Study on Formative Mechanism and Preventive Measures of Rammed Earth Wall Cracks

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.2630 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 368-373 ◽

pp. 2630-2633

Author(s):

Yin Zhang ◽

Xin Gao ◽

De Jun Zhao

Keyword(s):

Energy Saving ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Rammed Earth ◽

North Central ◽

Rammed Earth Wall ◽

Research Findings ◽

Earth Walls

Rammed earth is a construction form featuring energy saving and economical. However, affected by many factors, the existing rammed earth buildings, in the course of usage, would emerge various forms of cracks. Based on the research findings on rammed earth buildings in northwest, north, central and southwest regions of China, crack forms of rammed earth walls and the formative mechanism were analyzed, in turn corresponding preventive measures were proposed in this article.

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PRELIMINARY STUDIES TO VALUE ENHANCEMENT OF THE OLD CITADEL IN ORIA, ALMERIA, SPAIN

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-389-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol XLIV-M-1-2020 ◽

pp. 389-396

Author(s):

J. Moya-Muñoz ◽

A. Gonzalez-Serrano ◽

F. Pinto-Puerto

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Laboratory Tests ◽

Wall Structure ◽

Rammed Earth ◽

Lime Mortar ◽

Preliminary Step ◽

Critical Situation ◽

Rammed Earth Wall ◽

Cultural Interest ◽

Earth Walls

Abstract. During the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, the alcazaba of Oria (Old citadel) was considered one of the most outstanding medieval defensive ensembles in the province of Almeria. This defensive complex, located in the Almanzora Valley at an altitude of over a thousand metres, was built around the 12th-14th centuries and has been registered as an Asset of Cultural Interest since 1985. Nevertheless, unfortunate decisions to intervene in the monument and lack of maintenance facilitated the loss of most of its wall, which had been preserved until the twentieth century. Despite the critical situation of the complex, two sections of the rammed-earth wall are currently identified as standing. This study represents an opportunity to broaden the knowledge of this relevant wall structure and the characterisation of the rammed-earth reinforced wall with lime mortar layers. As a preliminary step towards the rammed-earth walls analysis, the graphic representation of wall elevations by photogrammetry tools is proposed. This technique allows to graphically define the morphology of the rammed-earth wall, to perform its typological analysis and constructive characterisation; and furthermore, to evaluate the state of constructive elements conservation by means of the identification of its damages. The information and results obtained will allow to establish the appropriate laboratory tests for the rammed-earth materials characterisation and to define a report that justifies the inexcusable need to consolidate and preserve them.

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The thermal behavior of rammed earth wall in traditional house in Vojvodina: Thermal mass as a key element for thermal comfort

Thermal Science ◽

10.2298/tsci170524230l ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (Suppl. 4) ◽

pp. 1143-1155

Author(s):

Vesna Lovec ◽

Milica Jovanovic-Popovic ◽

Branislav Zivkovic

Keyword(s):

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Thermal Behaviour ◽

Mass Effect ◽

High Heat ◽

Rammed Earth ◽

Thermal Mass ◽

Building Stock ◽

Rammed Earth Wall ◽

Earth Walls

The conducted research examines the thermal behaviour of the rammed earth walls, which is the basic structural and fa?ade element of traditional Vojvodina house. The traditional rammed earth house represents an important part of the total building stock of Vojvodina. Earth is a locally available, cheap, natural, environmentally friendly building material and has been used extensively for traditional family houses in Vojvodina. It has ecological and ?green? characteristics, which can be assessed as very high quality, and they are of significant importance in the context of sustainable development and striving to reduce energy consumption today. The research examines thermal behaviour of rammed earth wall, including theoretical analysis of: the heat transfer coefficient, U, the thermal resistance, R, and thermal conductivity, ?. One of the basic elements of thermal behaviour, the thermal mass, has been analyzed both theoretically and by measuring in situ. The in situ measurements were conducted on the traditional house in Vojvodina by measuring inside and outside surface wall and air temperature in summer. Analyses of rammed earth wall thermal performances have shown that the wall has low thermal conductivity, high heat capacity and significant thermal mass effect which is the key element enabling thermal stability. The research indicates rather good thermal properties of the rammed earth walls. Potential of rammed earth wall in Vojvodina should be an issue of further analysis, although the possibility of improvement of existing facilities to meet current standards in terms of energy efficiency should be considered.

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Research on Environment of Dwellings with Rammed Earth Walls in Deqin Area in Yunnan Province

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.424-425.957 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 424-425 ◽

pp. 957-961

Author(s):

Li Ping Li

Keyword(s):

Thermal Environment ◽

Field Testing ◽

Heat Stability ◽

Building Envelope ◽

Rammed Earth ◽

Indoor Temperature ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Rammed Earth Wall ◽

Earth Walls ◽

Insulation Performance

Based on the field testing and analysis of the Tibetan dwelling in Deqin area , and more specifically, the indoor temperature of Tibetan-style dwellings with rammed earth walls as well as the surface temperature of building envelope were tested and comparatively analyzed. The test results show the current situations and features of indoor temperature changes of Tibetan-style dwellings of earth materials, the heat-insulation performance and heat stability of rammed earth wall, which may provide a basis for improving the thermal environment of Tibetan-style dwellings.

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Cyclic Behavior of Confined Cement-Stabilized Rammed Earth Walls

Shock and Vibration ◽

10.1155/2018/2983052 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Xinlei Yang ◽

Hailiang Wang ◽

Ziliang Zhao

Keyword(s):

Active Regions ◽

Embodied Energy ◽

Cyclic Behavior ◽

Rammed Earth ◽

Indoor Environments ◽

Test Results ◽

Rammed Earth Wall ◽

Earth Walls ◽

Moisture Buffering ◽

Strength And Ductility

Rammed earth is widely utilized in both developed and developing countries due to its low embodied energy and good natural moisture buffering of indoor environments. However, its application in seismic active regions was limited owing to its intrinsically low resistance to dynamic actions. This paper presents the test results of four cement-stabilized rammed earth walls with confining tie-column elements under cyclic loading, aiming at assessing the cyclic behavior of proposed rammed earth walls with confining tie-column elements. The test results revealed that the proposed confining tie-column elements could significantly improve the cyclic behavior of cement-stabilized rammed earth wall, exhibiting good strength and ductility.

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Application of Infra-Red Thermography to the Analysis of Construction of the Valencian Rammed Earth Walls of The Seminary-School of Corpus Christi in Valencia (Spain)

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.1770 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 671-674 ◽

pp. 1770-1773

Author(s):

Carlos Lerma ◽

Ángeles Mas ◽

Enrique Gil ◽

Mercedes Galiana

Keyword(s):

Rammed Earth ◽

Historical Records ◽

Construction Process ◽

Corpus Christi ◽

Infra Red ◽

Rammed Earth Wall ◽

Novel Method ◽

Earth Walls ◽

Large Building

Infra-red thermography is widely utilised in the restoration of buildings. This article presents a novel method in the application of thermography to the analysis of rammed earth walls, and the Valencian rammed earth wall, or tapia valenciana, in particular. For this study, the authors chose The Colegio de Corpus Christi de Valencia (Spain). First, an analysis of costs incurred during the construction of the Colegio (built 1586-1610) was carried out. Second, thermographic techniques were utilised to gather further data on its construction process and corroborate information appearing in historical records. The rammed earth walls of this large building rest upon a stone footing. This study proposes a methodology that can be extensively applied to other similar studies with a view to understanding construction processes.

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Design Optimisation Strategies for Solid Rammed Earth Walls in Mediterranean Climates

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14020325 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 325

Author(s):

Giada Giuffrida ◽

Maurizio Detommaso ◽

Francesco Nocera ◽

Rosa Caponetto

Keyword(s):

Energy Demand ◽

Construction Material ◽

Base Material ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Embodied Energy ◽

Rammed Earth ◽

Earth Construction ◽

Material Choice ◽

Earth Walls ◽

Raw Earth

The renewed attention paid to raw earth construction in recent decades is linked to its undoubted sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and low embodied energy. In Italy, the use of raw earth as a construction material is limited by the lack of a technical reference standard and is penalised by the current energy legislation for its massive behaviour. Research experiences, especially transoceanic, on highly performative contemporary buildings made with natural materials show that raw earth can be used, together with different types of reinforcements, to create safe, earthquake-resistant, and thermally efficient buildings. On the basis of experimental data of an innovative fibre-reinforced rammed earth material, energy analyses are developed on a rammed earth building designed for a Mediterranean climate. The paper focuses on the influences that different design solutions, inspired by traditional bioclimatic strategies, and various optimised wall constructions have in the improvement of the energy performance of the abovementioned building. These considerations are furthermore compared with different design criteria aiming at minimising embodied carbon in base material choice, costs, and discomfort hours. Results have shown the effectiveness of using the combination of massive rammed earth walls, night cross ventilation, and overhangs for the reduction of energy demand for space cooling and the improvement of wellbeing. Finally, the parametric analysis of thermal insulation has highlighted the economic, environmental, and thermophysical optimal solutions for the rammed earth envelope.

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Schistosomiasis in Children in the Philippines: Beyond Health Issues

Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1603354 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (04) ◽

pp. 238-248

Author(s):

Mario Torres ◽

Hazel Luyon-Tabo ◽

Steven Salibay ◽

Cristina Cabanacan-Salibay

Keyword(s):

Preventive Measures ◽

The Philippines ◽

Health Issues ◽

Major Health Problem ◽

Major Health ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Research Findings ◽

Effects On Children ◽

Mode Of Transmission ◽

The Government

AbstractThis article aims to discuss the issues about Schistosoma japonicum infection in the Philippines based on the research findings of previous studies. This includes reviews about the nature of schistosomiasis, with emphasis on its effects on children. The review also discusses the mode of transmission of the parasite, etiology, and epidemiology, and relates these factors to the persistence of S. japonicum as a major health problem in the Philippines. The efforts, preventive measures, and recommended actions of the government are also mentioned and have been taken into consideration in strengthening the eradication measures against S. japonicum. This review further analyzes the risk factors associated with the infected individuals. Some measures and practices that may contribute to the prevention of S. japonicum infection are highlighted.

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