sciences ◽

Synergistic Interactions ◽

Design And Implementation ◽

Computing Paradigm ◽

The Social ◽

Research Questions ◽

Set Up ◽

Exhaustive List

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Intellectual Property and Behavioural Studies: Methodological Perspectives

10.1093/oso/9780198826743.003.0037 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 570-585

Author(s):

Elfriede Penz ◽

Eva Hofmann

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Research ◽

Intellectual Property ◽

Institutional Environment ◽

Legal Aspect ◽

Point Of View ◽

Computer Assisted ◽

Expert Interviews ◽

Quantitative And Qualitative Research ◽

The Social ◽

Research Questions

Intellectual property (IP) infringement is widely researched in behavioural studies with manifold quantitative and qualitative research. The current chapter focuses on qualitative research and gives an introduction to how data from expert interviews and websites of relevant stakeholders can be analysed to understand and interpret IP infringement applying triangulation. This chapter selects the comprehensive perspective of the entire business and institutional environment in an international context, focusing on the social-cultural, legal, economic, political, and technological framework in different countries, which determines business activities. It answers three research questions on past, current, and future activities regarding IP with data from forty-six organizations (expert interviews, website analyses). The analysis of the data with Computer Assisted/Aided Qualitative Data AnalysiS (CAQDAS) follows four steps: (1) organizing the material; (2) coding; (3) searching; and (4) modelling and interpreting. The analysis revealed that first, there were several activities regarding IP that have been applied by different stakeholders, second, the present status of IP from the point of view of the different stakeholders has a strong legal aspect, and third, a cross-national collaboration for enforcement and harmonizing legislation is seen important for the future of IP specifically by governmental bodies. Overall, these findings allow for recommendations not only for legislators but also for industry and organizations lobbying for more lenient IP rights leading to a bright future for IP.

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Generations Comparison: Father Role Representations in the 1980s and the New Millennium

Genealogy ◽

10.3390/genealogy3020017 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 17 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maria Letizia Bosoni ◽

Sara Mazzucchelli

Keyword(s):

Point Of View ◽

Current Debate ◽

The Social ◽

Two Generations ◽

Academic Publications ◽

Research Questions ◽

Father Role ◽

Changing Role ◽

New Millennium

In the light of relevant and current debate on the changing role of fathers, this contribution is aimed at analysing the international literature on fatherhood, comparing two distinct periods of time, from the social, cultural and demographic point of view: the years 1980–1999 and the new millennium. This will contribute to identifying features of the fatherhood transformation in these two contexts, which in fact refer to two generations of fathers. The research questions to be answered are: Which aspects characterize the process of fatherhood transformation, in an intergenerational perspective? How are paternal childcare practices represented in different historical and social periods? An analysis of the academic publications on fathers in Scopus and Google Scholar will be conducted, in the two temporal periods indicated, using T-Lab software, in order to map fathers’ role representations.

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Female-Owned Innovative Startups in Italy: Status Quo and Implications

Administrative Sciences ◽

10.3390/admsci8040066 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 66 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paola Paoloni ◽

Giuseppe Modaffari

Keyword(s):

Social Context ◽

Research Question ◽

Status Quo ◽

Point Of View ◽

Female Entrepreneurship ◽

Main Research ◽

Economic Context ◽

The Social ◽

Research Questions ◽

Main Factors

The aim of the paper is to provide an overview of the current literature of this business phenomenon with regard to gender studies and to point out what is substantially happening and what has happened in the Italian economic context. The main research questions were RQ1: How is the phenomenon of female Startups treated from a scientific point of view? RQ2: Which is the Italian situation of this phenomenon? The methodology used is both qualitative and explorative. A bidirectional analysis has been carried out for this purpose. In order to expand the first research question (RQ1), an analysis was carried out of the articles in the EBSCO database on the topic of female startups. In order to expand the second question (RQ2), an analysis was carried out on the data concerning the phenomenon of female startups, using the register of companies held at the Chambers of Commerce which were territorially competent. Our research, carried out within the Italian economic context, demonstrates how the phenomenon of Woman Startups (WSU), even if it is widely expanding, is inherent in all the typical elements of female entrepreneurship, as reported in the literature by gender scholars. The main factors that emerge for the WSU are the small size and the undercapitalization in the startup phase. This work contributes to the expansion of studies on the topic of startups in the context of gender and can be useful to the social context, new entrepreneurs, and practitioners of the sector.

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The Contribution of Spanish Science to Patents: Medicine as Case of Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17103638 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (10) ◽

pp. 3638 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mila Cascajares ◽

Alfredo Alcayde ◽

José Antonio Garrido-Cardenas ◽

Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro

Keyword(s):

Citation Impact ◽

Basic Research ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Point Of View ◽

Medical Problems ◽

Spanish Science ◽

International Patent ◽

The Social ◽

Great Relevance ◽

Set Up

Investments in research and development (R&D) and innovation are expensive, and one wishes to be assured that there is positive feedback and to receive guidance on how to direct investments in the future. The social or economic benefits of investments in R&D are of particular interest to policymakers. In this regard, public expense in research, especially through universities, is sometimes being questioned. This paper establishes a measure of how research in Spain, and specifically in its universities, is involved. In this study, we have analyzed all the literature cited in the period 1998–2018 produced by Spanish institutions and which has been cited in at least one international patent, obtaining more than 40,000 publications from more than 160,000 different authors. The data have been surprisingly positive, showing that practically all public universities contribute to this subject and that there is a great deal of international collaboration, both in terms of the number of countries with which they collaborate and the prestige of the institutions involved. Regarding the specific scientific fields in which this collaboration is most relevant, biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology, and medicine together account for almost 40% of the total works. The topics most used by these publications were those of diseases or medical problems such as: Neoplams, Carcinoma, Alzheimer Disease, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). Oncology was according to the All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) the leading and central issue. Therefore, although the result of basic research is difficult to quantify, when it is observed that there is a return in fields such as medicine or global health, it can be said that it is well employed. In terms of journals from a purely bibliometric point of view, it has been observed that some journals do not have a great impact or relative position within their categories, but they do have a great relevance in this area of patent support. Therefore, it would be worthwhile to set up a rank for scientific journals based on the citations of patents, so the percentage of articles cited in patents with Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) >1, and as an indicator of scientific transfer from universities or research centres, the transference index in patents (TIP) is also proposed.

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The Once-Only Principle: A Matter of Trust

The Once-Only Principle - Lecture Notes in Computer Science ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-79851-2_1 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Robert Krimmer ◽

Andriana Prentza ◽

Szymon Mamrot ◽

Carsten Schmidt

Keyword(s):

Legal Framework ◽

Transformation Process ◽

Single Market ◽

Point Of View ◽

The European Union ◽

Horizon 2020 ◽

Funded Project ◽

Research Questions ◽

Set Up ◽

The Eu

AbstractThe Single Market is one of the cornerstones of the European Union. The idea to transform it into a Digital Single Market (DSM) was outlined several years ago. The EU has started different initiatives to support this transformation process. One of them is the program Horizon 2020 to support the process from a technical point of view. In parallel to this, initiatives were started to set up a sound legal framework for the DSM. The Single Digital Gateway Regulation (SDGR) is an outcome of these initiatives. The key aspect of the SDGR is the underlying Once-Only Principle (OOP), outlining that businesses and citizens in contact with public administrations have to provide data only once. “The Once-Only Principle Project (TOOP)” is the EU-funded project initiated for research, testing, and implementation of the OOP in Europe. The authors give an overview of the research questions of the different parts of TOOP. Besides that, they introduce the other chapters of this book and what the reader can expect as the content of them.

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The Paradox between Consumerism and Sustainability - How to approach the marketing professionals with this theme

Journal on Innovation and Sustainability RISUS ISSN 2179-3565 ◽

10.24212/2179-3565.2013v4i3p29-39 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 29

Author(s):

Afonso Carlos Braga

Keyword(s):

Point Of View ◽

Growth Strategies ◽

Sustainable Resources ◽

Present Rate ◽

One Step ◽

Research Questions ◽

Set Up ◽

Develop Market ◽

Near Future

Much has been said these days about the World’s limited capacity to provide sustainable resources vis a vis the growing population's demand for goods and supplies in a planet of finite resources. According to the Living Planet Report, produced by the NGO World Wildlife Fund (WWF): “At humanity's present rate of consumption, by 2030 we'll need the resources of two Earths just to survive long-term. There are really two options: start building another Earth, or drastically change our lifestyles. Which one is supposed to be easier?”[1]The present article addresses this issue from the point of view of the marketing executives of big companies, responsible to lead the communication and growth strategies of those companies, often encouraging 'consumerism' to meet the profit and revenue growths. The idea was to understand if this topic is relevant to these professionals,hence their companies, and raise some hypotheses of how to approach this problem in order to provoke those companies to practice "conscious marketing". Going one step further, does the type of organizational paradigm in which the executive company acts should influence the way to approach this professional when conducting personal interviews to collect data? An initial analysis on the theory of how to develop market research questions to avoid bias and/or induced responses, will lead to the article conclusion of how to set up a questionnaire that will be taken into consideration in a near future, at the masters’ thesis of the author.[1] Source:http://io9.com/5664078/humanity-will-need-two-earths-to-sustain-itself-in-just-twenty-years, access 02 dec 12

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