Characterization of Binary Mg-Mn Alloy Synthesized through Mechanical Alloying: Effects of Milling Speed

2015 ◽  
Vol 1087 ◽  
pp. 479-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emee Marina Salleh ◽  
Sivakumar Ramakrishan ◽  
Zuhailawati Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Milled Powder ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Planetary Mill ◽  
Argon Atmosphere ◽  
Solid Solution Phase ◽  
Mechanically Alloyed ◽  
Bulk Properties ◽  
Solid State Route

In this work, the effect of the milling speed on the properties of biodegradable Mg-1Mn alloy prepared by mechanical alloying was investigated. The magnesium-based alloy was prepared in solid state route using a high energy planetary mill. A mixture of pure magnesium and manganese powder was mechanically alloyed for 5 hours in argon atmosphere. Milling process was performed at various rotational speeds in order to investigate milling speed effect (i.e., 100, 200, 300 and 400 rpm) on phase formation and bulk properties. The as-milled powder was uniaxially compacted by cold pressing under 400 MPa at room temperature and sintered in argon atmosphere at 500 °C for an hour. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that a single α-Mg phase was formed in magnesium matrix after sintering process. An increase in milling speed up to 300 rpm resulted in an increase in density and hardness of the binary alloy. The changes of bulk properties of the Mg-Mn alloys were correlated to the formation of solid solution phase and a reduction of porosity which led to an increasing in densification.

Development of Biodegradable Mg-Ti Alloy Synthesized Using Mechanical Alloying

2016 ◽  
Vol 1133 ◽  
pp. 75-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emee Marina Salleh ◽  
Sivakumar Ramakrishnan ◽  
Zuhailawati Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
Milled Powder ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Planetary Mill ◽  
Ti Alloy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Argon Flow ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Ti Powder

The aim of this work was to study the effect of milling time on binary magnesium-titanium (Mg-Ti) alloy synthesized by mechanical alloying. A powder mixture of Mg and Ti with the composition of Mg-15wt%Ti was milled in a planetary mill under argon atmosphere using a stainless steel container and balls. Milling process was carried out at 400 rpm for various milling time of 2, 5, 10, 15 and 30 hours. 3% n-heptane solution was added prior to milling process to avoid excessive cold welding of the powder. Then, as-milled powder was compacted under 400 MPa and sintered in a tube furnace at 500 °C in argon flow. The refinement analysis of the x-ray diffraction patterns shows the presence of Mg-Ti solid solution when Mg-Ti powder was mechanically milled for 15 hours and further. Enhancements of Mg-Ti phase formation with a reduction in Mg crystallite size were observed with the increase in milling time. A prolonged milling time has increased the density and hardness of the sintered Mg-Ti alloy.

scholarly journals Effect of Milling Parameters on the Development of a Nanostructured FCC–TiNb15Mn Alloy via High-Energy Ball Milling

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1225
Author(s):  
Cristina García-Garrido ◽  
Ranier Sepúlveda Sepúlveda Ferrer ◽  
Christopher Salvo ◽  
Lucía García-Domínguez ◽  
Luis Pérez-Pozo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Ball Mill ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Planetary Mill ◽  
Nominal Composition ◽  
Mechanically Alloyed ◽  
Milling Parameters ◽  
Energy Ball ◽  
Full Conversion

In this work, a blend of Ti, Nb, and Mn powders, with a nominal composition of 15 wt.% of Mn, and balanced Ti and Nb wt.%, was selected to be mechanically alloyed by the following two alternative high-energy milling devices: a vibratory 8000D mixer/mill® and a PM400 Retsch® planetary ball mill. Two ball-to-powder ratio (BPR) conditions (10:1 and 20:1) were applied, to study the evolution of the synthesized phases under each of the two mechanical alloying conditions. The main findings observed include the following: (1) the sequence conversion evolved from raw elements to a transitory bcc-TiNbMn alloy, and subsequently to an fcc-TiNb15Mn alloy, independent of the milling conditions; (2) the total full conversion to the fcc-TiNb15Mn alloy was only reached by the planetary mill at a minimum of 12 h of milling time, for either of the BPR employed; (3) the planetary mill produced a non-negligible Fe contamination from the milling media, when the highest BPR and milling time were applied; and (4) the final fcc-TiNb15Mn alloy synthesized presents a nanocrystalline nature and a partial degree of amorphization.

Characterization of Tantalum Carbide Reinforced Copper Composite Developed Using Mechanical Alloying

2011 ◽  
Vol 471-472 ◽  
pp. 798-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emee Marina Salleh ◽  
Zuhailawati Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Milled Powder ◽  
Graphite Powder ◽  
Copper Matrix ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Planetary Mill ◽  
Tantalum Carbide ◽  
Mechanically Alloyed ◽  
Consolidation Pressure ◽  
Copper Composite

The effects of the consolidation pressure on the properties of novel Cu-15vol% TaC composite was investigated. The copper-based composite has been prepared using a high energy planetary mill via in-situ route. A mixture of copper, tantalum and graphite powder was mechanically alloyed for milling time of 8 hours at speed of 400 rpm. The as-milled powder was consolidated by cold pressing under various pressure (i.e. 100, 200, 300 and 400 MPa) at room temperature and sintered in argon atmosphere at 900 °C for an hour. TaC phase was formed in copper matrix after sintering process. An increase in consolidation pressure resulted in an increase in hardness, electrical conductivity and density of the composites. The changes of bulk properties of the in-situ Cu-TaC composite were correlated to the formation of TaC phase and a reduction of porosity which led to an increasing in densification.

scholarly journals Influence of V and Heat Treatment on Characteristics of WMoNbTaV Refractory High-Entropy Alloy Coatings by Mechanical Alloying

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 265
Author(s):  
Chun-Liang Chen ◽  
Sutrisna
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Annealing Treatment ◽  
High Energy ◽  
304 Stainless Steel ◽  
Homogeneous Distribution ◽  
High Entropy Alloy ◽  
Solid Solution Phase ◽  
High Entropy ◽  
Steel Substrates

Refractory high-entropy alloy (RHEA) is one of the most promising materials for use in high-temperature structural materials. In this study, the WMoNbTaV coatings on 304 stainless steel substrates has been prepared by mechanical alloying (MA). Effects of V addition and subsequent heat treatment on properties of the WMoNbTaV coatings were investigated. The results show that the RHEA coatings with nanocrystalline body-centered cubic (BCC) solid-solution phase were generated by the mechanical alloying process. The presence of the V element promotes a uniform microstructure and homogeneous distribution of composition in the RHEA coatings due to improving alloying efficiency, resulting in an increase of hardness. After the annealing treatment of the RHEA coatings, microstructure homogeneity was further enhanced; however, the high affinity of Ta for oxygen causes the formation of Ta-rich oxides. Annealing also removes strain hardening generated by high-energy ball milling and thus decreases the hardness of the RHEA coating and alters microstructure evolution and mechanical properties.

Phase Studies in WC-Stainless Steel AISI 347 Hardmetal System with Graphite Addition

2014 ◽  
Vol 1024 ◽  
pp. 239-242
Author(s):  
Zuhailawati Hussain ◽  
Emee Marina Salleh ◽  
Tran Bao Trung ◽  
Zainal Arifin Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Powder Mixture ◽  
Milled Powder ◽  
Graphite Powder ◽  
Planetary Mill ◽  
Argon Atmosphere ◽  
Maximum Hardness ◽  
Steel Container ◽  
Steel Aisi ◽  
Stainless Steel Aisi

In this study, WC-stainless steel AISI 347 hardmetal system was produced to replace WC-Co hardmetal which uses the expensive, toxic and depleted resource Co. WC, stainless steel AISI 347 and graphite powder mixture were milled in a planetary mill under argon atmosphere using a stainless steel container and balls. Carbon was added in amounts ranging from 0 wt% until 4 wt% into the composition to avoid unwanted η (Fe3W3C) phase. As-milled powder was compacted at 300 MPa and sintered in a tube furnace at 1350°C. ɳ phase was detected in compositions with 0 and 1 wt% C addition. For 2 wt% C addition, no η (Fe3W3C) phase formation was identified. However, the η phase was detected for compositions containing 3 and 4 wt% C. Maximum hardness was achieved due to the absence of η phase.

Microstructure and Oxidation Resistance of Mechanically Alloyed and Sintered Ni-Nb and Ni-Nb-Ta Alloys

2017 ◽  
Vol 899 ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Lucas Moreira Ferreira ◽  
Stephania Capellari Rezende ◽  
Antonio Augusto Araújo Pinto da Silva ◽  
Gael Yves Poirier ◽  
Gilberto Carvalho Coelho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ball Milling ◽  
Oxidation Resistance ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometry ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Ternary Alloys ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Mechanically Alloyed ◽  
Static Oxidation ◽  
Energy Ball

The present work reports on the microstructure and oxidation resistance of Ni-25Nb, Ni-20Nb-5Ta and Ni-15Nb-10Ta alloys produced by high-energy ball milling and subsequent sintering. The sintered samples were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectrometry, and static oxidation tests. Homogeneous microstructures of the binary and ternary alloys indicated the major presence of the β-Ni3Nb compound as matrix, which dissolved large amounts of tantalum. Consequently, the β-Ni3Nb peaks moved toward the direction of smaller diffraction angles. Iron contamination lower than 6.7 at.-% was detected by EDS analysis, which were picked-up during the previous ball milling process. After the static oxidation tests (1100°C for 4 h) the sintered Ni-25Nb, Ni-20Nb-5Ta and Ni-15Nb-10Ta alloys presented mass gains of 31.5%, 30.5% and 28.8%, respectively. Despite the higher densification of the Ni-15Nb-10Ta alloy, the results suggested that the tantalum addition contributed to improve the oxidation resistance of the β-Ni3Nb compound.

SYNTHESIS OF NANO-CRYSTALLINE Cu-Cr ALLOY BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING

2012 ◽  
Vol 05 ◽  
pp. 496-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. SHEIBANI ◽  
S. HESHMATI-MANESH ◽  
A. ATAIE
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Lattice Parameter ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Nano Crystalline ◽  
High Energy Ball Mill ◽  
Energy Ball

In this paper, the influence of toluene as the process control agent (PCA) and pre-milling on the extension of solid solubility of 7 wt.% Cr in Cu by mechanical alloying in a high energy ball mill was investigated. The structural evolution and microstructure were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques, respectively. The solid solution formation at different conditions was analyzed by copper lattice parameter change during the milling process. It was found that both the presence of PCA and pre-milling of Cr powder lead to faster dissolution of Cr . The mean crystallite size was also calculated and showed to be about 10 nm after 80 hours of milling.

Effect of Boron on the Amorphization of Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu Alloy

1994 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 763-767
Author(s):  
J. D. Makinson ◽  
R. J. De Angelis ◽  
S. C. Axtell
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Mechanically Alloyed ◽  
Crystalline Materials ◽  
Powder Consolidation ◽  
Cu Alloy ◽  
Structure Changes ◽  
Powder Particles ◽  
New Compounds

Abstract The mechanical alloying process continually deforms, cold welds, and breaks apart metal powder particles. During the process of mechanical alloying elemental crystalline powders can produce an amorphous alloyed powder. Consolidation of these powders by powder metallurgy techniques can produce amorphous bulk metals. Two Alloys 62.24 Zr-10.89 Ti-9.71 Ni-13.14 Cu-4.02 B and 64.84 Zr-11.35 Ti-11.12 Nt-13.69 Cu weight percent were mechanically alloyed for 45 hours by a SPEX 800 high energy ball-mill. The changes in structure were monitored by X-ray diffraction after every 5 hours of milling. Both powder compositions became amorphous after 15 hours of milling. New compounds began to form during milling to 35 hours. Milling for longer times produced no further structure changes. The milled samples were annealed at 950°C for 1 hour which produced a complex set of crystalline materials. The crystalline phases containing boron have larger lattice parameters and less tendency for grain growth.

Effect of Milling Speed on the Synthesis of In-Situ Cu-25 Vol. % WC Nanocomposite by Mechanical Alloying

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurulhuda Bashirom ◽  
Nurzatil Ismah Mohd Arif
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Nominal Composition ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Steel Balls

This paper presents a study on the effect of milling speed on the synthesis of Cu-WC nanocomposites by mechanical alloying (MA). The Cu-WC nanocomposite with nominal composition of 25 vol.% of WC was produced in-situ via MA from elemental powders of copper (Cu), tungsten (W), and graphite (C). These powders were milled in the high-energy “Pulverisette 6” planetary ball mill according to composition Cu-34.90 wt% W-2.28 wt% C. The powders were milled in different milling speed; 400 rpm, 500 rpm, and 600 rpm. The milling process was conducted under argon atmosphere by using a stainless steel vial and 10 mm diameter of stainless steel balls, with ball-to-powder weight ratio (BPR) 10:1. The as-milled powders were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). XRD result showed the formation of W2C phase after milling for 400 rpm and as the speed increased, the peak was broadened. No WC phase was detected after milling. Increasing the milling speed resulted in smaller crystallite size of Cu and proven to be in nanosized. Based on SEM result, higher milling speed leads to the refinement of hard W particles in the Cu matrix. Up to the 600 rpm, the unreacted W particles still existed in the matrix showing 20 hours milling time was not sufficient to completely dissolve the W.

Obtaining of the Ir-Al Nanocrystalline Powders by Mechanical Alloying

2011 ◽  
Vol 672 ◽  
pp. 171-174
Author(s):  
Ionel Chicinaş ◽  
P. Cârlan ◽  
Florin Popa ◽  
Virgiliu Călin Prică ◽  
Lidia Adriana Sorcoi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Particle Morphology ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Atomic Ratio ◽  
Planetary Mill ◽  
Nanocrystalline Powders ◽  
Alloy Formation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Chemical Homogeneity ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

The Ir-Al powder in the 1:1 atomic ratio was obtained by high energy mechanical alloying in a Pulverisette 4 Fritch planetary mill. The final product was obtained after 28 h of milling in argon atmosphere. Alloy formation was investigated by X-ray diffraction. After 4 h of milling the new structure of IrAl compound is found in the diffraction patterns. The obtained powders are nanocrystalline with a mean crystallite size of 11 nm after 28 h of milling. The particle morphology and the chemical homogeneity were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDX). It was found that the obtained compound present large particles composed by smaller one.

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