The physical properties of graphene nano-structures are highly anisotropic and generally
correlated to the graphene sheet orientation. We investigated the capability to grow nano-graphene
structured carbon films and to control their texturing by pulsed laser ablation of a pyrolytic
graphite target (Nd:YAG laser, 2nd harmonic: λ=532 nm, hν=2.33 eV, τ=7 ns, ν=10 Hz, φ=7
J/cm2), operating at different temperature conditions. Carbon films were deposited on Si <100>
substrates. Detailed characterisation by synchrotron X-ray measurements were performed on
samples deposited in vacuum (~10-3 Pa) at high substrate temperatures (>800°C) and at room
temperature followed by post-annealing at high temperature (>800°C). The X-ray measurements
established the formation of nano-sized graphene structures for both sample sets. In the first set, the
nano-particles are correlated among them, their size increases with substrate temperature and a
longitudinal growth of parallel graphene layers occurs, with the ˆc axis parallel to the substrate. In
post annealed sample set, on the contrary, the nano-particles size is smaller and depends weakly on
annealing temperature. The graphene ˆc axis results to be randomly oriented up to ~850°C. Above
this temperature it seems that a transition phase occurs and the c axis results to lie parallel to
substrate plane.
Understanding the Influence of Temperature on the Phase Evolution during Li‐Graphite (De‐)Intercalation Processes: An Operando X‐ray Diffraction Study