Curing Characteristics, Fatigue Life and Morphological Properties of Natural Rubber Nanocomposites with Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs)/Carbon Black (CB) Hybrid Filler

2011 ◽  
Vol 471-472 ◽  
pp. 957-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Zuliana Salleh ◽  
Hanafi Ismail ◽  
Zulkifli Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Halloysite Nanotubes ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Hybrid Filler ◽  
Curing Characteristics ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Cure Time

In this research, natural rubber (NR) with halloysite nanotubes(HNTs)/carbon black (CB) hybrid filler at various filler loading was investigated where the total filler loading used in each compound were 40 phr. The curing characteristics, fatigue life and morphological properties of HNTs/CB/NR nanocomposites were studied. Laboratory two-roll mill was used for mixing process. The results revealed that vulcanizates containing more HNTs in hybrid filler exhibit longer scorch time (ts2) and cure time (t90) for curing characteristics and higher in fatigue life compared to vulcanizates with 40 phr of CB. The images from scanning electron microscope (SEM) confirmed that replacement of carbon black with halloysite nanotubes improved the fatigue life by showing more tearing surface on vulcanizates.

Curing Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Rattan Filled Natural Rubber Compounds

2011 ◽  
Vol 471-472 ◽  
pp. 845-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Komethi Muniandy ◽  
Hanafi Ismail ◽  
Nadras Othman
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Curing Characteristics ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Rubber Filler

Rattan for its potential as a new type of filler was investigated in natural rubber (NR) compounds. Natural rubber (NR) compounds were prepared by the incorporation of rattan at different loadings into a natural rubber matrix with a laboratory size two roll mill. The effect of rattan loading as filler on curing characteristics, tensile properties, morphological properties using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and rubber–filler interaction of rattan filled natural rubber compound were studied in the filler loading range of 0 to 30 phr. The results indicate that the scorch time (ts2) and cure time (t90) shorten with increasing filler loading, whereas the maximum torque (MH) showed an increasing trend. As the filler loading increases, the tensile strength and elongation at break decreases whilst tensile modulus; stress at 100 % elongation and stress at 300 % elongation increased. The rubber filler interactions of the rubber compound decreased with increasing filler loading. SEM studies indicate that the increasing rattan loading weakens the rubber-rattan interactions.

Influence of Silanized-Silica and Carbon Black on the Cure and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber/Recycled Chloroprene Rubber (NR/rCR) Blends

2016 ◽  
Vol 1133 ◽  
pp. 191-195
Author(s):  
Siti Zuliana Salleh ◽  
Hanafi Ismail ◽  
Zulkifli Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Rubber Blends ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Chloroprene Rubber ◽  
Silanized Silica

The loadings effect of carbon black and silanized-silica filled 75/25 phr/phr of natural rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber (NR/rCR) blends were compared with the unfilled NR/rCR blends. Different filler loading between in the range of 10- 40 phr was used. The rubber blends were prepared by using a laboratory two-roll mill and rheometric characteristics were studied using the Monsanto moving die rheometer (MDR 2000) at 150 °C. The addition of CB and silanized-silica showed different trend in scorch and cure time but showed similar trend in torques. The incorporation of both fillers caused higher tensile strength than that unfilled rubber blends. By comparison, the silanized-silica filled NR/rCR blends showed higher tensile strength than CB filled NR/rCR blends. Morphological characterization as observed from SEM justified these results.

EFFECT OF DEVULCANIZATION ON CROSSLINK DENSITY AND CROSSLINK DISTRIBUTION OF CARBON BLACK FILLED NATURAL RUBBER VULCANIZATES

2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anu Mary Joseph ◽  
Benny George ◽  
Madhusoodanan K. N. ◽  
Rosamma Alex
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Original Sample ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Percentage Retention ◽  
The Absolute

ABSTRACTCarbon black filled natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates were devulcanized at ambient temperature in a two roll mill. The effect of cure system, that is, conventional vulcanization (CV), semiefficient vulcanization (semi EV), and efficient vulcanization (EV) systems, used for vulcanization of the original sample, on the efficiency of devulcanization was studied. The efficiency of devulcanization expressed as percentage devulcanization of the samples calculated from residual crosslink density measurements was correlated with the sol fraction of the devulcanized samples based on Horikx analysis. Using chemical probe analysis, we determined (i) the crosslink distribution pattern of the original sample, (ii) the extent to which the different types of crosslinks—that is, polysulfidic, disulfidic, and monosulfidic crosslinks—have been debonded or broken during the shearing process in the two roll mill, and (iii) the pattern of bond formation during revulcanization. Mechanical shearing predominantly breaks the majority crosslink type (polysulfidic crosslinks in CV and semi EV cure systems and disulfidic crosslinks in EV samples). Irrespective of the significant reduction in total crosslink density in all three sets of samples, chain shortening reactions similar to the post-crosslinking chemical reactions at curing temperatures also occur during mechanical shear at ambient conditions, which increased the absolute value of monosulfidic links in CV and semi EV systems. However, in the devulcanized EV system, the absolute value of polysulfidic crosslinks increased, which might be due to the re-crosslinking of the cleaved bonds. All the devulcanized samples were revulcanized, and the mechanical and morphological properties were analyzed. The percentage retention of the vulcanizate properties after revulcanization of the devulcanized samples correlated very well with efficiency of devulcanization.

Influence of N-Phenyl-p-Phenylenediamine Modified Epoxidized Palm Oil on Properties of Carbon Black Filled Natural Rubber Compound and Vulcanizate

2013 ◽  
Vol 844 ◽  
pp. 239-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supaporn Ieadsang ◽  
Anoma Thitithammawong ◽  
Charoen Nakason ◽  
Azizon Kaesaman
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Mixing Energy ◽  
Epoxidized Palm Oil ◽  
Curing Characteristics ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Ft Ir

Modified epoxidized palm oil (pA-m-EPO) was prepared by a reaction of epoxidized palm oil (EPO) with n-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine. Chemical structure of the pA-m-EPO was characterized by using FT-IR spectrophotometer. Influence of the pA-m-EPO on bound rubber content, total mixing energy, Mooney viscosity and curing characteristics of carbon black filled natural rubber compound together with mechanical and morphological properties of carbon black filled natural rubber vulcanizates was later studied. Results showed that the NR compound and vulcanizate with using the pA-m-EPO gave inferior properties than those of using the aromatic oil. However, they provided better properties than those of the treated distillate aromatic extract (TDAE) excepting filler dispersion. Furthermore, the pA-m-EPO can be claimed as non-carcinogenic processing oil with low polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Comparison of Reinforcing Efficiency between Calcium Carbonate/Carbon Black and Calcium Carbonate/Silica Hybrid Filled Natural Rubber Composites

2018 ◽  
Vol 382 ◽  
pp. 94-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarawut Prasertsri ◽  
Chaiwute Vudjung ◽  
Wunchai Inthisaeng ◽  
Sansanee Srichan ◽  
Kanchana Sapprasert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Hybrid System ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Strength Increase ◽  
Hybrid Filler ◽  
Carbonate Carbon ◽  
Cure Time

The present research aimed to develop natural rubber (NR) hybrid composites reinforced with calcium carbonate/carbon black (CC/CB) and calcium carbonate/silica (CC/SC). The influence of CC/CB and CC/SC with various filler ratios (120/0, 90/5, 60/10, 30/15 and 0/20) on cure characteristics and mechanical properties of the vulcanizates was investigated and their reinforcing efficiency was compared. It has been found that incorporation of CB in the hybrid filler decreases the scorch time and cure time but increases crosslink density, whereas the incorporation of silica showed cure retardation. As CB or SC content increases, stiffness, tensile strength and tear strength increase, while elongation at break and compression set decrease. Scanning electron microscopy studies also reveal poor filler dispersion and poor adhesion between filler particles and matrix in the vulcanizates with increasing in CC content in a weight filler ratio which causes inferior mechanical properties. Incorporation of CB or SC content enhanced the mechanical properties of the vulcanizates, where CC/CB hybrid system exhibited higher reinforcing efficiency compared with CC/SC hybrid system.

Curing characteristics and mechanical and aging properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer/calcium carbonate/bentonite hybrid composites

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 397-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurus Sakinah Che Mat ◽  
Hanafi Ismail ◽  
Nadras Othman
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer ◽  
Ethylene Propylene ◽  
Curing Characteristics ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Loading Ratio

Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM)/calcium carbonate/bentonite (Bt) hybrid composites were prepared via a laboratory size two-roll mill. In this work, loading ratio of calcium carbonate to Bt was varied, that is, 30/0, 5/25, 15/15, 25/5 and 0/30 parts per hundred rubber. The effect of partial replacement of calcium carbonate with Bt on the curing characteristics, tear properties, morphology, aging and fatigue life of the hybrid composites was studied. On increasing Bt loading, cure time, scorch time and maximum torque of EPDM/calcium carbonate (CaCO3)/Bt composites decreased, whereas minimum torque increased. The tear strength and fatigue life of EPDM/CaCO3/Bt hybrid composites showed improvement with increasing Bt loading. The results also showed that the retention of aging of EPDM/CaCO3/Bt hybrid composites decreased with increasing Bt loading.

Waste Silicon Carbide as Filler for Natural Rubber Compounds

2014 ◽  
Vol 979 ◽  
pp. 155-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apaipan Rattanapan ◽  
Jitrakha Paksamut ◽  
Pornsri Pakeyangkoon ◽  
Surakit Tuampoemsab
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Shear Viscosity ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Extrudate Swell ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Cure Time

This work studied possibilities of using waste silicon carbide (SiC) particles from abrasive industry as alternative filler in natural rubber (NR) compounds. The rubber was prepared by using natural rubber grade STR 5L and waste silicon carbide loading of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 phr. Firstly, the rubber were compounded by using two roll mill and then using Oscillating Disc Rheometer for studying cure time at one hundred and fifty degree Celsius. Then, shear viscosity and extrudate swell of the compounded natural rubber were characterized by using capillary rheometer at 100°C. The result showed that the apparent shear viscosity increased slightly with increasing waste silicon carbide loading and the percentage of extrudate swell was found to be a decreasing function of the filler loading. Then, test tensile by using the prepared samples for studying tensile modulus, tensile strength and elongation at break. The result showed that tensile modulus and tensile strength increased with increasing waste silicon carbide. On the other hand, the elongation at break of the filled natural rubber decreased with increasing waste silicon carbide. Finally, bring the sample to test hardness by using shore A. Results indicated that waste silicon carbide direct variation with the indicator of hardness.

Influence of Filler Types on Mechanical Properties and Cure Characteristics of Natural Rubber Composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 264-265 ◽  
pp. 646-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wittawat Wongsorat ◽  
Nitinat Suppakarn ◽  
Kasama Jarukumjorn
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Sisal Fiber ◽  
Maximum Torque ◽  
Cure Characteristics ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Fiber Treatment ◽  
Cure Time

Natural rubber (NR) was reinforced with three types of filler: carbon black, calcium carbonate, and sisal fiber. NR composites were prepared on a two-roll mill. Filler content was 20 phr. Mechanical properties and cure characteristics of NR composites were studied. All NR composites had higher maximum torque than NR. NR filled with carbon black showed the highest maximum torque. However, scorch time and cure time of the NR composites were not much affected by filler types. In addition, influence of fiber treatment (alkalization) on mechanical properties and cure characteristics of sisal fiber-NR composites was investigated. Alkali treated sisal fiber-NR composite exhibited higher tensile properties and hardness than untreated sisal fiber- NR composite due to improved adhesion between the fiber and NR matrix. Moreover, alkali treated sisal fiber-NR composite had superior specific modulus and strength than NR composites filled with carbon black and calcium carbonate.

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