Diffusion, Transport and Water Absorption Properties of Eco-Friendly Polymer Composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 222-231
Author(s):  
Mehmet Harbi Calimli ◽  
Busra Balli ◽  
Esra Kuyuldar ◽  
Fatih Sen
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Polymer Composites ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Absorption Properties ◽  
Diffusion Transport ◽  
Sustainable Resources

The availability of sustainable and environmentally friendly energy sources is one of the biggest challenges faced by scientists and engineering communities. First of all, the fossil fuels used to meet existing energy demands cause the depletion of resources, the increase of greenhouse gas emissions, and eventually destruction of nature. Polymers have many industrial application areas due to the ease of processing, the reasonable price and the ability to modify with the desired features. Biopolymers have become a focus of attention in terms of the polymer sector because biomass can be separated into harmless products such as CO2 and H2O in the natural environment and can have sustainable resources. The studies on biomass and hydrogen fuel cells are more advantageous than other alternative and clean energy sources because they have the continuous energy supply, compact design, and wide application areas without being dependent on nature. In practice, the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are pinched among the other fuel cells. For this purpose, in this chapter diffusion, transport and water absorption properties of eco-friendly polymer composites generally used are discussed.

A review investigating the influence of nanofiller addition on the mechanical, thermal and water absorption properties of cellulosic fibre reinforced polymer composite

2021 ◽  
pp. 152808372110575
Author(s):  
Adnan Amjad ◽  
Aslina Anjang Ab Rahman ◽  
Habib Awais ◽  
Mohd Shukur Zainol Abidin ◽  
Junaid Khan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Polymer Composites ◽  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Natural Fibre ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Absorption Properties ◽  
Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Fibre Reinforced Polymer

Composite holds great promise for future materials considering its advantages such as excellent strength, stiffness, lightweight, and cost-effectiveness. Due to rising environmental concerns, the research speed gradually changes from synthetic polymer composites to natural fibre reinforced polymer composites (NFRPCs). Natural fibres are believed a valuable and robust replacement to synthetic silicates and carbon-based fibres, along with biodegradability, recyclability, low cost, and eco-friendliness. But the incompatibility between natural fibre and polymer matrices and higher moisture absorption percentage of natural fibre limitise their applications. To overcome these flaws, surface treatment of natural fibre and nanofiller addition have become some of the most important aspects to improve the performance of NFRPCs. This review article provides the most recent development on the effect of different nanofiller addition and surface treatment on the mechanical, thermal, and wetting behaviour of NFRPCs. It concludes that the fibre surface treatment and nanofillers in natural fibre polymer composites positively affect mechanical, thermal and water absorption properties. A systematic understanding in this field covers advanced research basics to stimulate investigation for fabricating NFRPCs with excellent performance.

Social, Environmental and Economic Impacts of Adopting Clean Energy Use

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Razi ◽  
Yousaf Ali
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Crucial Issue ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Alternative Solutions

These days, the excessive industrialization, elevated levels of pollution, and the increased energy crisis has led nations towards the use of renewable energy sources. Through the use of renewable energy sources, global warming can also be decreased, which is currently the biggest environmental issue worldwide. Pakistan, being a developing country, relies on the use of fossil fuels for the generation of electricity. The alarming increase in population, energy consumption per capita and energy wastages lead to a shortfall. To resolve this crucial issue, the alternative solutions considered include the use of renewable sources of energy such as hydro, solar and wind. The use of these renewable energy sources is governed by various environmental, economic and social parameters. The influence of these parameters on the use of renewable energy sources is studied through the use of DEMATEL and revised DEMATEL techniques.

scholarly journals Progress Towards Direct Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cells (DHPFCs) as an Energy Storage Concept

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciaran J. McDonnell-Worth ◽  
Douglas R. MacFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Electrochemical Methods ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
H2o2 Production ◽  
Reversible System

This review introduces the concept of direct H2O2 fuel cells and discusses the merits of these systems in comparison with other ‘clean-energy’ fuels. Through electrochemical methods, H2O2 fuel can be generated from environmentally benign energy sources such as wind and solar. It also produces only water and oxygen when it is utilised in a direct H2O2 fuel cell, making it a fully reversible system. The electrochemical methods for H2O2 production are discussed here as well as the recent research aimed at increasing the efficiency and power of direct H2O2 fuel cells.

scholarly journals Ca4Sb2O and Ca4Bi2O: Two Promising Mixed-Anion Thermoelectrics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warda Rahim ◽  
Jonathan Skelton ◽  
David O Scanlon
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Environmental Burden ◽  
Widespread Interest

The environmental burden of fossil fuels and the rising impact of global warming have created an urgent need for sustainable clean energy sources. This has led to widespread interest in...

scholarly journals Review of Anodic Catalysts for SO2 Depolarized Electrolysis for “Green Hydrogen” Production

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Díaz-Abad ◽  
María Millán ◽  
Manuel A. Rodrigo ◽  
Justo Lobato
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Cell Voltage ◽  
Water Electrolysis ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Electrolysis Cell ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Near Future

In the near future, primary energy from fossil fuels should be gradually replaced with renewable and clean energy sources. To succeed in this goal, hydrogen has proven to be a very suitable energy carrier, because it can be easily produced by water electrolysis using renewable energy sources. After storage, it can be fed to a fuel cell, again producing electricity. There are many ways to improve the efficiency of this process, some of them based on the combination of the electrolytic process with other non-electrochemical processes. One of the most promising is the thermochemical hybrid sulphur cycle (also known as Westinghouse cycle). This cycle combines a thermochemical step (H2SO4 decomposition) with an electrochemical one, where the hydrogen is produced from the oxidation of SO2 and H2O (SO2 depolarization electrolysis, carried out at a considerably lower cell voltage compared to conventional electrolysis). This review summarizes the different catalysts that have been tested for the oxidation of SO2 in the anode of the electrolysis cell. Their advantages and disadvantages, the effect of platinum (Pt) loading, and new tendencies in their use are presented. This is expected to shed light on future development of new catalysts for this interesting process.

scholarly journals A Grid-Tied Fuel Cell Multilevel Inverter with Low Harmonic Distortions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 688
Author(s):  
Khlid Ben Hamad ◽  
Doudou N. Luta ◽  
Atanda K. Raji
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Fuel Cell System ◽  
Harmonic Distortions

As a result of global energy demand increase, concerns over global warming, and rapid exhaustion of fossil fuels, there is a growing interest in energy system dependence on clean and sustainable energy resources. Attractive power technologies include photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, and biomass power. Fuel cells are also clean energy units that substitute power generators based on fossil fuels. They are employed in various applications, including transportation, stationary power, and small portable power. Fuel cell connections to utility grids require that the power conditioning units, interfacing the fuel cells and the grids, operate accordingly (by complying with the grid requirements). This study aims to model a centralised, single-stage grid-tied three-level diode clamped inverter interfacing a multi-stack fuel cell system. The inverter is expected to produce harmonic distortions of less than 0.5% and achieve an efficiency of 85%. Besides the grid, the system consists of a 1.54 MW/1400 V DC proton exchange membrane fuel cell, a 1.3 MW three-level diode clamped inverter with a nominal voltage of 600 V, and an inductance-capacitance-inductance (LCL) filter. Two case studies based on the load conditions are considered to assess the developed system’s performance further. In case 1, the fuel cell system generates enough power to fully meet this load and exports the excess to the grid. In the other case, a load of 2.5 MW was connected at the grid-tied fuel cell inverter’s output terminals. The system imports the grid’s power to meet the 2.5 MW load since the fuel cell can only produce 1.54 MW. It is demonstrated that the system can supply and also receive power from the grid. The results show the developed system’s good performance with a low total harmonic distortion of about 0.12% for the voltage and 0.07% for the current. The results also reveal that the fuel cell inverter voltage and the frequency at the point of common coupling comply with the grid requirements.

scholarly journals Overview of the Green Hydrogen Applications in Marine Power Plants Onboard Ships

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader R. Ammar ◽  
Nayef F. S. H. Alshammari
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Combustion Engines

The need for renewable and green energy sources to replace fossil fuel with the incrementally rising prices is driving many researchers to work on narrowing the gap between the most scientific innovative clean energy technologies and the concepts of feasibility and cost-effective solutions. The current paper aims to introduce one aspect of Green Energy; the use of Hydrogen as fuel for marine power plants, to replace all kinds of fossil fuels which are the major responsible of harmful emissions. There are three applications for hydrogen in marine field. These applications include hydrogen internal combustion engines, hydrogen gas turbines, and fuel cells. The main problems associated with the application of hydrogen in internal combustion engines are the engine knocking; air fuel ratio and intake temperature. The research programs for the application of hydrogen in gas turbines concentrate on studying the characteristics of hydrogen combustion inside gas turbine combustors. The third application of hydrogen is fuel cells. Huge developments have been achieved in this sector over the past few years. But for the marine field only the naval vessels market used it for auxiliary power generation.

scholarly journals Hydrocarbon Compatible SOFC Anode Catalysts and Their Syntheses: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-765
Author(s):  
Selvaraj Senthil Senthil Kumar ◽  
Singanahally ThippaReddy Aruna
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Sulfur Poisoning ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Anode Catalysts ◽  
Sofc Anode ◽  
Synthesis Routes ◽  
Operating Capability ◽  
Insight Into

With the fast depleting rate of fossil fuels, the whole world is looking for promising energy sources for the future, and fuel cells are perceived as futuristic energy sources. Out of the different varieties of fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are promising due to their unique multi-fuel operating capability without the need for an external reformer. Nonetheless, the state-of-the-art anode material Ni–YSZ undergoes carburization in presence of hydrocarbons (HCs), resulting in performance degradation. Several strategies have been explored by researchers to overcome the issue of carburization of the anode. The important strategies include reducing SOFC operating temperature, adjustment of steam: carbon ratio, and use of alternate anode catalysts. Among these, the use of alternate anodes is a promising strategy. Apart from the carburization issue, the anode can also undergo sulfur poisoning. The present review discusses carburization and sulfur poisoning issues and the different strategies that can be adopted for tackling them. The quintessence of this review is to provide greater insight into the various developments in hydrocarbon compatible anode catalysts and into the synthesis routes employed for the synthesis of hydrocarbon compatible anodes.

scholarly journals POTENTIAL OF AGROENERGY RESIDUES FOR THE GENERATION OF BIOGS IN THE STATE OF TOCANTINS

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (01) ◽  
pp. 67-81
Author(s):  
Denise Domingos dos Santos Martins ◽  
Juan Carlos Valdés Serra
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
The State ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Fossil Energy ◽  
Generation Capacity ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Interesting Alternative

Concerns over the depletion of traditional fossil energy sources and the consequent greenhouse effect generated by the use of fossil fuels have increased, creating a need to search for alternative sources of clean energy. Thus, this work had the objective of portraying the potential of residues from agroenergy in the State of Tocantins for generation of Biogas. This article was developed under the principle of the exploratory study, through data surveys from the State. The agroenergy residues researched were soybean, cassava (manioc), rice, sugarcane, maize, sorghum and beans. The energy potential of the studied  residues represents 3.56% of the energy generation capacity by biomass sources. The source of highest agroenergy potential for biogas generation was maize, with an energy capacity of 498.90 MW. The use of biomass as an energy source presents itself as an interesting alternative in the survey carried throughout this work.

scholarly journals Management of Renewable Energy Sources and Technologies for Turkey

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Sahin ◽  
B. Yelmen ◽  
C. Kurt
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Use Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency

Utilization of alternative sources named as new and renewable energy sources; Due to technological development and difficulties in competing economically with traditional resources, it has not reached the desired level until today. Due to the rapid increase in energy consumption today; It is a fact proved by scientific findings that fossil fuels will be consumed in the near future. Therefore, in the development of countries; Providing timely, reliable, clean and uninterrupted energy, creating a market environment, in other words, successful implementation of energy management have become imperative. Energy has become one of the most important problems of the world countries today. As is known, the lifetimes of energy sources such as coal and oil are limited. In addition, due to the use of fossil fuels; It is a fact that global warming is increasing day by day. In the light of the data obtained, for our energy needs; alternative solutions should be found, renewable energy sources should be evaluated. The importance of renewable energy sources has increased as the problems related to environmental pollution increase, and projects related to them have started to get support. These energy sources can basically be classified as hydroelectric energy, wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, modern biomass energy and hydrogen energy. Economic and efficient operation of new and renewable energy sources should be transformed into a common understanding in order to provide clean energy. In this study, energy production methods from green energy sources, environmental relations and new technologies used with these energy sources are explained. It has been compared among energy sources; In Turkey, energy management issues are discussed, new and renewable clean energy use efficiency and energy saving and new strategies are determined. In addition, recommendations were made on energy use efficiency and energy saving measures in various sectors.

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