Synthesis of Cationic Starch of High DS Using Metal Sodium in Place of Sodium Hydroxide

2011 ◽  
Vol 197-198 ◽  
pp. 1271-1275
Author(s):  
Zhong Liu ◽  
Sheng Guo ◽  
Chuan Ling Si ◽  
Peng Tao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Cationic Starch ◽  
Reaction Condition ◽  
Catalyst Metal ◽  
Orthogonal Analysis ◽  
Cationic Reagent ◽  
Anionic Groups

Cationic starch was prepared from maize starch, with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride used as cationic reagent, by our specific solvent process, which was different from dry procedure. In conventional solvent process, the solvents were hydrophilic and sodium hydroxide was employed as catalyst. Metal sodium as a substitute for sodium hydroxide in the synthesis of high DS (degree of substitution) cationic starch could be obtained using dioxane as solvent. A L9(34) orthogonal analysis was used in this work and results suggested the best combination of the reaction condition was A2B2C1, where the reaction time, temperature and weight of metal sodium were 2 h, 80 °C and 0.5 g, respectively. FTIR spectra revealed a special peak (1450 cm-1) of cationic starch confirming the existence of cationic groups in cationic starch. In a model of neutralizing the anionic groups, it revealed that the content of 0.8% (w/w) cationic starch was the optimum dosage.

scholarly journals Central Composite Design and Desirability of RSM for Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Mixture of Animal Waste Fat Oil and used Cooking Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1565-1571
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Animal Waste ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Concentration ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Input Parameters ◽  
Desirability Approach ◽  
Central Composite ◽  
Waste Fat

In this work, central composite design(CCD) and desirability approach of Response surface methodology (RSM) has been used for optimization of biodiesel yield produced from mixture of animal waste fat oil and used cooking oil (AWO) in the ratio of 1:1through alkaline transesterification process. In this work, methanol quantity, reaction time and sodium hydroxide concentration are selected as input parameters and yield selected as response. The combined effect of methanol quantity, reaction time and sodium hydroxide concentration were investigated and optimized by using RSM. The second order model is generated to predict yield as a function of methanol quantity, reaction time and sodium hydroxide concentration. A statistical model predicted the maximum yield of 96.9779% at 35ml methanol quantity (% v/v of oil), 75 min. reaction time and 0.6g (% wt./v of oil) of sodium hydroxide. Experimentally, the maximum yield of 97% was obtained at the above optimized input parameters. The variation of 0.02% was observed between experimental and predicted values. In this work, an attempt has also made to use desirability approach of RSM to optimize the input parameters to predict maximum yield. Desirability approach predicts maximum yield (97.075%) at CH3OH (35.832% vol. /vol. of oil), NaOH (0.604 % wt./vol. of oil) and reaction time (79.054min.) was found for the AWO.

Synthetic Technology and Performance of a Novel Fatty Alcohol Polyoxyethylene Carboxylate Surfactants

2011 ◽  
Vol 298 ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Yuan Lei ◽  
Guo Zheng ◽  
Yu Sun ◽  
Yong Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Fatty Alcohol ◽  
Succinic Anhydride ◽  
Foam Stability ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
New Type ◽  
And Performance

In this paper, with fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene (AEO9), succinic anhydride (SA) and sodium hydroxide as raw materials, a new type of fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene carboxylate surfactants (SAE9C-Na) was obtained by esterification and neutralizing effect. The influencing factors were researched and its surface properties were studied. The optimum condition of synthesis was determined: molar ratio of alcohol to acid was 1:1.1, reaction temperature was 85°C, reaction time was 60 min, under this condition, the yield could reach up to 95.8%. The results received from this experiment showed that SAE9C-Na had excellent surface activity and foaming and foam stability, whose emulsification and solubility enhancement were improved greatly.

Study on Structure of Amphoteric Starch and Its Reinforcing Effect on Secondary Fiber

2011 ◽  
Vol 236-238 ◽  
pp. 1112-1115
Author(s):  
Hong Wei Zhang ◽  
Guo Ping Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Control Sample ◽  
Amorphous Region ◽  
Crystalline Region ◽  
Paper Strength ◽  
Cationic Starch ◽  
Reinforcing Effect ◽  
Dry Process ◽  
Amphoteric Starch ◽  
Reinforcing Effects ◽  
Cationic Reagent

In the presented work, a series of the phosphate amphoteric cassava starch were synthesized by a two-step semi-dry process with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CTA) as the cationic reagent and phosphate mixture as the anionic reagent. The structure of the amphoteric starch was characterized by FTIR and XRD. The reinforcing effects of the amphoteric starch on the secondary fiber were also studied. The results indicated that the reaction occurred not only in the amorphous region, but also in its crystalline region. When the cationic starch reacted with different amount of phosphates, the degree of cation substitution (DSc) of products was decreased with the dosage of the phosphates. When cationic starch with different DSc reacted with the same amount of phosphates, the degree of anion substitution (DSa) of products was decreased with the DSc. All the amphoteric starch showed reinforcing effect on the secondary fiber. The No. 7 sample showed better reinforcing effects on paper strength due to its higher total degree of substitution (0.095), proper DSa/DSc ratio (DSc = 0.067, DSa = 0.028) and interior modification of the starch granule. Compared with the control sample, the secondary fiber paper with 1.0 wt % (relative to dried pulp) of 7# modified starch showed 23.5%, 20.3% and 29.4% increases in tensile index, tearing index, and burst index, respectively.

THE ALKALINE NITROBENZENE OXIDATION OF ASPEN WOOD AND LIGNIN MODEL SUBSTANCES

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Kavanagh ◽  
J. M. Pepper
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Aspen Wood ◽  
Wood Meal ◽  
Nitrobenzene Oxidation ◽  
Subsequent Heating ◽  
Lignin Model ◽  
Model Substances

The yields of vanillin and syringaldehyde obtained by the alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation of aspen wood meal have been determined at various temperatures for various times. The maximum yield of each of these aldehydes, ca. 15 and 36% respectively, was obtained under the same conditions. Similar maximum yields result at 130 ± 5 °C. as at 170 ± 5 °C. if the reaction time is markedly increased. Treatment of the wood meal with sodium hydroxide at 160 °C. for two and one half hours prior to the addition of nitrobenzene and subsequent heating under the same conditions decreases, by over 30%, the yields of aldehydes. Samples of 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde, β-D-glucovanillin, and β-D-glucosyringaldehyde were oxidized by alkaline nitrobenzene at 160 °C. for two and one half hours and yields of the corresponding phenolic aldehydes of 10.7, 69.6, and 71.9% respectively were obtained. These results are discussed with respect to the chemistry of aspen lignin.

Comparison between Conventional and Ultrasonic Preparation of Chitosan from Shrimp Shells Waste

2015 ◽  
Vol 1123 ◽  
pp. 205-208
Author(s):  
Zainal Arifin ◽  
D. Irawan
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Ultrasonic Irradiation ◽  
Ultrasound Irradiation ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Acidic Solutions ◽  
Degree Of Deacetylation ◽  
Shrimp Shells ◽  
Ultrasonic Preparation ◽  
Enzymatic Methods

Chitosan is a natural biopolymer derived by deacetylation of chitin from the two main sources of crustaceans, shrimp and crabs. Chitosan, which is soluble in acidic solutions, is used in many applications (biomedical/pharmaceutical, water engineering, food, cosmetics). There have been many researchers who have developed a process of deacetylation of chitin from shrimp shells waste by thermochemical or enzymatic methods. However, application of ultrasonic irradiation for chitin deacetylation has received little attention. In this work, the deacetylation of chitin with concentrated sodium hydroxide was performed using ultrasound irradiation (80 W, 42 kHz). The reaction time and degree of deacetylation were compared with conventional process. Results showed that under the same condition, the degree of deacetylation was similar. However, the use of ultrasonic irradiation decreased the reaction time, showing that this method may be a promising alternative method to the conventional method.

Resource recovery of waste incineration fly ash: Synthesis of tobermorite as ion exchanger

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 4437-4442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhidong Yao ◽  
Chikashi Tamura ◽  
Motohide Matsuda ◽  
Michihiro Miyake
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Hydrothermal Treatment ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Waste Incineration ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
Temperature Time ◽  
Waste Incineration Fly Ash

Tobermorite was synthesized successfully from waste incineration fly ash by hydrothermal treatment in the presence of sodium hydroxide solution. The tobermorite synthesis was examined as a function of reaction temperature, time, and NaOH concentration. The formation of tobermorite was identified in all of the fly ash treated with NaOH at 180 °C, followed by the minor generations of sodalite and cancrinite phases with increasing NaOH concentration and extending reaction time. The NaOH-treated fly ash revealed the uptake behaviors for Cs+ and NH4+, whereas the fly ash untreated with NaOH solution did not show that. The uptake amounts of resulting products were also determined: 0.40 mmol/g for Cs+ and 0.35 mmol/g for NH4+ in the fly ash treated with 2.0 M NaOH at 180 °C for 20 h.

scholarly journals Optimization of extraction of chitin from procambarus clarkia shell by Box-Behnken design

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 02010
Author(s):  
Fang Dong ◽  
Hailong Qiu ◽  
Shaoqian Jia ◽  
Cuiping Dai ◽  
Qingxin Kong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Soaking Time ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
Actual Yield ◽  
Optimum Extraction

This paper investigated the optimizing extraction processing of chitin from procambarus clarkia shell by Box-Behnken design. Firstly, four independent variables were explored in single factor experiments, namely, concentration of hydrochloric acid, soaking time, concentration of sodium hydroxide and reaction time. Then, based on the results of the above experiments, four factors and three levels experiments were planned by Box-Behnken design. According to the experimental results, we harvested a second-order polynomial equation using multiple regression analysis. In addition, the optimum extraction process of chitin of the model was obtained: concentration of HCl solution 1.54mol/L, soaking time 19.87h, concentration of NaOH solution 2.9mol/L and reaction time 3.54h. For proving the accuracy of the model, we finished the verification experiment under the following conditions: concentration of hydrochloric acid 1.5mol/L, soaking time 20h, concentration of sodium hydroxide 3mol/L and reaction time 3.5h. The actual yield of chitin reached 18.76%, which was very close to the predicted yield (18.66%) of the model. The result indicated that the optimum extraction processing of chitin was feasible and practical.

Studies on soil humic acids II: Observations on the estimation of free amino groups. Reactions of humic acid and lignin preparations with nitrous acid

1957 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Bremner
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrous Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Amino Groups

1. Free amino groups in humic acid preparations isolated from 0·5M-sodium hydroxide and 0·1M-sodium pyrophosphate (pH 7·0) extracts of various soils have been estimated by the nitrous acid method of Van Slyke (1929) and the fluorodinitrobenzene technique of Sanger (1945).2. The results obtained by the Van Slyke method using a reaction time of 15min. indicated that from 12 to 30% of the total nitrogen in the preparations examined was in the form of free amino groups. No free amino groups could be detected by the fluorodinitrobenzene technique.3. It is shown that lignin interferes with the estimation of amino groups by the Van Slyke method, and it is suggested that lignin or ligninderived material may be largely responsible for the high apparent amino-nitrogen values obtained with humic acid preparations by this method.4. The reaction of humic acid with nitrous acid resembles the reaction of lignin with nitrous acid in that it is accompanied by the fixation of nitrogen and the destruction of methoxyl groups. The reaction of lignin with nitrous acid is similar in many respects to its reaction with nitric acid.5. Only about one-third of the nitrogen fixed by lignin in its reaction with nitrous acid is removed by prolonged hydrolysis with 6N-HC1, and most of the nitrogen so released is in the form of ammonia. A small amount of the nitrogen liberated by acid hydrolysis is in the form of hydroxylamine.

Synthesis and Properties of a Novel Cationic Polymer PTMAEPAC

2012 ◽  
Vol 602-604 ◽  
pp. 739-742
Author(s):  
Rui Xia Niu ◽  
Bo Lin Li ◽  
Biao Long
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Nitrogen Atom ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cationic Polymer ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Nmr Analysis ◽  
Copolymerization Reaction

Poly(bis(2-(trimethylamino)ethyl) 2-hydroxyl propylidene ammonium) chloride (PTMAEPAC) is one kind of oligomeric cationic polymer with a quarter nitrogen atom on its main and side chain. It was synthesized from Bis(2-trimethyl ammonium)ethyl ammonium chloride (TMAEAC) and epichlorohydrin (ECH) by copolymerization reaction, effects of reaction temperature, mole ratio of raw materials, reaction time, amount of solvent on the cationicity of product were studied. The structure of PTMAEPAC was confirmed by IR and 1H-NMR, and its anti-clay-expanding ability was studied. The results show that the cationicity of PTMAEPAC can reach 83.9% with the reaction time of 6h at 65°C when TMAEAC-to-ECH mole ratio is 1.2:1 and the amount of solvent is 30% in total. According to the IR and NMR analysis the product has the same structure with the aim compound. When the content of the product is 3 wt% it has a good anti-clay-expanding ratio of 96.1%.

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