scholarly journals Effect of Moisture Content on the Permeability of Tailing Sand Samples Gathered from Ex Tin Mines in Perak State Malaysia

2011 ◽  
Vol 66-68 ◽  
pp. 1384-1389
Author(s):  
A. Abdullah ◽  
Shamsuddin Sulaiman ◽  
B.T. Hang Tuah Baharudin ◽  
M.K.A.M. Arifin ◽  
T.R. Vijayaram
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Casting Process ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Sand Casting ◽  
Sand Sample ◽  
Molding Sand ◽  
Sand Mixture ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Work Samples

Tailing sand is one of the residue minerals obtained after tin extraction. It contains silica in between 94% and 99.5% and available in abundance at the Kinta Valley, Perak State, Malaysia. Permeability is one of the important molding sand properties and considered much in the sand casting mold preparation. This molding sand property plays a vital role in the sand casting process and helps to remove the gases during the casting processing. In this research work, samples of tailing sands were gathered from four identified ex tin mines located at the Perak State, Malaysia. They were investigated by the standard sand testing procedures prescribed by the American Foundrymen Society (AFS). Sand specimens of size Ø50 mm×50 mm in height from various sand–water ratios bonded with 4% and 8% clay were compacted on applying three ramming blows of 6666 g each by using a Ridsdale-Dietert metric standard rammer. The specimens were tested for permeability number with the aid of a Ridsdale-Dietert permeability meter. Before the tests were conducted, the moisture content was measured by using a moisture analyzer. The results were compared with the properties of the molding sand samples collected from RCS Manufacturing Sdn. Bhd., the company supplying sand to the Proton Casting unit car manufacturing company. The molding sand sample sample bonded with 8% clay was found to have maximum permeability with an optimum allowable moisture content range of 3.5-6.0% and for the sand mixture bonded with 4% clay at 3.0-3.5% moisture.

Testing for Green Compression Strength and Permeability Properties on the Tailing Sand Samples Gathered from Ex Tin Mines in Perak State, Malaysia

2012 ◽  
Vol 445 ◽  
pp. 859-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Abdullah ◽  
Shamsuddin Sulaiman ◽  
B.T. Hang Tuah Baharudin ◽  
Mohd Khairol Anuar Ariffin ◽  
T.R. Vijayaram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Compression Strength ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Sand Casting ◽  
Green Sand ◽  
Molding Sand ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Work Samples ◽  
Optimum Working

Permeability and green compression strength are among the important mechanical properties and considered much in the sand casting mould preparation. These molding sand properties play a vital role in determining the optimum moisture content for making green sand casting mould. Tailing sand is the residue mineral from tin extraction, which contains between 94% and 99.5% silica and in abundance in Kinta Valley of state of Perak, Malaysia. In this research work, samples of tailing sands were gathered from four identified ex tin mines located at the Perak State, Malaysia. They were investigated by the standards and testing procedures prescribed by the American Foundrymen Society (AFS). Sand specimens of size Ø50 mm×50 mm in height from various sandwater ratios bonded with 4% clay were compacted on applying three ramming blows of 6666 g each by using a Ridsdale-Dietert metric standard rammer. The specimens were tested for green compression strength using Ridsdale-Dietert universal sand strength machine and permeability number with Ridsdale-Dietert permeability meter. Before the tests were conducted, the moisture content was measured using moisture analyzer. Samples with moisture content ranging from 3 to 3.5% were found to have optimum working range with effective green compression strength and permeability.

scholarly journals Effect of green sand mixture with dextrin additives on mechanical properties of aluminum 6351

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-141
Author(s):  
Kingsley Okechukwu Ikebudu ◽  
Swift Kenneth Onyegirim ◽  
Philip Ifchukwu Udeorah
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Bentonite Clay ◽  
Organic Additive ◽  
Silica Sand ◽  
Green Sand ◽  
Molding Sand ◽  
Sand Mixture ◽  
Custom Design ◽  
Response Output

Quality of cast produced from green sand mold is been influenced by mold properties which includes green compression strength, permeability, etc. In this work the green sand used for casting of aluminum 6351 alloy specimens were made by mixing in varied percentage proportions; bentonite clay, dextrin additive and moisture content with local silica sand considering the need for most effective proportions of these mixtures to enhance green sand production of aluminum 6351 alloy products. A 3 factor, 3 level (33) design of experiment (DOE) was made for this research work using Optimal (custom) design of Design-Expert 10 software which gave 20 runs. Cylindrical specimens for green sand test were prepared according to standard per run. This was in order to study effects of bentonite clay, dextrin additive and moisture content of the green molding sand used for casting per mold this aluminum 6351 alloy. Prepared sand specimens were individually subjected to basic sand test like green sand strength and permeability test and also cast specimens per mold achieved were subjected to mechanical property test to achieve results which become the Response output of the study. These experimental results were optimized for the purpose of achieving most effective proportions of the mixtures to give effective results and from the optimal validation values, 5% water content, 12% bentonite and 8.85182% dextrin organic additive was found to be the optimized solution that gave the most effective hardness at (40.4GSS and 112PN) while 3% water, 12% bentonite clay and 9% dextrin additive gave most effective toughness at (41.9GSS and 96.10PN).

scholarly journals Modelling the Mechanical Attributes (Roughness, Strength, and Hardness) of Al-alloy A356 during Sand Casting

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kashif Ishfaq ◽  
Muhammad Asad Ali ◽  
Naveed Ahmad ◽  
Sadaf Zahoor ◽  
Abdulrahman M. Al-Ahmari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
A356 Alloy ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
Casting Process ◽  
Sand Casting ◽  
Al Alloy ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Control Variables ◽  
Lower Velocity ◽  
Empirical Relations

Sand-casting is a well established primary process for manufacturing various parts of A356 alloy. However, the quality of the casting is adversely affected by the change in the magnitude of the control variables. For instance, a larger magnitude of pouring velocity induces a drop effect and a lower velocity increases the likelihood of cold-shut and mis-run types of defects. Similarly, a high pouring temperature causes the formation of hot tears, whereas a low temperature is a source of premature solidification. Likewise, a higher moisture content yields microcracks (due to gas shrinkages) in the casting and a lower moisture content results in the poor strength of the mold. Therefore, the appropriate selection of control variables is essential to ensure quality manufactured products. The empirical relations could provide valuable guidance in this regard. Additionally, although the casting process was optimized for A356 alloy, it was mostly done for a single response. Therefore, this paper aimed to formulate empirical relations for the contradictory responses, i.e., hardness, ultimate tensile strength and surface roughness, using the response surface methodology. The experimental results were comprehensively analyzed using statistical and scanning electron microscopic analyses. Optimized parameters were proposed and validated to achieve castings with high hardness (84.5 HB) and strength (153.5 MPa) with minimum roughness (5.8 µm).

scholarly journals Simulation of lead Antimony Alloy Solidification and its Experimental Validation

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 68-72
Keyword(s):  
Direct Method ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Casting Process ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Temperature History ◽  
Alloy Solidification ◽  
Modeling And Analysis ◽  
Transient Thermal ◽  
Antimony Alloy

The solidification of metals continues to be a phenomenon of great interest to physicists, metallurgists, casting engineers, and software developers. It is a non-linear transient phenomenon, posing a challenge in terms of modeling and analysis. During the solidification of a casting in a mould, the heat-transfer between the casting and the mould plays a vital role. This paper attempts to study heat flow within the casting, as well as from the casting to the mould, and finally obtains the temperature history of some points inside the casting. The most important instant of time is when the hottest region inside the casting is solidifying. ProCAST software has been used to obtain the temperature distribution in the casting process by performing Transient Thermal Analysis. In this research work, solidification of lead-2wt%antimony alloy has been carried out in the different sizes of metallic mold to predict the formation of shrinkage during solidification. Theoretical results have been validated experimentally for a particular case of lead-2wt%antimony alloy solidification. Results obtained by simulation software are compared with the experimental reading of temperature and found to be in good agreement. Voids appeared at the top and isolated area of castings for the defect-free direct method used in this study.

scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of Tin Tailing Sand-Clay Mixture from Batu Gajah, Perak, Malaysia for Making Greensand Casting Mould

2013 ◽  
Vol 773-774 ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azhar Abdullah ◽  
S. Sulaiman ◽  
B.T.H.T. Baharudin ◽  
M.K.A. Ariffin ◽  
N. Haliza
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Compression Strength ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Sand Casting ◽  
Green Sand ◽  
Test Pieces ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Cylindrical Test

Tailing sand from ex-tin mine in Batu Gajah containing between 95.9 to 98.9% silica. In this research involved the process of, conducting the mechanical sieve grading to identify the size spread, plotting the grain size distribution and calculating the average grain size. Further on with the effects of controlled additions of clay (bentonite) and water and determining the working range on the mechanical properties. The investigation involved comparing the mechanical properties of the tailing sand to the requirement for foundry sand applications listed by Foseco Ferrous Foundrymans Handbook (Foseco). Permeability and green compression strength are the important mechanical properties and considered much in the sand casting mould preparation. These mechanical properties play a vital role in determining the allowable clay and moisture content for working range of tailing sand for making green sand casting mould. Experiments for this investigation were conducted according to American Foundrymen Society (AFS) standard of procedures. Cylindrical test pieces dimensioning of Ø50 mm×50 mm in height from various sandwater ratios bonded with 3.8%wt clay and then 7.4%wt clay, were compacted by applying three ramming blows of 6666 g each using Ridsdale-Dietert metric standard rammer. The specimens were tested for green compression strength using Ridsdale-Dietert universal sand strength machine and permeability number with Ridsdale-Dietert permeability meter. Before the tests were conducted, the moisture content was measured using moisture analyser. Tailing sand with allowable moisture content ranging from 3 to 3.5% (bonded with 3.8%wt clay) and 5.5 to 6% (bonded with 7.4%wt clay) were found to have optimum working range with effective green compression strength and permeability.

Identification of the Moisture Distribution in the Intensively Heated Porous Sand Mould

2016 ◽  
Vol 367 ◽  
pp. 121-129
Author(s):  
Zenon Ignaszak ◽  
Paweł Popielarski
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Moisture Transfer ◽  
Time Moment ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Moisture Distribution ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Sand Sample ◽  
Molding Sand ◽  
Mould Material ◽  
Sand Mould

The problem presented in the paper concerns physical properties of porous multi-component mould material, into which a liquid metal is poured. The aim of the study was to determine the distribution of moisture in an intensively heated porous sand mould. In the past, several measuring methods have been developed, consisting in water evaporation out of a test sample (at a given time moment , the selected position coordinates of a sample), to determine the accumulated amount of water in the sample, which is a percentage of moisture content. The study described in the paper includes experiments of heating a green sand sample. Moisture distribution in a moisture transfer zone of the sample (temperature of the molding sand is approx. 100°C) was determined. In order to determine the moisture distribution, an original method was used. This method allows interfere in various layers of material of predetermined thickness, parallel to the surface of the mould in contact with a heat source. The classical measurement method (gravimetric method) was used for determining the moisture content of each layer.

Multi-objective optimization of western bentonite (Al2H2Na2O13Si4)-blended green sand casting process parameters to improve mould quality

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
M. Nandagopal ◽  
K. Sivakumar ◽  
S. Velmurugan ◽  
R.B. Durairaj ◽  
G. Mageshwaran
Keyword(s):  
Process Parameters ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Casting Process ◽  
Rejection Rate ◽  
Sand Casting ◽  
Green Sand ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Mould Wall

The quality of the mould in the green sand casting process plays a vital role in achieving good quality castings. In this research work, the mould properties permeability and hardness are focused on to improve the quality of the mould. These properties are improved by optimizing the process parameters such as degrees of ramming, mould wall thickness, and weight percentage of western bentonite using Taguchi-based grey relational analysis. The optimal level of these process parameters is experimentally validated by producing castings in a modern jobbing foundry. In the validation experiments, the moulds are produced with nominal hardness (92) and the mould wall thickness is reduced by creating cavities for storage of gases at a distance of 30 mm from the mould cavity. An interesting result found is that the nominal mould hardness and reduced wall thickness improve the quality of the mould by increasing the permeability value from 80 to 120. The improved mould quality reduces the mould-related casting rejection rate in pressure plate casting from 40% to 30%.

Numerical Modeling on Sand Casting Process of a Wind Turbine Part

2011 ◽  
Vol 121-126 ◽  
pp. 1367-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Ming Chang ◽  
Yin Kai Yang ◽  
Xia Chen ◽  
Chang Jun Chen ◽  
Si Qian Bao
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Numerical Modeling ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Casting Process ◽  
Mold Filling ◽  
Sand Casting ◽  
Shrinkage Cavity ◽  
Pouring Temperature ◽  
Filling And Solidification

In this research work, ProCAST software is employed to study the sand casting process of a box-type part for wind turbine. The casting part is big in size, non-uniform in wall thickness, and heavy in some local positions. Shrinkage cavity and porosity are very likely to from at these locations. By numerical simulation, the influence of the parameters such as pouring temperature, chills, riser on mold filling and solidification is analyzed. Simulation researches reveal that with appropriate pouring temperature, correct number, size and location of chills and risers, a smooth mold filling, reduced shrinkage and other defects are available and desired sound castings can be produced.

A Computer-based Clinical Information System

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (04) ◽  
pp. 189-194
Author(s):  
S. S. El-Gamal
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Hospital Information System ◽  
Clinical Information System ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Hospital Staff ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Specialized Hospital ◽  
Computer Based

SummaryModern information technology offers new opportunities for the storage and manipulation of hospital information. A computer-based hospital information system, dedicated to urology and nephrology, was designed and developed in our center. It involves in principle the employment of a program that allows the analysis of non-restricted, non-codified texts for the retrieval and processing of clinical data and its operation by non-computer-specialized hospital staff.This Hospital Information System now plays a vital role in the efficient provision of a good quality service and is used in daily routine and research work in this hospital. This paper describes this specialized Hospital Information System.

Segmentation In Medical Resonance images to extract the cancerous nodule for early diagnosis on cancer

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-255
Author(s):  
Raman Brar
Keyword(s):  
Human Lung ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Watershed Algorithm ◽  
Segmentation Method ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Segmentation Methods ◽  
Segmentation Accuracy ◽  
Background Segmentation ◽  
Lung Mri

Image segmentation plays a vital role in several medical imaging programs by assisting the delineation of physiological structures along with other parts. The objective of this research work is to segmentize human lung MRI (Medical resonance Imaging) images for early detection of cancer.Watershed Transform Technique is implemented as the Segmentation method in this work. Some comparative experiments using both directly applied watershed algorithm and after marking foreground and computed background segmentation methods show the improved lung segmentation accuracy in some image cases.

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