scholarly journals Cyclic Behavior of Confined Cement-Stabilized Rammed Earth Walls

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Xinlei Yang ◽  
Hailiang Wang ◽  
Ziliang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Active Regions ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Cyclic Behavior ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Rammed Earth Wall ◽  
Earth Walls ◽  
Moisture Buffering ◽  
Strength And Ductility

Rammed earth is widely utilized in both developed and developing countries due to its low embodied energy and good natural moisture buffering of indoor environments. However, its application in seismic active regions was limited owing to its intrinsically low resistance to dynamic actions. This paper presents the test results of four cement-stabilized rammed earth walls with confining tie-column elements under cyclic loading, aiming at assessing the cyclic behavior of proposed rammed earth walls with confining tie-column elements. The test results revealed that the proposed confining tie-column elements could significantly improve the cyclic behavior of cement-stabilized rammed earth wall, exhibiting good strength and ductility.

scholarly journals Design Optimisation Strategies for Solid Rammed Earth Walls in Mediterranean Climates

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 325
Author(s):  
Giada Giuffrida ◽  
Maurizio Detommaso ◽  
Francesco Nocera ◽  
Rosa Caponetto
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Earth Construction ◽  
Material Choice ◽  
Earth Walls ◽  
Raw Earth

The renewed attention paid to raw earth construction in recent decades is linked to its undoubted sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and low embodied energy. In Italy, the use of raw earth as a construction material is limited by the lack of a technical reference standard and is penalised by the current energy legislation for its massive behaviour. Research experiences, especially transoceanic, on highly performative contemporary buildings made with natural materials show that raw earth can be used, together with different types of reinforcements, to create safe, earthquake-resistant, and thermally efficient buildings. On the basis of experimental data of an innovative fibre-reinforced rammed earth material, energy analyses are developed on a rammed earth building designed for a Mediterranean climate. The paper focuses on the influences that different design solutions, inspired by traditional bioclimatic strategies, and various optimised wall constructions have in the improvement of the energy performance of the abovementioned building. These considerations are furthermore compared with different design criteria aiming at minimising embodied carbon in base material choice, costs, and discomfort hours. Results have shown the effectiveness of using the combination of massive rammed earth walls, night cross ventilation, and overhangs for the reduction of energy demand for space cooling and the improvement of wellbeing. Finally, the parametric analysis of thermal insulation has highlighted the economic, environmental, and thermophysical optimal solutions for the rammed earth envelope.

Analysis and Test on Indoor Thermal Environment of Tibetan-Style Dwellings of Different Materials

2011 ◽  
Vol 255-260 ◽  
pp. 1632-1638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Ping Li
Keyword(s):  
Physical Environment ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Indoor Temperature ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Indoor Thermal Environment ◽  
Earth Walls

Field tests for indoor thermal environment of Tibetan-style dwellings of different materials in Shangri-La in winter were carried out from the perspective of physical environment of buildings, and more specifically, the indoor temperature of Tibetan-style dwellings with rammed earth walls and brick walls as well as the surface temperature of building envelope were tested and comparatively analyzed. The test results show the current situations and features of indoor temperature changes of Tibetan-style dwellings of different materials, which may provide a basis for improving the thermal environment of Tibetan-style dwellings.

scholarly journals PRELIMINARY STUDIES TO VALUE ENHANCEMENT OF THE OLD CITADEL IN ORIA, ALMERIA, SPAIN

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIV-M-1-2020 ◽  
pp. 389-396
Author(s):  
J. Moya-Muñoz ◽  
A. Gonzalez-Serrano ◽  
F. Pinto-Puerto
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Lime Mortar ◽  
Preliminary Step ◽  
Critical Situation ◽  
Rammed Earth Wall ◽  
Cultural Interest ◽  
Earth Walls

Abstract. During the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, the alcazaba of Oria (Old citadel) was considered one of the most outstanding medieval defensive ensembles in the province of Almeria. This defensive complex, located in the Almanzora Valley at an altitude of over a thousand metres, was built around the 12th-14th centuries and has been registered as an Asset of Cultural Interest since 1985. Nevertheless, unfortunate decisions to intervene in the monument and lack of maintenance facilitated the loss of most of its wall, which had been preserved until the twentieth century. Despite the critical situation of the complex, two sections of the rammed-earth wall are currently identified as standing. This study represents an opportunity to broaden the knowledge of this relevant wall structure and the characterisation of the rammed-earth reinforced wall with lime mortar layers. As a preliminary step towards the rammed-earth walls analysis, the graphic representation of wall elevations by photogrammetry tools is proposed. This technique allows to graphically define the morphology of the rammed-earth wall, to perform its typological analysis and constructive characterisation; and furthermore, to evaluate the state of constructive elements conservation by means of the identification of its damages. The information and results obtained will allow to establish the appropriate laboratory tests for the rammed-earth materials characterisation and to define a report that justifies the inexcusable need to consolidate and preserve them.

scholarly journals The thermal behavior of rammed earth wall in traditional house in Vojvodina: Thermal mass as a key element for thermal comfort

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (Suppl. 4) ◽  
pp. 1143-1155
Author(s):  
Vesna Lovec ◽  
Milica Jovanovic-Popovic ◽  
Branislav Zivkovic
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Thermal Behaviour ◽  
Mass Effect ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Thermal Mass ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Rammed Earth Wall ◽  
Earth Walls

The conducted research examines the thermal behaviour of the rammed earth walls, which is the basic structural and fa?ade element of traditional Vojvodina house. The traditional rammed earth house represents an important part of the total building stock of Vojvodina. Earth is a locally available, cheap, natural, environmentally friendly building material and has been used extensively for traditional family houses in Vojvodina. It has ecological and ?green? characteristics, which can be assessed as very high quality, and they are of significant importance in the context of sustainable development and striving to reduce energy consumption today. The research examines thermal behaviour of rammed earth wall, including theoretical analysis of: the heat transfer coefficient, U, the thermal resistance, R, and thermal conductivity, ?. One of the basic elements of thermal behaviour, the thermal mass, has been analyzed both theoretically and by measuring in situ. The in situ measurements were conducted on the traditional house in Vojvodina by measuring inside and outside surface wall and air temperature in summer. Analyses of rammed earth wall thermal performances have shown that the wall has low thermal conductivity, high heat capacity and significant thermal mass effect which is the key element enabling thermal stability. The research indicates rather good thermal properties of the rammed earth walls. Potential of rammed earth wall in Vojvodina should be an issue of further analysis, although the possibility of improvement of existing facilities to meet current standards in terms of energy efficiency should be considered.

scholarly journals Vertical Rods as a Seismic Reinforcement Technique for Rammed Earth Walls: An Assessment

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q.-B. Bui ◽  
T.-T. Bui ◽  
R. El-Nabouch ◽  
D.-K. Thai
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Thermal Inertia ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Seismic Action ◽  
Horizontal Force ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Earth Walls

Rammed earth (RE) is a construction material which is manufactured by compacting soil by layers within a formwork to build a monolithic wall. RE material is the subject of numerous scientific researches during the last decade because of the significant heritage of RE buildings and the sustainable properties of this material: low embodied energy, substantial thermal inertia, and natural regulator of moisture. The seismic performance of RE buildings is an interesting topic which needs to be thoroughly investigated. This paper presents a numerical study which assesses the relevancy of a seismic reinforcement technique for RE walls by using two vertical steel rods installed at two extremities of the walls. The discrete element method (DEM) was used to model unreinforced and reinforced RE walls. These walls were first loaded with a vertical stress on the top to simulate the vertical loads and then submitted to a horizontal loading on the top to simulate the seismic action. Two current cases of RE buildings were investigated: one-storey and two-storey buildings. The results showed that the reinforcement technique enhanced the maximum horizontal force about 25% and 10%, respectively, for the cases of one- and two-storey buildings. Higher effectiveness of this reinforcement technique is expected for RE materials having higher compressive strength, for example, stabilized RE.

Novel Wall Paint for Decorative Style of Retro Rammed-Earth Wall Based on Dry Hanging

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-543
Author(s):  
Ke He ◽  
Yong Liu ◽  
Yanting He
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Alkali Resistance ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Excellent Performance ◽  
Rammed Earth Wall

Owing to its unique ornamental style, the decorative retro rammed-earth wall style has attracted widespread interest in recent years. With this motivation, a novel multi-coated rammed-earth paint using dry hanging has been studied. This paint could overcome the limitations of surface material shedding and low strength in an extreme external environment. It has the advantages of low construction cost, simple production, low embodied energy, recyclability, and excellent performance. The alkali-resistance test of the paint was carried out in a high-concentration alkaline solution. The paint demonstrated insignificant performance change after 96 h. It has also been determined that the weather resistance of the sample does not display any evidence of chalking after 10 cycles of freezing and heating experiments. Rain and sun exposure are considered extremely important factors in durability of paint and were also tested for in the climatic chamber. The environmental parameters in the chamber were modeled based on the environment of southern China. Later, the coating product was tested according to the Chinese national standard of JG-T24-2000 (synthetic resin emulsion sand wall structure), demonstrating excellent performance. Thus, the innovative products of earth wall paint discussed in this study have the potential to meet the needs of the market.

scholarly journals Seismic Behavior of Rammed Earth Walls with Precast Concrete Tie Columns

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Xinlei Yang ◽  
Hailiang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Seismic Behavior ◽  
Precast Concrete ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Deformation Capacity ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Displacement Ductility ◽  
Reversed Cyclic ◽  
Earth Walls

Rammed earth (RE) constructions are widespread in underdeveloped rural areas in developing countries. However, these RE constructions are often susceptible to earthquake damage due to their poor seismic performance. Precast concrete tie columns and ring beam (tie bars) were proposed to improve the seismic behavior of RE constructions. Four RE walls, including a traditional RE wall and three RE walls with precast concrete tie columns and ring beam (tie bars), were tested under reversed cyclic loading, and the seismic behavior of these tested specimens was evaluated in terms of failure pattern, energy dissipation, displacement ductility, and stiffness degradation. The results showed that a significant increase of the load-bearing and deformation capacity could be achieved with the application of precast concrete tie columns in combination with RE. The load-bearing capacity and deformation capacity of traditional RE wall were increased by an average of 113% and 417%, respectively. These test results could provide reference to the design and construction of the environmental-friendly structures in rural areas.

Research on Environment of Dwellings with Rammed Earth Walls in Deqin Area in Yunnan Province

2012 ◽  
Vol 424-425 ◽  
pp. 957-961
Author(s):  
Li Ping Li
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Heat Stability ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Indoor Temperature ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Rammed Earth Wall ◽  
Earth Walls ◽  
Insulation Performance

Based on the field testing and analysis of the Tibetan dwelling in Deqin area , and more specifically, the indoor temperature of Tibetan-style dwellings with rammed earth walls as well as the surface temperature of building envelope were tested and comparatively analyzed. The test results show the current situations and features of indoor temperature changes of Tibetan-style dwellings of earth materials, the heat-insulation performance and heat stability of rammed earth wall, which may provide a basis for improving the thermal environment of Tibetan-style dwellings.

Analysis for the Shake Table Test of Rammed Earth Wall Panels

2010 ◽  
Vol 168-170 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Rong Rong Hu ◽  
Yu Jiang Dong ◽  
Xing Hu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Western China ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Shake Table ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Dynamic Tests ◽  
Seismic Capacity ◽  
Wall Panels ◽  
Rammed Earth Wall

Traditional Rammed earth houses are still widespread in rural areas of western China. However, the seismic damage of earth houses is usually serious due to its poor seismic resistance and little research has been conducted on dynamic tests of rammed earth structure. A simple and low-cost method to reinforce the rammed earth wall is put forward in the paper. The shake table testing for both the wall panels with and without reinforcements has been carried out. The test results are analyzed from the aspects of damage phenomenon, dynamic behavior, and acceleration and displacement responses of both specimens. The results show the effectiveness of the reinforcement method on improving the seismic capacity of the rammed earth wall.

Embodied energy in cement stabilised rammed earth walls

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 380-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.V. Venkatarama Reddy ◽  
P. Prasanna Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Earth Walls
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