scholarly journals Bio-Derived Catalysts: A Current Trend of Catalysts Used in Biodiesel Production

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 812
Author(s):  
Hoang Chinh Nguyen ◽  
My-Linh Nguyen ◽  
Chia-Hung Su ◽  
Hwai Chyuan Ong ◽  
Horng-Yi Juan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Alkali Catalysts ◽  
A Current

Biodiesel is a promising alternative to fossil fuels and mainly produced from oils/fat through the (trans)esterification process. To enhance the reaction efficiency and simplify the production process, various catalysts have been introduced for biodiesel synthesis. Recently, the use of bio-derived catalysts has attracted more interest due to their high catalytic activity and ecofriendly properties. These catalysts include alkali catalysts, acid catalysts, and enzymes (biocatalysts), which are (bio)synthesized from various natural sources. This review summarizes the latest findings on these bio-derived catalysts, as well as their source and catalytic activity. The advantages and disadvantages of these catalysts are also discussed. These bio-based catalysts show a promising future and can be further used as a renewable catalyst for sustainable biodiesel production.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review on Oil Extraction and Biodiesel Production Technologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 788
Author(s):  
Zulqarnain ◽  
Muhammad Ayoub ◽  
Mohd Hizami Mohd Yusoff ◽  
Muhammad Hamza Nazir ◽  
Imtisal Zahid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Waste Oils ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Production Technologies

Dependence on fossil fuels for meeting the growing energy demand is damaging the world’s environment. There is a dire need to look for alternative fuels that are less potent to greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuels offer several advantages with less harmful effects on the environment. Biodiesel is synthesized from the organic wastes produced extensively like edible, non-edible, microbial, and waste oils. This study reviews the feasibility of the state-of-the-art feedstocks for sustainable biodiesel synthesis such as availability, and capacity to cover a significant proportion of fossil fuels. Biodiesel synthesized from oil crops, vegetable oils, and animal fats are the potential renewable carbon-neutral substitute to petroleum fuels. This study concludes that waste oils with higher oil content including waste cooking oil, waste palm oil, and algal oil are the most favorable feedstocks. The comparison of biodiesel production and parametric analysis is done critically, which is necessary to come up with the most appropriate feedstock for biodiesel synthesis. Since the critical comparison of feedstocks along with oil extraction and biodiesel production technologies has never been done before, this will help to direct future researchers to use more sustainable feedstocks for biodiesel synthesis. This study concluded that the use of third-generation feedstocks (wastes) is the most appropriate way for sustainable biodiesel production. The use of innovative costless oil extraction technologies including supercritical and microwave-assisted transesterification method is recommended for oil extraction.

Effect of Co, Cu, and Zn on FeAlK catalyst in CO2 hydrogenation to C5+ hydrocarbons

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khasan Nasriddinov ◽  
Ji-Eun Min ◽  
Hae-Gu Park ◽  
Seung Ju Han ◽  
Jingyu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Co2 Hydrogenation ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Cu And Zn

Direct CO2 hydrogenation to long-chain hydrocarbons can mitigate global warming by extensively replacing fossil fuels. However, designing a suitable catalyst with high catalytic activity and C5+ hydrocarbon selectivity continues to...

scholarly journals Biodiesel Synthesis Monitoring using Near Infrared Spectroscopy

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estela Kamile Gelinski ◽  
Fabiane Hamerski ◽  
Marcos Lúcio Corazza ◽  
Alexandre Ferreira Santos
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
External Data ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Biodiesel Production Monitoring

Objective: Biodiesel is a renewable fuel considered as the main substitute for fossil fuels. Its industrial production is mainly made by the transesterification reaction. In most processes, information on the production of biodiesel is essentially done by off-line measurements. Methods: However, for the purpose of control, where online monitoring of biodiesel conversion is required, this is not a satisfactory approach. An alternative technique to the online quantification of conversion is the near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, which is fast and accurate. In this work, models for biodiesel reactions monitoring using NIR spectroscopy were developed based on the ester content during alkali-catalyzed transesterification reaction between soybean oil and ethanol. Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection was employed as the reference method for quantification. FT-NIR spectra were acquired with a transflectance probe. The models were developed using Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression with synthetic samples at room temperature simulating reaction composition for different ethanol to oil molar ratios and conversions. Model predictions were then validated online for reactions performed with ethanol to oil molar ratios of 6 and 9 at 55ºC. Standard errors of prediction of external data were equal to 3.12%, hence close to the experimental error of the reference technique (2.78%), showing that even without using data from a monitored reaction to perform calibration, proper on-line predictions were provided during transesterification runs. Results: Additionally, it is shown that PLS models and NIR spectra of few samples can be combined to accurately predict the glycerol contents of the medium, making the NIR spectroscopy a powerful tool for biodiesel production monitoring.

scholarly journals Extraction Solvents Composition Effect In Biodiesel Production From Microalgae Consortium Botryococcus Braunii And Dunaliella Sp.

Khazanah ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiara Nur Azizah ◽  
◽  
Alya Putri Ramadhanty ◽  
Nadya Feranika ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Botryococcus Braunii ◽  
Solvent Mixture ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Solvent Ratio ◽  
Extraction Solvent ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

Indonesia has entered an energy emergency phase, proven that Indonesia is no longer a surplus oil producer due to the productivity of the wells decrease over the years and the pattern of people's consumption of fossil fuels has been exceeding the production capacity. Therefore, we need the right solution to overcome this problem, which is developing biodiesel as renewable energy based on microalgae oil. The microalgae used in this research is the consortium of microalgae Botryococcus braunii and Dunaliella sp. Microalgae were cultivated and harvested through the dewatering process with 1 g naoh/1 L water concentration. Water contents of cultivated Botryococcus braunii are 60.2505% while Dunaliella sp. Is 64.5002%. The oil from microalgae is obtained by extracted dry microalgae through the soxhlet extraction (leaching) method with mixed solvent n-hexane and ethanol as the co-solvent using a variety of solvent ratio 2:1 and 3:1. Pure microalgae consortium oil separated from the solvent using the distillation process then analyzed with GC-FID. The analysis result is trans-linoleic acid is the most dominant fatty acid contained in this oil. Transesterification process with cao (1.5% of oil weight) as a catalyst. The results obtained from this study are the oil yield 72% extracted with a solvent mixture of n-hexane and ethanol 2:1 and 60.4% for 3:1. The biodiesel synthesis resulted in the amount of yield obtained from the solvent ratio 2:1 extraction is 94.3%, while with solvent ratio 3:1 is 79.2%. The quality of both biodiesels has met the requirements of SNI 7182:2015 and ASTM D7467, except the density of biodiesel with extraction solvent composition 3:1 which is below the standard. Therefore, the best biodiesel quality is obtained from microalgae consortium’s oil with the composition of extraction solvent 2:1.

Biodiesel Production From Crude Rubber Seed Oil Using Supercritical Methanol Transesterification

2015 ◽  
Vol 781 ◽  
pp. 655-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thakun Sawiwat ◽  
Somjai Kajorncheappunngam
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Supercritical Methanol ◽  
Rubber Seed Oil ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Rubber Seed ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

Synthesis of biodiesel from rubber seed oil using a supercritical methanol was investigated under various reaction conditions (220 - 300°C, 80 - 180 bar) with reaction time of 1-15 min and oil:methanol molar ratio of 1:20 - 1:60. Free fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) content were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Most properties of produced biodiesel were in good agreement with biodiesel standard (EN 14214). The maximum FAME yield of 86.90% was obtained at 260°C, 160 bar, 5 min reaction time using oil:methanol molar ratio of 1:40. The result showed the acid value of rubber seed oil decreased to 0.58 mgKOH/g from initial 24 mgKOH/g to. It could be concluded from this findings that crude rubber seed oil is a promising alternative raw material for biodiesel synthesis via supercritical methanol tranesterification.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production over Niobium-Containing Catalysts: A Review

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 5506
Author(s):  
Daniel Carreira Batalha ◽  
Márcio José da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Main Reaction ◽  
High Catalytic Activity

Nowadays, the synthesis of biofuels from renewable raw materials is very popular. Among the various challenges involved in improving these processes, environmentally benign catalysts compatible with an inexpensive feedstock have become more important. Herein, we report the recent advances achieved in the development of Niobium-containing heterogeneous catalysts as well as their use in routes to produce biodiesel. The efficiency of different Niobium catalysts in esterification and transesterification reactions of lipids and oleaginous raw materials was evaluated, considering the effect of main reaction parameters such as temperature, time, catalyst load, and oil:alcohol molar ratio on the biodiesel yield. The catalytic performance of Niobium compounds was discussed considering the characterization data obtained by different techniques, including NH3-TPD, BET, and Pyr-FT-IR analysis. The high catalytic activity is attributed to its inherent properties, such as the active sites distribution over a high specific surface area, strength of acidity, nature, amount of acidic sites, and inherent mesoporosity. On top of this, recycling experiments have proven that most Niobium catalysts are stable and can be repeatedly used with consistent catalytic activity.

scholarly journals Genetic engineering of microalgae lipid biosynthesis for sustainable biodiesel production

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 072-077
Author(s):  
Siti Zulaiha
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Lipid Biosynthesis ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Promising Alternative

Biofuel is one of the most promising alternative energy sources for reducing human reliance on fossil fuels. Microalgae has recently emerged as the most promising biofuel source. However, biofuels from microalgae are still not feasible to replace fossil fuels because of their high production costs, therefore, it is necessary to pick microalgae species with high growth rates and lipid content. Overexpression of lipid biosynthesis enzymes and inhibition of competitive metabolic pathways are two genetic engineering strategies that can be developed to assess microalgae lipid production. Malate and multienzyme enzymes (GPAT, LPAAT and DGAT) can be overexpressed in microalgae to boost lipid production. The strategy of blocking competitive metabolic pathways can be carried out through suppression of starch metabolism and lipid catabolism. The strategy of blocking competitive metabolic pathways has been carried out in several microalgae and is effective for enhancing lipid biosynthesis. Several mutations that block both the starch metabolic and lipid catabolic pathways can result in increased levels of microalgal lipid accumulation.

scholarly journals Microalgae Cultivation in Photobioreactors Aiming at Biodiesel Production

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateus S. Amaral ◽  
Carla C.A. Loures ◽  
Fabiano L. Naves ◽  
Gisella L. Samanamud ◽  
Messias B. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Microalgae Biomass ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
Bad Weather ◽  
Micro Organisms

The search for a renewable source as an alternative to fossil fuels has driven the research on new sources of biomass for biofuels. An alternative source of biomass that has come to prominence is microalgae, photosynthetic micro-organisms capable of capturing atmospheric CO2 and accumulating high levels of lipids in their biomass, making them attractive as a raw material for biodiesel synthesis. Thus, various studies have been conducted in developing different types of photobioreactors for the cultivation of microalgae. Photobioreactors can be divided into two groups: open and closed. Open photobioreactors are more susceptible to contamination and bad weather, reducing biomass productivity. Closed photobioreactors allow greater control against contamination and bad weather and lead to higher rates of biomass production; they are widely used in research to improve new species and processes. Therefore, many configurations of closed photobioreactors have been developed over the years to increase productivity of microalgae biomass.

Utilization of Waste Enamel Venus Shell as Friendly Environmental Catalyst for Synthesis of Biodiesel

2015 ◽  
Vol 659 ◽  
pp. 237-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achanai Buasri ◽  
Teera Sriboonraung ◽  
Kittika Ruangnam ◽  
Pattarapon Imsombati ◽  
Vorrada Loryuenyong
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Waste Material ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Environmental Catalyst ◽  
Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Alkali Catalysts

Calcium oxide (CaO) is one of the most promising heterogeneous alkali catalysts since it is cheap, abundantly available in nature, and some of the sources of this compound are renewable (waste material consisting of calcium carbonate (CaCO3)). In this study, the waste enamel venus shell was used as the raw material for CaO catalyst. The calcination of bio-waste was conducted at 900 °C for 2 h. The raw material and the resulting CaO catalyst were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The effects of reaction variables such as reaction time, microwave power, methanol/oil molar ratio, and catalyst loading on the yield of biodiesel were investigated by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). From the experimental results, it was found that the CaO catalysts derived from waste material showed good catalytic activity (the conversion of oil of nearly 93%, a very similar catalytic activity with laboratory CaO) and had high potential to be used as biodiesel production catalysts in transesterification of Jatropha Curcas oil with methanol.

Self-solidification ionic liquids as heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3182-3189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaocheng Lin ◽  
Xiaomei Ling ◽  
Jinyi Chen ◽  
Meichen Li ◽  
Tongwen Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Excellent Stability

A simple and mild method has been developed to fabricate solid ionic liquids with high catalytic activity and excellent stability for efficient biodiesel production.

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