Mass Transfer of God Particle or Higgs Boson

2012 ◽  
Vol 326-328 ◽  
pp. 164-169
Author(s):  
R. Leticia Corral Bustamante ◽  
Aarón Raúl Rodríguez-Corral ◽  
G. Irigoyen-Chávez ◽  
A. Heiras-Torres
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Higgs Boson ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Planck Scale ◽  
Gravitational Potential Energy ◽  
Field Source ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Show Evidence

This paper presents a mathematical model to predict the behaviour of the God particle, the Higgs boson, which adds mass to elementary particles appearing and disappearing in the time of Planck. The phenomenon of turbulence in the Planck scale in the modelling of space-time is the base on which is sustained this work. We measured the flow of fluid through the boundary that contains the studied mass (composed of virtual particles with characteristics similar to the Higgs boson) in full bubbling in a gravitational field with enormous surface gravity by calculating the divergence, the rotational and circulation of the fluid. The results show evidence of mass transfer of the particles consistent with the Theory of Special Relativity. The gravitational field (with mass like field source) acts as a conservative field, since its circulation along any closed curve is zero. By Stokes theorem, the flow is irrotational and therefore without vortices. In two arbitrary points of the gravitational field is found that the mechanical energy (sum of kinetic and potential energy) of the particles is constant, satisfying the theorem of conservation of energy in this inertial system isolated from conservative forces. Green's theorem defines sources and sinks of particles around a singularity in the mass center. For heat flow, the sources represent the heat production and the sinks represent its consumption. The irrotational gravitational field where is hosted the God particle has electrostatic and gravitational potential energy.

scholarly journals Walking in simulated reduced gravity: mechanical energy fluctuations and exchange

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 383-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy M. Griffin ◽  
Neil A. Tolani ◽  
Rodger Kram
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Gravitational Potential ◽  
Inverted Pendulum ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Gravitational Potential Energy ◽  
Reduced Gravity

Walking humans conserve mechanical and, presumably, metabolic energy with an inverted pendulum-like exchange of gravitational potential energy and horizontal kinetic energy. Walking in simulated reduced gravity involves a relatively high metabolic cost, suggesting that the inverted-pendulum mechanism is disrupted because of a mismatch of potential and kinetic energy. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the fluctuations and exchange of mechanical energy of the center of mass at different combinations of velocity and simulated reduced gravity. Subjects walked with smaller fluctuations in horizontal velocity in lower gravity, such that the ratio of horizontal kinetic to gravitational potential energy fluctuations remained constant over a fourfold change in gravity. The amount of exchange, or percent recovery, at 1.00 m/s was not significantly different at 1.00, 0.75, and 0.50 G (average 64.4%), although it decreased to 48% at 0.25 G. As a result, the amount of work performed on the center of mass does not explain the relatively high metabolic cost of walking in simulated reduced gravity.

scholarly journals New mechanism for the cosmological red-shift explaining: non-observation of dark energy, large-number- coincidence and the cosmic coincidence

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Hasmukh K. Tank
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Gravitational Potential ◽  
Red Shift ◽  
Relativity Theory ◽  
Gravitational Potential Energy ◽  
Potential Well ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Equivalent Mass ◽  
The Universe

<p>Accepting Einstein’s General Relativity Theory, that the changes in the gravitational field can propagate at the speed of light, it is proposed here that: before an electron in an atom emits a photon, the energy (<em>h f<sub>0</sub></em>) of the photon was a part of total energy of the atom; contributing to establish the gravitational-field around the atom. As soon as an electron in that atom emits a photon of energy <em>h f<sub>0</sub></em>, and the photon starts moving away from the atom, the gravitational-field around the atom partly reduces, proportional to the photon’s energy <em>h f<sub>0</sub></em>, and this wave of ‘reduced gravitational field’ propagates radially-outwards at the speed of light. And a part of energy of the photon gets spent in “filling” the ‘gravitational potential-well’ produced by its energy, when it was a part of energy of the atom. From the derivation presented here we find that the energy spent by the photon to “fill” the ‘gravitational potential-well’, during its inter-galactic journey manifests as the ‘cosmological red-shift’. And the so called ‘total-mass-of-the-universe'’ and ‘radius-of-the-universe'’ are just mathematically-equivalent mass and distance arising while converting electrostatic potential-energy into gravitational potential-energy. This is the reason why we find the large-number-coincidence (LNC). And since there is no expansion of the universe, there is no ‘cosmic coincidence’, that why only in this epoch we find the ‘large-number-coincidence’!</p>

scholarly journals The Possibility of Zero Limb-Work Gaits in Sprawled and Parasagittal Quadrupeds: Insights from Linkages of the Industrial Revolution

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J R Usherwood
Keyword(s):  
Potential Energy ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Phase Fluctuation ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Gravitational Potential Energy ◽  
Pull Out

Synopsis Animal legs are diverse, complex, and perform many roles. One defining requirement of legs is to facilitate terrestrial travel with some degree of economy. This could, theoretically, be achieved without loss of mechanical energy if the body could take a continuous horizontal path supported by vertical forces only—effectively a wheel-like translation, and a condition closely approximated by walking tortoises. If this is a potential strategy for zero mechanical work cost among quadrupeds, how might the structure, posture, and diversity of both sprawled and parasagittal legs be interpreted? In order to approach this question, various linkages described during the industrial revolution are considered. Watt’s linkage provides an analogue for sprawled vertebrates that uses diagonal limb support and shows how vertical-axis joints could enable approximately straight-line horizontal translation while demanding minimal mechanical power. An additional vertical-axis joint per leg results in the wall-mounted pull-out monitor arm and would enable translation with zero mechanical work due to weight support, without tipping or toppling. This is consistent with force profiles observed in tortoises. The Peaucellier linkage demonstrates that parasagittal limbs with lateral-axis joints could also achieve the zero-work strategy. Suitably tuned four-bar linkages indicate this is feasibly approximated for flexed, biologically realistic limbs. Where “walking” gaits typically show out of phase fluctuation in center of mass kinetic and gravitational potential energy, and running, hopping or trotting gaits are characterized by in-phase energy fluctuations, the zero limb-work strategy approximated by tortoises would show zero fluctuations in kinetic or potential energy. This highlights that some gaits, perhaps particularly those of animals with sprawled or crouched limbs, do not fit current kinetic gait definitions; an additional gait paradigm, the “zero limb-work strategy” is proposed.

Mechanics of locomotion in lizards.

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (16) ◽  
pp. 2177-2188 ◽  
Author(s):  
C T Farley ◽  
T C Ko
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Gravitational Potential ◽  
Inverted Pendulum ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Gravitational Potential Energy ◽  
Lateral Bending ◽  
Walking Gait ◽  
Bending Force

Lizards bend their trunks laterally with each step of locomotion and, as a result, their locomotion appears to be fundamentally different from mammalian locomotion. The goal of the present study was to determine whether lizards use the same two basic gaits as other legged animals or whether they use a mechanically unique gait due to lateral trunk bending. Force platform and kinematic measurements revealed that two species of lizards, Coleonyx variegatus and Eumeces skiltonianus, used two basic gaits similar to mammalian walking and trotting gaits. In both gaits, the kinetic energy fluctuations due to lateral movements of the center of mass were less than 5% of the total external mechanical energy fluctuations. In the walking gait, both species vaulted over their stance limbs like inverted pendulums. The fluctuations in kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy of the center of mass were approximately 180 degrees out of phase. The lizards conserved as much as 51% of the external mechanical energy required for locomotion by the inverted pendulum mechanism. Both species also used a bouncing gait, similar to mammalian trotting, in which the fluctuations in kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy of the center of mass were nearly exactly in phase. The mass-specific external mechanical work required to travel 1 m (1.5 J kg-1) was similar to that for other legged animals. Thus, in spite of marked lateral bending of the trunk, the mechanics of lizard locomotion is similar to the mechanics of locomotion in other legged animals.

scholarly journals Thermodynamics/Dynamics Coupling in Weakly Compressible Turbulent Stratified Fluids

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rémi Tailleux
Keyword(s):  
Equation Of State ◽  
Nonlinear Equation ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Fluid Flows ◽  
Boussinesq Approximation ◽  
Gravitational Potential Energy ◽  
Transient Flows ◽  
Diffusive Effects ◽  
Boussinesq Fluid

In traditional and geophysical fluid dynamics, it is common to describe stratified turbulent fluid flows with low Mach number and small relative density variations by means of the incompressible Boussinesq approximation. Although such an approximation is often interpreted as decoupling the thermodynamics from the dynamics, this paper reviews recent results and derive new ones that show that the reality is actually more subtle and complex when diabatic effects and a nonlinear equation of state are retained. Such an analysis reveals indeed: (1) that the compressible work of expansion/contraction remains of comparable importance as the mechanical energy conversions in contrast to what is usually assumed; (2) in a Boussinesq fluid, compressible effects occur in the guise of changes in gravitational potential energy due to density changes. This makes it possible to construct a fully consistent description of the thermodynamics of incompressible fluids for an arbitrary nonlinear equation of state; (3) rigorous methods based on using the available potential energy and potential enthalpy budgets can be used to quantify the work of expansion/contraction in steady and transient flows, which reveals that is predominantly controlled by molecular diffusive effects, and act as a significant sink of kinetic energy.

scholarly journals Equilibrium of truss and beam structures of inelastic materials

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 633-640
Author(s):  
Lars German HAGSTEN
Keyword(s):  
Potential Energy ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Dissipated Energy ◽  
Complete Structure ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Inelastic Response ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Static Conditions

A physically based method for the determination of equilibrium for structures with inelastic response is described. The method is based on minimisation of the potential energy. For structures with inelastic response, some of the applied en­ergy is converted to non-mechanical energy. This part of the energy is dissipated. According to the conservation of energy the dissipated energy must simultaneously be subtracted the mechanical energy in order to determine the change of the potential energy. Changes of the strains in the structure, from non-static conditions, such as thermal deformations and shrinkage, as well as plastic strains from previous load scenarios, will also change the potential energy. The method is also capable of taken these effects into account. Three examples are included in order to support the physical understanding, and to illustrate the procedure for the application of the method. Information regarding the necessary ductility of the individual parts forming the complete structure is achieved as outcome of the analysis.

scholarly journals Gravitational Potential Energy Balance for the Thermal Circulation in a Model Ocean

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1420-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Xin Huang ◽  
Xingze Jin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Equation Of State ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Gravitational Potential ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Gravitational Potential Energy ◽  
Thermal Circulation ◽  
Model Ocean

Abstract The gravitational potential energy balance of the thermal circulation in a simple rectangular model basin is diagnosed from numerical experiments based on a mass-conserving oceanic general circulation model. The vertical mixing coefficient is assumed to be a given constant. The model ocean is heated/cooled from the upper surface or bottom, and the equation of state is linear or nonlinear. Although the circulation patterns obtained from these cases look rather similar, the energetics of the circulation may be very different. For cases of differential heating from the bottom with a nonlinear equation of state, the circulation is driven by mechanical energy generated by heating from the bottom. On the other hand, circulation for three other cases is driven by external mechanical energy, which is implicitly provided by tidal dissipation and wind stress. The major balance of gravitational energy in this model ocean is between the source of energy due to vertical mixing and the conversion from kinetic energy at low latitudes and the sink of energy due to convection adjustment and conversion to kinetic energy at high latitudes.

A Design Scheme of the Automatic Obstacle-Avoidance Car

2013 ◽  
Vol 779-780 ◽  
pp. 1094-1097
Author(s):  
Guo Chang Qiao ◽  
Deng Bin Qiao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Obstacle Avoidance ◽  
Gravitational Potential ◽  
Simple Structure ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Constant Speed ◽  
Gravitational Potential Energy ◽  
Design Scheme ◽  
Implementation Method

This design is an implementation method based on the "automatic obstacle avoidance car", which gravitational potential energy can be converted into mechanical energy and driving as the motivation .This car can automatically avoid obstacles on the track settings in advance. The greatest feature of the car is during its operation, accelerating first then maintaining a constant speed, so that less energy consumption are required. Besides that, the walking track is closing to the sinusoidal curve. The convenient manufacture has a simple structure as well as high transmit efficiency.

scholarly journals Leg stiffness and potential energy in the countermovement phase and the CMJ jump height

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Struzik ◽  
Jerzy Zawadzki ◽  
Andrzej Rokita
Keyword(s):  
Potential Energy ◽  
Elastic Energy ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Study Participant ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Gravitational Potential Energy ◽  
Jump Height ◽  
Leg Stiffness ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryStudy aim: The elastic potential energy accumulated in the musculotendinous units during the countermovement phase of a jump adds up to the energy supplied by the contracting muscles used in the take-off phase. Consequently, the total mechanical energy used during the jump may reach higher values. Stiffness represents a quantitative measure of a body’s elastic properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish the relationship between leg stiffness and the countermovement jump height. Material and methods: 24 basketball players from the II Division participated in the study. The measurements employed a Kistler force plate and a BTS SMART system for the motion analysis. Each study participant performed three countermovement jumps with arm swings. Leg stiffness in the countermovement phase was determined from the slope of the ground reaction forces curve, with respect to the coexisting height of the greater trochanter of the femur. The decline in the gravitational potential energy of the centre of mass during the countermovement phase is partially accumulated in the form of potential elastic energy through the stretched musculotendinous units, and consequently contributes to the jump height. Results: We found a statistically significant relationship between leg stiffness and a decline in the potential energy during the countermovement phase. The relationship between leg stiffness and the jump height was not statistically significant. Conclusions: The distribution of measurements may suggest the presence of local maximums, with their locations representing a value of leg stiffness that allows for high values of changes in the potential energy and the jump height to be obtained. Therefore, the presence of a specific value for leg stiffness that would be the most favourable for the accumulation of potential elastic energy is likely. However, this study cannot unequivocally confirm this fact, and the confirmation of the above statement will require further experimentation.

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