Environmental Toxicity Testing in the Risk Assessment of a Metal Contaminated Abandoned Mining Site in Hungary

2007 ◽  
Vol 20-21 ◽  
pp. 193-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Gruiz ◽  
E. Vaszita ◽  
Z. Siki
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Soil Microflora ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Qualitative Risk Assessment

A three tiered, iterative Environmental Risk Assessment methodology, including preliminary Qualitative Risk Assessment, Quantitative Hazard Assessment and Site Specific Quantitative Risk Assessment, was established to assess the environmental risk of point and diffuse pollution of mining origin at catchment scale [1]. The model site was an abandoned Pb and Zn sulphide ore mine in Gyöngyösoroszi, Toka-valley, NE Hungary [2]. The Integrated Risk Model considers the sources identified by the GIS-based (Geographical Information System) pollution map, the transport routes shown by the GIS-based flow accumulation model and the receptors of different land uses in the catchment. The site-specific quantitative risk was characterised by the Soil Testing Triad [3]. The three elements of the Triad are: physico-chemical analyses of the soil and the contaminants, the biological characterisation and ecotoxicity testing of the contaminated soil, measuring the response of single species in laboratory bioassays, the natural response of the soil microflora and plants or the dynamic response of the whole soil in microcosms. The Triad approach strongly supports the characterisation of the site specific risk as well as the selection and planning of the suitable remediation option.

Deterministic QRA Model and Implementation Experience via an Integrity Management Software Tool

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Dawson ◽  
Iain Colquhoun ◽  
Inessa Yablonskikh ◽  
Russell Wenz ◽  
Tuan Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Failure Rates ◽  
Assessment Practice ◽  
Integrity Management

Current risk assessment practice in pipeline integrity management tends to use semi-quantitative index-based or model-based methodologies. This approach has been found to be very flexible and provide useful results for identifying high-risk areas and for prioritizing physical integrity assessments. However, as pipeline operators progressively adopt an operating strategy of continual risk reduction with a view to minimizing total expenditures within safety, environmental, and reliability constraints, the need for quantitative assessments of risk levels is becoming evident. Whereas reliability-based quantitative risk assessments can be and are routinely carried out on a site-specific basis, they require significant amounts of quantitative data for the results to be meaningful. This need for detailed and reliable data tends to make these methods unwieldy for system-wide risk assessment applications. This paper describes methods for estimating risk quantitatively through the calibration of semi-quantitative estimates to failure rates for peer pipeline systems. By applying point value probabilities to the failure rates, deterministic quantitative risk assessment (QRA) provide greater rigor and objectivity than can usually be achieved through the implementation of semi-quantitative risk assessment results. The method permits a fully quantitative approach to suit the operator’s data availability and quality, and analysis needs. The paper also discusses experiences of implementing this type of risk model in Pipeline Integrity Management System (PIMS) software and the use of and integration of data via existing pipeline geographical information systems (GIS).

Propagation and Delegation of Rights in Access Controls and Risk Assessment Techniques

2007 ◽  
pp. 328-337
Author(s):  
Saravanan Muthaiyah
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Access Control ◽  
Web Security ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Qualitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Access Controls ◽  
Assessment Techniques ◽  
Access Rights

Access control methods have been improvised over time, but one area that remains quite grey is the concept of assessing risk levels before any type of access rights are granted. This is relatively a new paradigm in the research of semantic Web security, and new methodologies for this effort are being studied. In this chapter, we will see how qualitative risk assessment (Nissanke & Khayat, 2004) and quantitative risk assessment are carried out. The purpose is to have different methods of assessment for better grant of access control rights and permissions. New examples based on the model described (Nissanke & Khayat, 2004) are used to illustrate the concept. A new quantities technique is also added to complement the qualitative techniques.

scholarly journals Determining the Risk Level of Heavy Rain Damage by Region in South Korea

Water ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
Jongsung Kim ◽  
Donghyun Kim ◽  
Myungjin Lee ◽  
Heechan Han ◽  
Hung Soo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
National Level ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Disaster Prevention ◽  
Qualitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Regional Risk

For risk assessment, two methods, quantitative risk assessment and qualitative risk assessment, are used. In this study, we identified the regional risk level for a disaster-prevention plan for an overall area at the national level using qualitative risk assessment. To overcome the limitations of previous studies, a heavy rain damage risk index (HDRI) was proposed by clarifying the framework and using the indicator selection principle. Using historical damage data, we also carried out hierarchical cluster analysis to identify the major damage types that were not considered in previous risk-assessment studies. The result of the risk-level analysis revealed that risk levels are relatively high in some cities in South Korea where heavy rain damage occurs frequently or is severe. Five causes of damage were derived from this study—A: landslides, B: river inundation, C: poor drainage in arable areas, D: rapid water velocity, and E: inundation in urban lowlands. Finally, a prevention project was proposed considering regional risk level and damage type in this study. Our results can be used when macroscopically planning mid- to long-term disaster prevention projects.

ERA Acute – A Multi-Compartment Quantitative Risk Assessment for Oil Spills

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (1) ◽  
pp. 2017432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathrine Stephansen ◽  
Anders Bjørgesæter ◽  
Odd Willy Brude ◽  
Ute Brönner ◽  
Grethe Kjeilen-Eilertsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Grid Cell ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Step Potential ◽  
Response Planning

Awareness of environmental risk and the demand for oil spill response planning associated with offshore marine operations has increased during the last decades. Environmental Risk Assessments (ERAs) are a crucial part of planning and execution of oil and gas (O&G) activities offshore. A sound ERA can support the O&G industry in environmental risk management (ERM) of operations. Authorities and Operating companies have requested updated methodology based on more recent research from oil spill events such as the Deep Water Horizon incident, with the possibility to perform more detailed analyses in e.g. sensitive areas. ERA Acute is developed to meet these requirements. It is a transparent method of quantitative analysis for environmental screenings, ERAs and Net Environmental Benefit Analyses (NEBAs) of oil spills in four compartments: Sea surface, shoreline, water column and sea floor. The methodology is grid-cell based and results can therefore be shown in a geographical information system (GIS) for any region globally. The user can identify areas of high risk - for use in decision support and spill response planning - independently of the region. Three levels of detail are defined, depending on availability of VEC data, suitable for screening purposes or more detailed studies. Calculations are carried out in two main steps: First, ERA Acute uses input from an oil spill fate and distribution model of choice to calculate exposure and impact to Valued Ecosystem Components (VECs) in each grid cell and for each simulation. Calculations follow a common methodology framework, applying different mechanisms of impact and recovery for each compartment. Impacts are summarised, and in the second step, potential lag-and/or restitution time and risk are calculated for each VEC. The resulting resource impact factor (RIF) is an index that combines the extent of impact and recovery time. A statistical approach is used, based on numerous oil spill simulations covering each season in order to capture variations in spill drift and fate, species abundance and vulnerability. This paper describes the method. ERA Acute methodology is validated in sensitivity studies, field validations, comparison to relevant ERA methods, and documented in several dissemination steps including a guideline for best industry practice. The ERA Acute project is carried out by a consortium of industry partners (Statoil, Total, Norwegian Oil and Gas Association) and experts in environmental risk analysis (Acona, Akvaplan-niva (project manager), DNV-GL and SINTEF), supported by the Research Council of Norway.

Precautionary principles: a jurisdiction-free framework for decision-making under risk

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 579-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo F Ricci ◽  
Louis A Cox ◽  
Thomas R MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Precautionary Principle ◽  
Causal Reasoning ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Decision Making Under Risk ◽  
The Precautionary Principle ◽  
Qualitative Risk Assessment ◽  
New Information

Fundamental principles of precaution are legal maxims that ask for preventive actions, perhaps as contingent interim measures while relevant information about causality and harm remains unavailable, to minimize the societal impact of potentially severe or irreversible outcomes. Such principles do not explain how to make choices or how to identify what is protective when incomplete and inconsistent scientific evidence of causation characterizes the potential hazards. Rather, they entrust lower jurisdictions, such as agencies or authorities, to make current decisions while recognizing that future information can contradict the scientific basis that supported the initial decision. After reviewing and synthesizing national and international legal aspects of precautionary principles, this paper addresses the key question: How can society manage potentially severe, irreversible or serious environmental outcomes when variability, uncertainty, and limited causal knowledge characterize their decisionmaking? A decision Rational choice of an action from among various alternatives-requires accounting for costs, benefits and the change in risks associated with each candidate action. Decisions under any form of the precautionary principle reviewed must account for the contingent nature of scientific information, creating a link to the decision/response models to the current set of regulatory defaults such as the linear, non-threshold models. This increase in the number of defaults is an important improvement because most of the variants of the precautionary principle require cost-defined as a choice that makes preferred consequences more likely-analytic principle of expected value of information (VOI), to show the relevance of new information, relative to the initial (and smaller) set of data on which the decision was based. We exemplify this seemingly simple situation using risk management of BSE. As an integral aspect of causal analysis under risk, the methods developed in this paper permit the addition of non-linear, hormetic dose-analytic solution is outlined that focuses on risky decisions and accounts for prior states of information and scientific beliefs that can be updated as subsequent information becomes available. As a practical and established approach to causal reasoning and decision-making under risk, inherent to precautionary decision-making, these (Bayesian) methods help decision-makers and stakeholders because they formally account for probabilistic outcomes, new information, and are consistent and replicable. benefit balancing. Specifically, increasing the set of causal defaults accounts for beneficial effects at very low doses. We also show and conclude that quantitative risk assessment dominates qualitative risk assessment, supporting the extension of the set of default causal models.

Qualitative Risk Assessment in the ANS LPSD PRA Standard

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Burchill ◽  
Jeffrey A. Julius ◽  
Mary Drouin ◽  
Kenneth L. Kiper
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Probabilistic Risk Assessment ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
Qualitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Assessment Standard ◽  
Limiting Value ◽  
Probabilistic Risk

This paper describes a Qualitative/Screening Methodology included in the draft ANS Low Power and Shutdown (LPSD) PRA (Probabilistic Risk Assessment) Standard. The screening methodology can be used to eliminate certain specified shutdown POSs (Plant Operating States) from requiring further quantitative risk assessment in the context of a specified application based on demonstrating that their risk is lower than some predetermined limiting value. The paper also describes a methodology for qualitative risk assessment (QRA) tools that are used to support the screening process. The paper outlines the bases of both methodologies.

Utilizing Modern Data and Technologies for Pipeline Risk Assessment

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Mangold ◽  
Ryan Huntley
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Modeling ◽  
Risk Models ◽  
Core Element ◽  
Gas Dispersion

Risk management of gas and hazardous liquid pipeline systems is a core element of US integrity management regulations (49 CFR part 192, subpart O; 49 CFR 195.452) and a challenging responsibility facing operators worldwide. The importance of health, safety, and environmental protection demands a continuous evolution of industry expectations, practices, and regulations, with regulators and operators invariably seeking ways to advance risk modeling methodologies for pipeline risk assessment. The evolution to more advanced risk modeling methodologies marks a transitional trend from simple, relative risk models to robust, quantitative risk models. A common challenge when implementing a more advanced risk model is supplying sufficient supporting data. This challenge highlights a necessary, parallel progression; the expansion of data availability and improvement of data quality to support risk management. Many data resources have become available to aid this progression through advancements in spatial processing, computational technologies, and data collection and availability across industries. Powerful analysis tools are now available to supply pressure loss, overland flow, liquid trace, and gas dispersion information to enhance risk modeling, along with a vast and increasing amount of publicly available data and statistics. Proper integration of this information can greatly reduce the challenges associated with the implementation of quantitative risk assessment and better support risk-based decision making. This paper details the availability and utilization of modem data and technologies for pipeline risk assessment. Examples are provided which illustrate the integration of data and technology resources to support a robust, quantitative risk model.

Environmental Risk Management of an Abandoned Mining Site in Hungary

2007 ◽  
Vol 20-21 ◽  
pp. 221-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Gruiz ◽  
E. Vaszita ◽  
Z. Siki ◽  
Viktória Feigl
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Metal Mining ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Mining Site ◽  
Environmental Risk Management

An Environmental Risk Management methodology was developed for the Toka catchment area, an abandoned base metal mining site in Gyöngyösoroszi, Hungary. The postmining activities on the Hungarian site require the management of both the point and diffuse sources. The mobile Cd and Zn content of the mine waste, soil and sediment transported by water pose the highest environmental risk in the area. The approach is „GIS based” (Geographical Information System) and „catchment scale”, using a three tiered, iterative Environmental Risk Assessment methodology. The model parameters of the metal transport were determined in leaching microcosms. The risk reduction concept aims at reducing the runoff water quantity and contamination by removal of the point sources and chemical & phytostabilisation of the residual and diffuse pollution. The planning of the field application was based on the results of the stabilisation microcosms.

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