scholarly journals Extraction Solvents Composition Effect In Biodiesel Production From Microalgae Consortium Botryococcus Braunii And Dunaliella Sp.

Khazanah ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiara Nur Azizah ◽  
◽  
Alya Putri Ramadhanty ◽  
Nadya Feranika ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Botryococcus Braunii ◽  
Solvent Mixture ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Solvent Ratio ◽  
Extraction Solvent ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

Indonesia has entered an energy emergency phase, proven that Indonesia is no longer a surplus oil producer due to the productivity of the wells decrease over the years and the pattern of people's consumption of fossil fuels has been exceeding the production capacity. Therefore, we need the right solution to overcome this problem, which is developing biodiesel as renewable energy based on microalgae oil. The microalgae used in this research is the consortium of microalgae Botryococcus braunii and Dunaliella sp. Microalgae were cultivated and harvested through the dewatering process with 1 g naoh/1 L water concentration. Water contents of cultivated Botryococcus braunii are 60.2505% while Dunaliella sp. Is 64.5002%. The oil from microalgae is obtained by extracted dry microalgae through the soxhlet extraction (leaching) method with mixed solvent n-hexane and ethanol as the co-solvent using a variety of solvent ratio 2:1 and 3:1. Pure microalgae consortium oil separated from the solvent using the distillation process then analyzed with GC-FID. The analysis result is trans-linoleic acid is the most dominant fatty acid contained in this oil. Transesterification process with cao (1.5% of oil weight) as a catalyst. The results obtained from this study are the oil yield 72% extracted with a solvent mixture of n-hexane and ethanol 2:1 and 60.4% for 3:1. The biodiesel synthesis resulted in the amount of yield obtained from the solvent ratio 2:1 extraction is 94.3%, while with solvent ratio 3:1 is 79.2%. The quality of both biodiesels has met the requirements of SNI 7182:2015 and ASTM D7467, except the density of biodiesel with extraction solvent composition 3:1 which is below the standard. Therefore, the best biodiesel quality is obtained from microalgae consortium’s oil with the composition of extraction solvent 2:1.

scholarly journals Bio-Derived Catalysts: A Current Trend of Catalysts Used in Biodiesel Production

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 812
Author(s):  
Hoang Chinh Nguyen ◽  
My-Linh Nguyen ◽  
Chia-Hung Su ◽  
Hwai Chyuan Ong ◽  
Horng-Yi Juan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Alkali Catalysts ◽  
A Current

Biodiesel is a promising alternative to fossil fuels and mainly produced from oils/fat through the (trans)esterification process. To enhance the reaction efficiency and simplify the production process, various catalysts have been introduced for biodiesel synthesis. Recently, the use of bio-derived catalysts has attracted more interest due to their high catalytic activity and ecofriendly properties. These catalysts include alkali catalysts, acid catalysts, and enzymes (biocatalysts), which are (bio)synthesized from various natural sources. This review summarizes the latest findings on these bio-derived catalysts, as well as their source and catalytic activity. The advantages and disadvantages of these catalysts are also discussed. These bio-based catalysts show a promising future and can be further used as a renewable catalyst for sustainable biodiesel production.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review on Oil Extraction and Biodiesel Production Technologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 788
Author(s):  
Zulqarnain ◽  
Muhammad Ayoub ◽  
Mohd Hizami Mohd Yusoff ◽  
Muhammad Hamza Nazir ◽  
Imtisal Zahid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Waste Oils ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Production Technologies

Dependence on fossil fuels for meeting the growing energy demand is damaging the world’s environment. There is a dire need to look for alternative fuels that are less potent to greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuels offer several advantages with less harmful effects on the environment. Biodiesel is synthesized from the organic wastes produced extensively like edible, non-edible, microbial, and waste oils. This study reviews the feasibility of the state-of-the-art feedstocks for sustainable biodiesel synthesis such as availability, and capacity to cover a significant proportion of fossil fuels. Biodiesel synthesized from oil crops, vegetable oils, and animal fats are the potential renewable carbon-neutral substitute to petroleum fuels. This study concludes that waste oils with higher oil content including waste cooking oil, waste palm oil, and algal oil are the most favorable feedstocks. The comparison of biodiesel production and parametric analysis is done critically, which is necessary to come up with the most appropriate feedstock for biodiesel synthesis. Since the critical comparison of feedstocks along with oil extraction and biodiesel production technologies has never been done before, this will help to direct future researchers to use more sustainable feedstocks for biodiesel synthesis. This study concluded that the use of third-generation feedstocks (wastes) is the most appropriate way for sustainable biodiesel production. The use of innovative costless oil extraction technologies including supercritical and microwave-assisted transesterification method is recommended for oil extraction.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Synthesis Monitoring using Near Infrared Spectroscopy

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estela Kamile Gelinski ◽  
Fabiane Hamerski ◽  
Marcos Lúcio Corazza ◽  
Alexandre Ferreira Santos
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
External Data ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Biodiesel Production Monitoring

Objective: Biodiesel is a renewable fuel considered as the main substitute for fossil fuels. Its industrial production is mainly made by the transesterification reaction. In most processes, information on the production of biodiesel is essentially done by off-line measurements. Methods: However, for the purpose of control, where online monitoring of biodiesel conversion is required, this is not a satisfactory approach. An alternative technique to the online quantification of conversion is the near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, which is fast and accurate. In this work, models for biodiesel reactions monitoring using NIR spectroscopy were developed based on the ester content during alkali-catalyzed transesterification reaction between soybean oil and ethanol. Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection was employed as the reference method for quantification. FT-NIR spectra were acquired with a transflectance probe. The models were developed using Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression with synthetic samples at room temperature simulating reaction composition for different ethanol to oil molar ratios and conversions. Model predictions were then validated online for reactions performed with ethanol to oil molar ratios of 6 and 9 at 55ºC. Standard errors of prediction of external data were equal to 3.12%, hence close to the experimental error of the reference technique (2.78%), showing that even without using data from a monitored reaction to perform calibration, proper on-line predictions were provided during transesterification runs. Results: Additionally, it is shown that PLS models and NIR spectra of few samples can be combined to accurately predict the glycerol contents of the medium, making the NIR spectroscopy a powerful tool for biodiesel production monitoring.

scholarly journals Microalgae Cultivation in Photobioreactors Aiming at Biodiesel Production

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateus S. Amaral ◽  
Carla C.A. Loures ◽  
Fabiano L. Naves ◽  
Gisella L. Samanamud ◽  
Messias B. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Microalgae Biomass ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
Bad Weather ◽  
Micro Organisms

The search for a renewable source as an alternative to fossil fuels has driven the research on new sources of biomass for biofuels. An alternative source of biomass that has come to prominence is microalgae, photosynthetic micro-organisms capable of capturing atmospheric CO2 and accumulating high levels of lipids in their biomass, making them attractive as a raw material for biodiesel synthesis. Thus, various studies have been conducted in developing different types of photobioreactors for the cultivation of microalgae. Photobioreactors can be divided into two groups: open and closed. Open photobioreactors are more susceptible to contamination and bad weather, reducing biomass productivity. Closed photobioreactors allow greater control against contamination and bad weather and lead to higher rates of biomass production; they are widely used in research to improve new species and processes. Therefore, many configurations of closed photobioreactors have been developed over the years to increase productivity of microalgae biomass.

Techno-Economic Analysis of an Alkali Catalyzed Biodiesel Production Using Waste Palm Oil

2013 ◽  
Vol 465-466 ◽  
pp. 120-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipesh S. Patle ◽  
Zainal Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Process Simulator

In this contribution, we present an in-depth analysis of an alkali catalyzed biodiesel production using waste palm oil. In view of the limited availability of non-renewable energy sources and the environmental concerns due to the high polluting nature of fossil fuels, biodiesel is seen as a future fuel alternative. We consider a waste palm oil with 6 % free fatty acids as a feedstock, which makes this process economically attractive. A complete process including esterification and transesterification is simulated using the Aspen Plus process simulator. The quality of a produced biodiesel is compared against different standards. In the subsequent part, the effect free fatty acid in feed oil on the overall biodiesel production is tested. In the last section of this paper, a techno-economic analysis and the scale-up study is carried out to determine the dependence of the feasibility of process on production capacity. The results show that higher capacity is desirable.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Solvent and Ratio Towards Microalgae Oil Production by Ultrasonic Assisted Soxhlet Extraction Techniques

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 1377-1383
Author(s):  
Y.C. Wong ◽  
R. Shahirah
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Content ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Freshwater Algae ◽  
Algae Oil

Currently, the renewable feedstock is the most needed worldwide. Microalgae are promising raw materials for supplying biofuels due to the depletion of fossil fuels. The microalgae found were mostly consists of freshwater algae. The aim of this research is to study the effect of different solvents and ratio using Soxhlet extraction method. Many parameters were introduced in this study in order to enhance the lipid production of microalgae. Lipid content of algae oil production known as Fatty acid that found was being analyzed. Different solvents used and ratio was expected to have different highest in lipid content. Chloroform, ethanol, and hexane were chosen as the solvents used. The best solvent for lipid production was the combination of different solvents and ratio. Data showed that 8% is the highest total oil extraction yield obtained from combination of chloroform and ethanol with a ratio (1:2). The compound and lipid content in algae oil are analyzed through Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) analysis. Fatty acids have many benefits and also have interest preparation for health products. Green microalgae strain was being identified and cultured as future potential for biodiesel production. Significant of this study is to unveil the benefit of algae oil as sustainable future resources.

Experimental Evaluation of Oil Extraction from South African Melia azedarach Seeds as Feedstock for Biodiesel Synthesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 159-171
Author(s):  
Oyetola Ogunkunle ◽  
Noor A. Ahmed ◽  
Tsepo S. Mputsoe
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Edible Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Melia Azedarach ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Oil Seeds ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

Global increase in fuel prices and the associated problem of harmful emissions from combustion of fossil fuels has necessitated the need for more energy sources to sustain energy security and mitigate the negative environmental implications from the continuous use of petroleum diesel. This research is primarily focused on the production of biodiesel from Melia azedarach oil, which has not been much explored as a feedstock for diesel substitute. In consideration of the nutritional demands for edible oil seeds, the use of edible vegetable stock to produce biodiesel raises major ethical concerns with non-edible oil seeds presenting more feasible solution to energy crises. Oil was extracted from Melia azedarach seeds by exploring both mechanical and chemical methods. Biodiesel was produced from the extracted oil via alkali alcoholysis. An innovative Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-VIS) was adopted as a process tracking mechanism for biodiesel production. An oil yield of 4.32% of crude oil was extracted using n-hexane under an extraction time of 24h and temperature of 55°C. Esterification parameters of 45:1 Molar concentration of alcohol to oil, reaction temperature of 53°C, a reaction time of 50 mins and concentrated sulphuric acid weight fraction of 5% gave a free fatty acid conversion of 89.37%. Based on the results obtained, the seed oil has been established as a promising feedstock with promising efficiency for biodiesel production. However, large scale extraction of oil from the seed for industrial production of biodiesel must be further investigated.

scholarly journals Towards a sustainable approach for the development of biodiesel microalgae, Closterium sp.

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
Nuttapong Saetang ◽  
Sawitree Tipnee
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Freshwater Microalgae ◽  
Research Article ◽  
Microalgae Biomass ◽  
Near Future

As fossil fuels are the principal source for the automobile and energy sectors, global warming and a rapid decrease in their availability are seen. Alternative fuels that are sustainable, renewable, and eco-friendly are widely investigated in order to maintain an aesthetic environment and combat fossil fuel depletion. Biofuels have the ability to both reduce pollution and provide energy. This study focuses on the extraction of oil from freshwater microalgae, Closterium sp. algae using the Soxhlet extraction process for biodiesel production. Oils are extracted from dry microalgae biomass and used in biodiesel production using solvent (hexane and acetone) extraction. With the help of solvents and catalysts, the extracted oil undergoes transesterification, which transforms it to biodiesel. Closterium sp. oil extraction using hexane and acetone yielded 7.8 and 5.6 g, respectively, as well as biodiesel was achieved 6.4 and 4.1 g. In the near future, this would be a revolutionary approach to produce cost-effective biodiesel from microalgae. Moreover, in this research article, Closterium sp. biotechnology for biodiesel production developments and prospects are discussed.

Biodiesel production from non-edible oils: A review

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Jatinder Kataria ◽  
Saroj Kumar Mohapatra ◽  
Amit Pal
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
The World

The limited fossil reserves, spiraling price and environmental impact due to usage of fossil fuels leads the world wide researchers’ interest in using alternative renewable and environment safe fuels that can meet the energy demand. Biodiesel is an emerging renewable alternative fuel to conventional diesel which can be produced from both edible and non-edible oils, animal fats, algae etc. The society is in dire need of using renewable fuels as an immediate control measure to mitigate the pollution level. In this work an attempt is made to review the requisite and access the capability of the biodiesel in improving the environmental degradation.

An Overview of Metal-organic Frameworks-based Acid/Base Catalysts for Biofuel Synthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (16) ◽  
pp. 1876-1891
Author(s):  
Qiuyun Zhang ◽  
Yutao Zhang ◽  
Jingsong Cheng ◽  
Hu Li ◽  
Peihua Ma
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Supported Catalysts ◽  
Metal Organic Framework ◽  
Metal Organic Frameworks ◽  
Flexible Structures ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
Organic Framework

Biofuel synthesis is of great significance for producing alternative fuels. Among the developed catalytic materials, the metal-organic framework-based hybrids used as acidic, basic, or supported catalysts play major roles in the biodiesel production. This paper presents a timely and comprehensive review of recent developments on the design and preparation of metal-organic frameworks-based catalysts used for biodiesel synthesis from various oil feedstocks, including MILs-based catalysts, ZIFs-based catalysts, UiO-based catalysts, Cu-BTC-based catalysts, and MOFs-derived porous catalysts. Due to their unique and flexible structures, excellent thermal and hydrothermal stability, and tunable host-guest interactions, as compared with other heterogeneous catalysts, metal-organic framework-based catalysts have good opportunities for application in the production of biodiesel at industrial scale.

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