Materials and Engineering Design for Human Performance and Protection in Extreme Hot Conditions

The level of protective material performance attributes are well defined and highly regulated, however the attributes related to the thermo physiological comfort of materials are not. In this chapter, the application of new materials to firefighting protective clothing systems used in extreme heat is addressed, with a focus on thermo physiological comfort. The new generation of protective textile materials and their structures are evaluated through use of both objective laboratory testing and mathematical modeling methods. In addition, 3D body imaging technology is utilized to demonstrate a method of assessing the fit of protective garments and its potential impact on the thermal status of the wearer. The proposed engineering approach could be used in other areas where the balance between clothing performance and wear comfort is critical, e.g. sport, work wear etc.

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New materials and methods of testing dynamic resisting elements on the new generation of shaped aircraft hangers

Building the Future ◽

10.1201/9781482271263-27 ◽

2003 ◽

pp. 183-194

Keyword(s):

New Materials ◽

New Generation

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Preparation and Chemical Protective Clothing Application of PVDF Based Sodium Sulfonate Membrane

Membranes ◽

10.3390/membranes10080190 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 190

Author(s):

Yue Zhao ◽

Xinbo Wang ◽

Deyin Wang ◽

Heguo Li ◽

Lei Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Polyvinylidene Fluoride ◽

Protective Clothing ◽

Low Cost ◽

Chemical Warfare Agents ◽

Contact Angles ◽

Protective Material ◽

Sodium Sulfonate ◽

Vapor Permeation ◽

Chemical Protective Clothing

Chemical protective clothing (CPC) is major equipment to protect human skin from hazardous chemical warfare agents (CWAs), especially nerve agents and blister agents. CPC performance is mainly dominated by the chemical protective material, which needs to meet various requirements, such as mechanical robustness, protective properties, physiological comfort, cost-effectiveness, and dimensional stability. In this study, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) based sodium sulfonate membranes with different ion exchange capacities (IECs) are prepared simply from low-cost materials. Their mechanical properties, contact angles, permeations, and selectivities have been tested and compared with each other. Results show that membranes with IEC in the range of 1.5–2 mmol g−1 have high selectivities of water vapor permeation over CWA simulant vapor permeation and good mechanical properties. Therefore, PVDF-based sodium sulfonate membranes are potential materials for CPC applications.

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A Review on the Performance and Comfort of Stab Protection Armor

Autex Research Journal ◽

10.2478/aut-2021-0013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Dereje Berihun Sitotaw ◽

Dustin Ahrendt ◽

Yordan Kyosev ◽

Abera Kechi Kabish

Keyword(s):

Protective Clothing ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Upper Body ◽

Test Results ◽

Safety Equipment ◽

Freedom Of Movement ◽

Prototype Test ◽

Wear Comfort ◽

Correction Officers ◽

Security Control

Abstract Stab-protective clothing is the most important component of safety equipment and it helps to save the lives of its wearers; therefore, it is designed to resist knife, nail, or needle attacks, especially to the upper body. In this paper, the essential requirements for stab-resistant armor are investigated based on an in-depth review of previous research and prototype test results. The combination of protection and comfort in armor vests is a particularly challenging task. Review of the state of the art technology responsible for the manufacture of stab-resistant clothes has revealed that their design and development should encompass the elements of comfort, freedom of movement, permeability, absorption, evaporation, and weight reductions to ensure excellent ergonomics and high wear comfort. The design as well as the production, weight, thickness, material types and properties, and the arrangement of scales determine the level of protection and comfort offered by stab-resistant vests. Currently, the production of stab-proof gear-based 3D printing technology is evaluated, using lightweight materials (aramid) in the form of segmented scales inspired by nature. As the protection performance and wear comfort of stab-proof gear is enhanced, the willingness of security, control, transport, custom, and correction officers to wear them can be significantly increased in an endeavor to ensure that fatal injuries will decrease significantly.

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Synthesis of Buried Silicon Compounds Using Ion Implantation

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-100-3 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 100 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Alice E. White ◽

K. T. Short ◽

R. C. Dynes ◽

J. M. Gibson ◽

R. Hull

Keyword(s):

Ion Implantation ◽

Surface Damage ◽

Silicon On Insulator ◽

High Current ◽

New Materials ◽

Compound Formation ◽

Silicon Compounds ◽

Mechanisms Of Formation ◽

New Generation ◽

Substrate Temperatures

ABSTRACTIon implantation is widely used for doping semiconductors at low concentration, but, with the advent of a new generation of high current implanters, synthesizing new materials rather that simply doping them has become feasible. This technique has been successfully applied to fabricating silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structures with oxygen and nitrogen for several years. Since we are interested in understanding the mechanisms of formation of these layers, we have concentrated on sub-stoichiometric implantation doses of oxygen where it is easier to observe the coalescing layer. In order to determine whether this process of compound formation is more general, our studies were expanded to include implantation of the transition metals. Here, elevated substrate temperatures are necessary to minimize Si surface damage. The resulting disilicide layers are of remarkably high quality: they are single crystals in registry with the silicon wafer and they have better residual resistivities than comparable UHV-reacted silicides.

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Development of high-insulating materials with aerogel for protective clothing applications – an overview

International Journal of Materials Research (formerly Zeitschrift fuer Metallkunde) ◽

10.1515/ijmr-2020-8042 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 112 (2) ◽

pp. 164-172

Author(s):

Agnieszka Greszta ◽

Sylwia Krzemińska ◽

Grażyna Bartkowiak ◽

Anna Dąbrowska

Keyword(s):

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Thermal Insulation ◽

Protective Clothing ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Knitted Fabrics ◽

Insulating Materials ◽

Textile Materials ◽

Wide Range ◽

Properties Of Materials ◽

Hot Environments

Abstract Aerogels are ultra-light solids with extremely low thermal conductivity (even lower than air), thanks to which they have a huge potential in a wide range of applications. The purpose of this publication is to present the state-of-the art knowledge of the possibility of using aerogels to increase the thermal insulation properties of clothing materials intended for use in both cold and hot environments. Various methods of aerogels application to textile materials (non-woven, woven and knitted fabrics) are discussed, indicating their advantages and limitations. Numerous research studies confirm that aerogels significantly improve the thermal insulation properties of materials, but due to their delicate and brittle structure and their tendency to dusting, their application still poses considerable problems.

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Development of Smart Textile Materials with Shape Memory Alloys for Application in Protective Clothing

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13030689 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 689 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Grażyna Bartkowiak ◽

Anna Dąbrowska ◽

Agnieszka Greszta

Keyword(s):

Shape Memory Alloys ◽

Shape Memory ◽

Smart Materials ◽

Protective Clothing ◽

Radiant Heat ◽

Textile Material ◽

Material System ◽

Molten Metals ◽

Textile Materials ◽

Smart Textile

The latest directions of research on the design of protective clothing concern the implementation of smart materials, in order to increase its protective performance. This paper presents results on the resistance to thermal factors such as flames, radiant heat, and molten metals, which were obtained for the developed smart textile material with shape memory alloys (SMAs). The laboratory tests performed indicated that the application of the designed SMA elements in the selected textile material system caused more than a twofold increase in the resistance to radiant heat (RHTI24 = 224 s) with an increase of thickness of 13 mm (sample located vertically with a load), while in the case of tests on the resistance to flames, it was equal to 41 mm (sample located vertically without a load) and in the case of tests on the resistance to molten metal, it was 17 mm (sample located horizontally).

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Potential Impact of New Generation Immunotherapy on Years of Life Lost and Lifetime Earnings in Metastatic Melanoma

Annals of Oncology ◽

10.1093/annonc/mdu341.8 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. iv359

Author(s):

K. Kulig ◽

C. De Moor ◽

B. Korytowsky ◽

M. Halperin ◽

M. Danese

Keyword(s):

Metastatic Melanoma ◽

Years Of Life Lost ◽

Potential Impact ◽

Lifetime Earnings ◽

New Generation

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The potential of metabolomics for Leishmania research in the post-genomics era

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182009992022 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 137 (9) ◽

pp. 1291-1302 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

RICHARD A. SCHELTEMA ◽

SASKIA DECUYPERE ◽

RUBEN T'KINDT ◽

JEAN-CLAUDE DUJARDIN ◽

GRAHAM H. COOMBS ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolite Profiling ◽

Leishmania Donovani ◽

Bioinformatics Analysis ◽

Measurement Techniques ◽

Genomic Research ◽

Metabolic Profiles ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Pathogen Diversity ◽

Potential Impact ◽

New Generation

SUMMARYThe post-genomics era has provided researchers with access to a new generation of tools for the global characterization and understanding of pathogen diversity. This review provides a critical summary of published Leishmania post-genomic research efforts to date, and discusses the potential impact of the addition of metabolomics to the post-genomic toolbox. Metabolomics aims at understanding biology by comprehensive metabolite profiling. We present an overview of the design and interpretation of metabolomics experiments in the context of Leishmania research. Sample preparation, measurement techniques, and bioinformatics analysis of the generated complex datasets are discussed in detail. To illustrate the concepts and the expected results of metabolomics analyses, we also present an overview of comparative metabolic profiles of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant Leishmania donovani clinical isolates.

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