Experimental Evaluation of Oil Extraction from South African Melia azedarach Seeds as Feedstock for Biodiesel Synthesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 159-171
Author(s):  
Oyetola Ogunkunle ◽  
Noor A. Ahmed ◽  
Tsepo S. Mputsoe
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Edible Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Melia Azedarach ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Oil Seeds ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

Global increase in fuel prices and the associated problem of harmful emissions from combustion of fossil fuels has necessitated the need for more energy sources to sustain energy security and mitigate the negative environmental implications from the continuous use of petroleum diesel. This research is primarily focused on the production of biodiesel from Melia azedarach oil, which has not been much explored as a feedstock for diesel substitute. In consideration of the nutritional demands for edible oil seeds, the use of edible vegetable stock to produce biodiesel raises major ethical concerns with non-edible oil seeds presenting more feasible solution to energy crises. Oil was extracted from Melia azedarach seeds by exploring both mechanical and chemical methods. Biodiesel was produced from the extracted oil via alkali alcoholysis. An innovative Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-VIS) was adopted as a process tracking mechanism for biodiesel production. An oil yield of 4.32% of crude oil was extracted using n-hexane under an extraction time of 24h and temperature of 55°C. Esterification parameters of 45:1 Molar concentration of alcohol to oil, reaction temperature of 53°C, a reaction time of 50 mins and concentrated sulphuric acid weight fraction of 5% gave a free fatty acid conversion of 89.37%. Based on the results obtained, the seed oil has been established as a promising feedstock with promising efficiency for biodiesel production. However, large scale extraction of oil from the seed for industrial production of biodiesel must be further investigated.

scholarly journals Bio-Derived Catalysts: A Current Trend of Catalysts Used in Biodiesel Production

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 812
Author(s):  
Hoang Chinh Nguyen ◽  
My-Linh Nguyen ◽  
Chia-Hung Su ◽  
Hwai Chyuan Ong ◽  
Horng-Yi Juan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Alkali Catalysts ◽  
A Current

Biodiesel is a promising alternative to fossil fuels and mainly produced from oils/fat through the (trans)esterification process. To enhance the reaction efficiency and simplify the production process, various catalysts have been introduced for biodiesel synthesis. Recently, the use of bio-derived catalysts has attracted more interest due to their high catalytic activity and ecofriendly properties. These catalysts include alkali catalysts, acid catalysts, and enzymes (biocatalysts), which are (bio)synthesized from various natural sources. This review summarizes the latest findings on these bio-derived catalysts, as well as their source and catalytic activity. The advantages and disadvantages of these catalysts are also discussed. These bio-based catalysts show a promising future and can be further used as a renewable catalyst for sustainable biodiesel production.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review on Oil Extraction and Biodiesel Production Technologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 788
Author(s):  
Zulqarnain ◽  
Muhammad Ayoub ◽  
Mohd Hizami Mohd Yusoff ◽  
Muhammad Hamza Nazir ◽  
Imtisal Zahid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Waste Oils ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Production Technologies

Dependence on fossil fuels for meeting the growing energy demand is damaging the world’s environment. There is a dire need to look for alternative fuels that are less potent to greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuels offer several advantages with less harmful effects on the environment. Biodiesel is synthesized from the organic wastes produced extensively like edible, non-edible, microbial, and waste oils. This study reviews the feasibility of the state-of-the-art feedstocks for sustainable biodiesel synthesis such as availability, and capacity to cover a significant proportion of fossil fuels. Biodiesel synthesized from oil crops, vegetable oils, and animal fats are the potential renewable carbon-neutral substitute to petroleum fuels. This study concludes that waste oils with higher oil content including waste cooking oil, waste palm oil, and algal oil are the most favorable feedstocks. The comparison of biodiesel production and parametric analysis is done critically, which is necessary to come up with the most appropriate feedstock for biodiesel synthesis. Since the critical comparison of feedstocks along with oil extraction and biodiesel production technologies has never been done before, this will help to direct future researchers to use more sustainable feedstocks for biodiesel synthesis. This study concluded that the use of third-generation feedstocks (wastes) is the most appropriate way for sustainable biodiesel production. The use of innovative costless oil extraction technologies including supercritical and microwave-assisted transesterification method is recommended for oil extraction.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Synthesis Monitoring using Near Infrared Spectroscopy

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estela Kamile Gelinski ◽  
Fabiane Hamerski ◽  
Marcos Lúcio Corazza ◽  
Alexandre Ferreira Santos
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
External Data ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Biodiesel Production Monitoring

Objective: Biodiesel is a renewable fuel considered as the main substitute for fossil fuels. Its industrial production is mainly made by the transesterification reaction. In most processes, information on the production of biodiesel is essentially done by off-line measurements. Methods: However, for the purpose of control, where online monitoring of biodiesel conversion is required, this is not a satisfactory approach. An alternative technique to the online quantification of conversion is the near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, which is fast and accurate. In this work, models for biodiesel reactions monitoring using NIR spectroscopy were developed based on the ester content during alkali-catalyzed transesterification reaction between soybean oil and ethanol. Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection was employed as the reference method for quantification. FT-NIR spectra were acquired with a transflectance probe. The models were developed using Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression with synthetic samples at room temperature simulating reaction composition for different ethanol to oil molar ratios and conversions. Model predictions were then validated online for reactions performed with ethanol to oil molar ratios of 6 and 9 at 55ºC. Standard errors of prediction of external data were equal to 3.12%, hence close to the experimental error of the reference technique (2.78%), showing that even without using data from a monitored reaction to perform calibration, proper on-line predictions were provided during transesterification runs. Results: Additionally, it is shown that PLS models and NIR spectra of few samples can be combined to accurately predict the glycerol contents of the medium, making the NIR spectroscopy a powerful tool for biodiesel production monitoring.

scholarly journals Extraction Solvents Composition Effect In Biodiesel Production From Microalgae Consortium Botryococcus Braunii And Dunaliella Sp.

Khazanah ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiara Nur Azizah ◽  
◽  
Alya Putri Ramadhanty ◽  
Nadya Feranika ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Botryococcus Braunii ◽  
Solvent Mixture ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Solvent Ratio ◽  
Extraction Solvent ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

Indonesia has entered an energy emergency phase, proven that Indonesia is no longer a surplus oil producer due to the productivity of the wells decrease over the years and the pattern of people's consumption of fossil fuels has been exceeding the production capacity. Therefore, we need the right solution to overcome this problem, which is developing biodiesel as renewable energy based on microalgae oil. The microalgae used in this research is the consortium of microalgae Botryococcus braunii and Dunaliella sp. Microalgae were cultivated and harvested through the dewatering process with 1 g naoh/1 L water concentration. Water contents of cultivated Botryococcus braunii are 60.2505% while Dunaliella sp. Is 64.5002%. The oil from microalgae is obtained by extracted dry microalgae through the soxhlet extraction (leaching) method with mixed solvent n-hexane and ethanol as the co-solvent using a variety of solvent ratio 2:1 and 3:1. Pure microalgae consortium oil separated from the solvent using the distillation process then analyzed with GC-FID. The analysis result is trans-linoleic acid is the most dominant fatty acid contained in this oil. Transesterification process with cao (1.5% of oil weight) as a catalyst. The results obtained from this study are the oil yield 72% extracted with a solvent mixture of n-hexane and ethanol 2:1 and 60.4% for 3:1. The biodiesel synthesis resulted in the amount of yield obtained from the solvent ratio 2:1 extraction is 94.3%, while with solvent ratio 3:1 is 79.2%. The quality of both biodiesels has met the requirements of SNI 7182:2015 and ASTM D7467, except the density of biodiesel with extraction solvent composition 3:1 which is below the standard. Therefore, the best biodiesel quality is obtained from microalgae consortium’s oil with the composition of extraction solvent 2:1.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Environmental Performance of Solar Energy Systems Through a Combined Life Cycle Assessment and Cost Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Milousi ◽  
Manolis Souliotis ◽  
George Arampatzis ◽  
Spiros Papaefthimiou
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
Multiple Perspectives ◽  
Environmental Implications

The paper presents a holistic evaluation of the energy and environmental profile of two renewable energy technologies: Photovoltaics (thin-film and crystalline) and solar thermal collectors (flat plate and vacuum tube). The selected renewable systems exhibit size scalability (i.e., photovoltaics can vary from small to large scale applications) and can easily fit to residential applications (i.e., solar thermal systems). Various technical variations were considered for each of the studied technologies. The environmental implications were assessed through detailed life cycle assessment (LCA), implemented from raw material extraction through manufacture, use, and end of life of the selected energy systems. The methodological order followed comprises two steps: i. LCA and uncertainty analysis (conducted via SimaPro), and ii. techno-economic assessment (conducted via RETScreen). All studied technologies exhibit environmental impacts during their production phase and through their operation they manage to mitigate significant amounts of emitted greenhouse gases due to the avoided use of fossil fuels. The life cycle carbon footprint was calculated for the studied solar systems and was compared to other energy production technologies (either renewables or fossil-fuel based) and the results fall within the range defined by the global literature. The study showed that the implementation of photovoltaics and solar thermal projects in areas with high average insolation (i.e., Crete, Southern Greece) can be financially viable even in the case of low feed-in-tariffs. The results of the combined evaluation provide insight on choosing the most appropriate technologies from multiple perspectives, including financial and environmental.

scholarly journals Microalgae Cultivation in Photobioreactors Aiming at Biodiesel Production

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateus S. Amaral ◽  
Carla C.A. Loures ◽  
Fabiano L. Naves ◽  
Gisella L. Samanamud ◽  
Messias B. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Microalgae Biomass ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
Bad Weather ◽  
Micro Organisms

The search for a renewable source as an alternative to fossil fuels has driven the research on new sources of biomass for biofuels. An alternative source of biomass that has come to prominence is microalgae, photosynthetic micro-organisms capable of capturing atmospheric CO2 and accumulating high levels of lipids in their biomass, making them attractive as a raw material for biodiesel synthesis. Thus, various studies have been conducted in developing different types of photobioreactors for the cultivation of microalgae. Photobioreactors can be divided into two groups: open and closed. Open photobioreactors are more susceptible to contamination and bad weather, reducing biomass productivity. Closed photobioreactors allow greater control against contamination and bad weather and lead to higher rates of biomass production; they are widely used in research to improve new species and processes. Therefore, many configurations of closed photobioreactors have been developed over the years to increase productivity of microalgae biomass.

Biodiesel production potential from edible oil seeds in Iran

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 3041-3044 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Safieddin Ardebili ◽  
B. Ghobadian ◽  
G. Najafi ◽  
A. Chegeni
Keyword(s):  
Edible Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Oil Seeds

scholarly journals Biodiesel synthesis from Pongamia Pinnata oil over modified CeO2 catalysts

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sathgatta Zaheeruddin Mohamed Shamshuddin ◽  
Venkatesh -- ◽  
Manjunatha Shyamsundar ◽  
Vanagoor Thammannigowda Vasanth
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Surface Acidity ◽  
Pongamia Pinnata ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Incipient Wetness Impregnation ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Surface Basicity ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

This study investigates the use of CeO<sub>2</sub>, ZrO<sub>2</sub>, MgO and CeO<sub>2</sub>-ZrO<sub>2</sub>, CeO<sub>2</sub>-MgO, CeO<sub>2</sub>-ZrO<sub>2</sub>-MgO mixed oxides as solid base catalysts for the transesterification of Pongamia Pinnata oil with methanol to produce biodiesel.  SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>/CeO<sub>2 </sub>and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>/CeO<sub>2</sub>-ZrO<sub>2</sub> were also prepared and used as solid acid catalysts for esterification of Pongamia pinnata oil (P-oil) to reduce the % of free fatty acid (FFA) in P-oil. These oxide catalysts were prepared by an incipient wetness impregnation method and characterized by techniques such as NH<sub>3</sub>-TPD for surface acidity, CO<sub>2</sub>-TPD for surface basicity and powder X-ray diffraction for crystalinity.  The effect of nature of the catalyst, methanol to P-oil molar ratio and reaction time in esterification as well as in transesterification was investigated.  The catalytic materials were reactivated &amp; reused for five reaction cycles and the results showed that the ceria based catalysts have reasonably good reusability both in esterification and transesterification reaction.  The test results also revealed that the CeO<sub>2</sub>-ZrO<sub>2</sub> modified with MgO could have potential for use in the large scale biodiesel production.

scholarly journals Economics of Biodiesel Production in the Context of Fulfilling 20% Blending with Petro-Diesel in Nepal

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-93
Author(s):  
Ranjan Parajuli
Keyword(s):  
Energy Resource ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Total Import ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Oil Seeds ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Input Parameters ◽  
Present Context ◽  
Uncultivated Land

The article has attempted to introduce Jatropha curcas as one of the energy resource for partially substituting Petro-diesel in Nepal and is prepared to provide preliminary insight on the economics of biodiesel production in the country. There have been increasing trend of automobiles in the last two decades, which has also increased the total import volume of Petro-diesel in Nepal. The dependency on imported Petro-diesel and its escalating price is adversely affecting the national economy. To fulfill the 20% blending requirement of the Petro-diesel consumed in 2011 in the country, 4% of the uncultivated land of the country (representing terrain and hills only) are sufficient. With this realization, this article is prepared by the development of different scenarios in regard to substitution of 20% Petro-diesel in the country. The Scenarios basically comprise of price of seedlings required for cultivation, different yield of Jatropha plant, and the price of raw oil seeds required for processing. Prognosis of Petro-diesel consumption in the next 20 years is carried out considering the average growth rate of its sales in the last decade in the country, and further required volume of biodiesel required for blending is estimated. Techno-economic analysis carried out in this article has revealed that biodiesel can be economically produced with input parameters (plant yield greater than 2 kg/plant and with the price of oil seeds lower than 0.22 USD/kg). The return on the investment in the bio diesel production and its utilization is also positive with these input parameters. The study estimated that production of biodiesel in the present context of increasing fuel prices and depleting resources, is an economically viable option, however, there is need of strong policy to entertain potential entrepreneurs and farmers for generating resource required for the partial substitution and also to look after the issues of food insecurity during the process of generating this resource.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v10i1.10881Journal of the Institute of Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2014, pp. 80–93

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