Parameters Optimization of PVB Laminated Glass Based on Pedestrian Head Protection

2015 ◽  
Vol 741 ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
Na Yang ◽  
Gui Fan Zhao ◽  
Jian Feng Wang ◽  
Da Fang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Head Injuries ◽  
Parameters Optimization ◽  
Laminated Glass ◽  
Pedestrian Protection ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Surface Method ◽  
Head Protection ◽  
Pedestrian Accident ◽  
Head Injury Criteria ◽  
Adaptive Response Surface Method

In order to research the influence of the parameters of laminated windshield glass to pedestrian head injuries in vehicle-pedestrian accident, the adaptive response surface method (RSM) was utilized to optimize the key parameters of the laminated glass i.e. the elastic modulus, yield strength, density and the glass thickness, in which the pedestrian head injury criteria (HIC) and glass crack radius were setting as the objective function. A set of glass parameters was obtained which was the most beneficial to the pedestrian protection. The optimization may provide theory basis for the design and research of PVB laminated windshield.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Head Injury Criteria for Injury Prediction Effectiveness: Computational Reconstruction of Real-World Vulnerable Road User Impact Accidents

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Wang ◽  
Zhen Wang ◽  
Lin Hu ◽  
Hongzhen Xu ◽  
Chao Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Real World ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Axonal Injury ◽  
Diffuse Axonal Injury ◽  
Road User ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Brain Deformation ◽  
Vulnerable Road User ◽  
Head Injury Criteria

This study evaluates the effectiveness of various widely used head injury criteria (HICs) in predicting vulnerable road user (VRU) head injuries due to road traffic accidents. Thirty-one real-world car-to-VRU impact accident cases with detailed head injury records were collected and replicated through the computational biomechanics method; head injuries observed in the analyzed accidents were reconstructed by using a finite element (FE)-multibody (MB) coupled pedestrian model [including the Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) head–neck FE model and the remaining body segments of TNO MB pedestrian model], which was developed and validated in our previous study. Various typical HICs were used to predict head injuries in all accident cases. Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis method was adopted to investigate the correlation between head kinematics-based injury criteria and the actual head injury of VRU; the effectiveness of brain deformation-based injury criteria in predicting typical brain injuries [such as diffuse axonal injury diffuse axonal injury (DAI) and contusion] was assessed by using head injury risk curves reported in the literature. Results showed that for head kinematics-based injury criteria, the most widely used HICs and head impact power (HIP) can accurately and effectively predict head injury, whereas for brain deformation-based injury criteria, the maximum principal strain (MPS) behaves better than cumulative strain damage measure (CSDM0.15 and CSDM0.25) in predicting the possibility of DAI. In comparison with the dilatation damage measure (DDM), MPS seems to better predict the risk of brain contusion.

scholarly journals Finite Element Analysis of the Motorcycle Helmet Material against Impact Velocity

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 979-995
Author(s):  
Arnav Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Impact Velocity ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Explicit Finite Element ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Motorcycle Helmet ◽  
Head Injury Criteria

Abstract: A motorcycle helmet is the best protective headgear for the prevention of head injuries due to direct cranial impact. A finite element model based on realistic geometric features of a motorcycle helmet is established, and explicit finite element code is employed to simulate dynamic responses at different impact velocities. Peak acceleration and Head injury criterion values derived from the head form are used to assess the protective performance of the helmet. We have concluded that the dynamic responses of the helmet dramatically vary with impact velocity, as well as the mechanical properties of the outer shell and energy- absorbing liner. At low velocities e.g. 8.3 m/s, the shell stiffness and liner density should be relatively low to diminish head- contact force. At high velocity e.g. 11m/s, a stiffer shell and denser liner offer superior protection against head injuries. Different tests were performed in ansys explicit dynamics solver by taking different materials and calculating PLA, Head Injury Criteria, K.E, P.E, contact energy etc. The results obtained for different materials were then compared with easy other to draw the necessary conclusion’s. Keywords: Peak Linear Acceleration (PLA), Head Injury Criteria.

Crash Kinematics and Injury Criteria Validation for a Deformable Hybrid Vehicle Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 663 ◽  
pp. 627-631
Author(s):  
Kausalyah Venkatason ◽  
Kassim A. Abdullah ◽  
Shasthri Sivaguru ◽  
Moumen M. Idres ◽  
Qasim H. Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Hybrid Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Vehicle Model ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Head Injury Criteria

Pedestrians are vulnerable road users who are at high risks in a road traffic collision with motor vehicles. A large number are getting killed in traffic accidents each year, the majority of them being children and senior citizens. During impact with an automobile, pedestrians suffer multiple impacts with the bumper, hood and windscreen. Fatality is seen mostly due to the head injuries obtained by the pedestrians. Thus this paper aims to introduce the development and validation of a simplified hybrid vehicle front end profile for the mitigation of head injury. The vehicle model is represented by a multi body windscreen and finite element cowl, hood and bumper. A two step validation procedure is performed, firstly the crash kinematics validation to determine the overall kinematics and fall pattern of the pedestrian during impact. Secondly, the hybrid vehicle model is tested against the pedestrian injury criteria values for pertinent body parts namely the neck, sternum, lumbar, femur and tibia. The hybrid vehicle model is made to impact an adult human dummy model obtained from TNO (TASS Netherlands). The injury criterias are reprensented through the Head Injury Criteria (HIC), neck compression force, sternum and tibia accelerations and lumbar and femur bending moments. The simulation results were compared to the experimental values and a good correlation was achieved.

The Head Injury Mitigation of an Adult and Child Pedestrian in a Frontal Vehicle Impact Using Response Surface Methodology

2014 ◽  
Vol 575 ◽  
pp. 952-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kausalyah Venkatason ◽  
Shasthri Sivaguru ◽  
Kassim A. Abdullah ◽  
Moumen M. Idres ◽  
Qasim H. Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Front End ◽  
Surface Method ◽  
Vehicle Impact ◽  
Head Injury Criteria ◽  
Optimized Model ◽  
Central Composite

This work aims at achieving an optimized vehicle front-end profile for improved protection for both adult and child pedestrian groups. A seven parameter simplified vehicle front end model is used in which the Central Composite Design(CCD) is utilized to generate a Plan of Experiments for the adult and child pedestrian cases each. Head Injury Criteria (HIC) results from the simulations are tabulated as the response function f(y). The Response Surface method is used to obtain mathematical models for all cases for which optimization is carried out. A close correlation is obtained between the predicted response and the response observed via simulation for the optimized models. The optimized vehicle front-end profile for the adult pedestrian group is shown to be different than that of the optimized profile for the child pedestrian. Moreover, the study shows that both optimized profiles are not mutually applicable for safety. A simple weighted biasing method is used to obtain responses that minimize the response for both adult as well as child pedestrian groups mutually within a single profile. The final optimized model is shown to achieve a safe vehicle front-end profile which equally caters for both adult and child pedestrians.

scholarly journals A Numerical Investigation of a Novel Hood Design for Pedestrian Protection

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 872-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Huang ◽  
Zhiying Liu ◽  
Yongcheng Long
Keyword(s):  
Lightweight Design ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Pedestrian Protection ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Pedestrian Accident ◽  
Hinge Plate ◽  
New Material ◽  
Rib Structure ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Energy Absorbing

Currently the use of new materials is becoming even more prevalent in vehicle industry for the lightweight design purpose. The design of engine hood is very important for pedestrian’s safety during a vehicle-pedestrian accident. In order to improve the pedestrian protection performance of the new material engine hood, the radial stiffening rib structure and trapezium sandwich structure engine hoods were proposed in this paper. And an energy-absorbing structure has been designed on the strengthening hinge plate to reduce the pedestrian head injury further more. The simulation results indicate that with new structures, the new material engine hoods have more uniform rigidity and better energy absorbing ability, which would effectively reduce the engine hood intrusion and pedestrian head injuries.

Combining Response Surface Method and Metaheuristic Algorithms for Optimizing SPIF Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Amr Ahmed Shaaban ◽  
Omar Mahmoud Shehata
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface ◽  
Response Surface Method ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Parameters Optimization ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Surface Method

Recently, studies have focused on optimization as a method to reach the finest conditions for metal forming processes. This study tests various optimization techniques to determine the optimum conditions for single point incremental forming (SPIF). SPIF is a die-less forming process that depends on moving a tool along a path designed for a specific feature. As it involves various parameters, optimization based on experimental studies would be costly, hence a finite element model (FE-model) for the SPIF process is developed and validated through experimental results. In the second phase, statistical analyses based on the response surface method (RSM) are conducted. The optimum conditions are determined using the desirability optimization method, in addition to two metaheuristic optimization algorithms, namely genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The results of all optimization techniques are compared to each other and a confirmation test using the FE-model is subsequently performed.

scholarly journals Adaptive Response Surface Method Using Inherited Latin Hypercube Design Points

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Gary Wang
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface ◽  
Response Surface Method ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
Latin Hypercube Design ◽  
Latin Hypercube ◽  
Design Problems ◽  
Surface Method ◽  
Adaptive Response Surface Method ◽  
Design Experiments

This paper addresses the difficulty of the previously developed Adaptive Response Surface Method (ARSM) for high-dimensional design problems. ARSM was developed to search for the global design optimum for computation-intensive design problems. This method utilizes Central Composite Design (CCD), which results in an exponentially increasing number of required design experiments. In addition, ARSM generates a complete new set of CCD points in a gradually reduced design space. These two factors greatly undermine the efficiency of ARSM. In this work, Latin Hypercube Design (LHD) is utilized to generate saturated design experiments. Because of the use of LHD, historical design experiments can be inherited in later iterations. As a result, ARSM only requires a limited number of design experiments even for high-dimensional design problems. The improved ARSM is tested using a group of standard test problems and then applied to an engineering design problem. In both testing and design application, significant improvement in the efficiency of ARSM is realized. The improved ARSM demonstrates strong potential to be a practical global optimization tool for computation-intensive design problems. Inheriting LHD points, as a general sampling strategy, can be integrated into other approximation-based design optimization methodologies.

scholarly journals Numerical Simulation of Airbag and Study on the Effect of Airbag Parameters on Head Injury Criteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1654-1666
Author(s):  
Aakash R
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Highway Traffic ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
National Highway Traffic Safety ◽  
Occupant Safety ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Head Injury Criteria

Abstract: In the case of an accident, inflatable restraints system plays a critical role in ensuring the safety of vehicle occupants. Frontal airbags have saved 44,869 lives, according to research conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).Finite element analysis is extremely important in the research and development of airbags in order to ensure optimum protection for occupant. In this work, we simulate a head impact test with a deploying airbag and investigate the airbag's parameters. The airbag's performance is directly influenced by the parameters of the cushion such as vent area and fabric elasticity. The FEM model is analysed to investigate the influence of airbag parameter, and the findings are utilised to determine an optimal value that may be employed in the construction of better occupant safety systems. Keywords: airbag, finite element method, occupant safety, frontal airbag, vent size, fabric elasticity, head injury criteria

Performance of Hood System and Head Injury Criteria Subjected to Frontal Impacts

2012 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 270-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mai Nursherida ◽  
Sahari B. Barkawi ◽  
A.A. Nuraini ◽  
Aidy Ali ◽  
A.A. Faieza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Mild Steel ◽  
Epoxy Composite ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Plane Failure ◽  
Head Injury Criterion ◽  
Frontal Impacts ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Head Injury Criteria ◽  
Protective Performance

The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of steel and composite material on pedestrian head injury criteria of hood system. The hood is made of mild steel and aluminum, e-glass/epoxy composite and carbon epoxy composite are studied and characterized by impact modeling using LS-DYNA V971 in accordance with United States New Car Assessment Program (US-NCAP) frontal impact velocity and based on European Enhanced Vehicle-safety Committee. The most important variable of this structure are mass, material, internal energy, and Head Injury Criterion (HIC). The results are compared with hood made of mild steel. Three types of materials are used which consists of mild steel as reference materials, Aluminum AA5182, E-glass/epoxy composite and carbon fiber/epoxy composite with four different fiber configurations. The in-plane failure behaviors of the composites were evaluated by using Tsai Wu failure criterion. The results for the composite materials are compared to that of steel to find the best material with lowest HIC values. In order to evaluate the protective performance of the baseline hood, the Finite Element models of 50th percentile an adult pedestrian dummy is used in parallel to impact the hood. It was found that aluminum AA5182 hood can reduce the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) by comparing with the baseline hood. For pedestrian crash, it is observed that Aluminum AA5182 hood gave the lowest HIC value with 549.70 for HIC15 and 883.00 for HIC36 followed by steel hood with 657.40 for HIC15 and 980.90 for HIC36, e-glass/epoxy composite hood with 639.60 for HIC15 and 921.70 for HIC36 and carbon/epoxy composite hood with 1197.00 for HIC15 and 1424.00 for HIC36.

FOCUS Headform Testing Used to Evaluate Head Injury Risk for Ejected Riders of Personal Watercraft

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chimba Mkandawire ◽  
Eric S. Winkel ◽  
Nicholas A. White ◽  
Edward Schatz
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Skull Fractures ◽  
Facial Fractures ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Facial Skull ◽  
Personal Watercraft ◽  
Wide Variability ◽  
Head Injury Criteria

Operators of personal watercraft (PWC) can perform maneuvers that may result in riders separating from the moving watercraft; the tested hypothesis was whether substantial brain injury concurrent with substantial facial and skull fractures can occur from contact with the PWC during a fall. The present study reports the potential for AIS2+ facial/skull fractures and AIS2+ traumatic brain injury (TBI) during a generic fall from the PWC in the absence of wave-jumping or other aggressive maneuvers. While it is well known that PWC can be used for wave-jumping which can result in more severe impacts, such impacts are beyond the scope of the present study because of the wide variability in occupant and PWC kinematics and possible impact velocities and orientations. Passenger separation and fall kinematics from both seated and standing positions were analyzed to estimate head impact velocities and possible impact locations on the PWC. A special purpose headform, known as the Facial and Ocular CountermeasUre Safety (FOCUS) device was used to evaluate the potential for facial fractures, skull fractures and TBI. Impacts between the FOCUS headform and the PWC were performed at velocities of 8, 10, and 12 miles per hour at 5 locations near the stern of a PWC. This study reports impact forces for various facial areas, linear and angular head accelerations, and Head Injury Criteria (HIC). The risk for facial fracture and TBI are reported herein. The results of this study indicate that concurrent AIS2 facial fractures, AIS2+ skull fractures, and AIS2+ TBI do not occur during a simple fall from a PWC.

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