Synthesis of Palladium Chloride Impregnated on Al2O3- Pillared Clay for Reduction of Nitrobenzene

2020 ◽  
Vol 856 ◽  
pp. 218-223
Author(s):  
Piyarat Trikittiwong ◽  
Jedsada Maliwong
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Amount ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Pillared Clay ◽  
Palladium Chloride ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Catalytic Activities ◽  
Atomic Spacing ◽  
Desorption Method

Palladium chloride impregnated on Al2O3-pillared clay (Pd/Al-PILC) was synthesized by intercalation of aluminium (III) chloride into clay interlayers and calcined at 500°C for 1 h. Subsequently, impregnated with PdCl2 and calcination at 450°C for 4 h. The modified clay catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) for investigated atomic spacing of catalysts and N2 adsorption and desorption method (BET) for investigated surface area and pore volume of catalysts. The catalytic activities of Pd/Al-PILC was utilized for the reduction of nitrobenzene for synthesis aniline. The effect of various reaction factors, such as reaction time, reaction temperature, solvent system and the amount of catalyst were studied in order to optimize the reaction conditions. Aniline was prepared conveniently and efficiently via the reduction of nitrobenzene in the presence of a catalytic amount 40%Pd/Al-PILC of substrate in reflux temperature at 70°C for 4 h under extremely mild conditions.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Ethylene Oligomerization and Polymerization by 2-Quinoxalinyl-6-iminopyridine Chromium Chlorides

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saliu A. Amolegbe ◽  
Maliha Asma ◽  
Min Zhang ◽  
Gang Li ◽  
Wen-Hua Sun
Keyword(s):  
High Selectivity ◽  
Ethylene Oligomerization ◽  
Distorted Octahedral Geometry ◽  
Electronic Effects ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Co Catalyst ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Catalytic Activities ◽  
Distorted Octahedral

A series of chromium(iii) complexes ligated by N^N^N tridentate 2-quinoxalinyl-6-iminopyridine were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and infrared spectroscopy. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis for the structure of complex C3 reveals a distorted octahedral geometry. When methylaluminoxane was employed as the co-catalyst, the chromium complexes showed high activities for ethylene oligomerization and polymerization. The distribution of oligomers obtained followed Schulz–Flory rules with high selectivity for α-olefins. Both steric and electronic effects of coordinated ligands affected the catalytic activities as well as the properties of the catalytic products. The parameters of the reaction conditions were also investigated to explore the optimum catalytic potentials of these complexes.

Photocatalytic activity of TiO2 synthesized by anodization and anodic spark deposition

MRS Advances ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (61) ◽  
pp. 3141-3152
Author(s):  
Alma C. Chávez-Mejía ◽  
Génesis Villegas-Suárez ◽  
Paloma I. Zaragoza-Sánchez ◽  
Rafael Magaña-López ◽  
Julio C. Morales-Mejía ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Photocatalytic Activity ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Amorphous Solids ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Catalytic Activities ◽  
Anodic Spark Oxidation ◽  
Porous Surfaces ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractSeveral photocatalysts, based on titanium dioxide, were synthesized by spark anodization techniques and anodic spark oxidation. Photocatalytic activity was determined by methylene blue oxidation and the catalytic activities of the catalysts were evaluated after 70 hours of reaction. Scanning Electron Microscopy and X Ray Diffraction analysis were used to characterize the catalysts. The photocatalyst prepared with a solution of sulfuric acid and 100 V presented the best performance in terms of oxidation of the dye (62%). The electric potential during the synthesis (10 V, low potential; 100 V, high potential) affected the surface characteristics: under low potential, catalyst presented smooth and homogeneous surfaces with spots (high TiO2 concentration) of amorphous solids; under low potential, catalyst presented porous surfaces with crystalline solids homogeneously distributed.

Surfactant involved in Copper Sulfide Nanocrystallites Synthesis

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Maria Simonescu ◽  
Valentin Serban Teodorescu ◽  
Camelia Capatina
Keyword(s):  
Copper Sulfide ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Reaction Parameters ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Selected Area Electron Diffraction ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Shape Of Nanoparticles ◽  
Tem Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Shape And Size

This paper presents the obtaining of copper sulfide CuS (covelite) from Cu(CH3COO)2.H2O and thioacetamide (TAA) system. The reaction was conducted in presence or absence of sodium-bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (Na-AOT). The effects of various reaction parameters on the size and on the shape of nanoparticles have been examined. CuS obtained was characterized by X ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, TEM � transmission electron microscopy and SAED selected area electron diffraction. The influence of surfactant to the shape and size of CuS (covellite) nanocrystals was established. The size of the nanocrystals varied from 10-60 nm depending on the reaction conditions such as quantity of surfactant.

scholarly journals UV-Accelerated Photocatalytic Degradation of Pesticide over Magnetite and Cobalt Ferrite Decorated Graphene Oxide Composite

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Asma Tabasum ◽  
Mousa Alghuthaymi ◽  
Umair Yaqub Qazi ◽  
Imran Shahid ◽  
Qamar Abbas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Oxidant Concentration ◽  
Optimized Conditions ◽  
High Degradation Rate ◽  
Considerable Loss

Pesticides are one of the main organic pollutants as they are highly toxic and extensively used worldwide. The reclamation of wastewater containing pesticides is of utmost importance. For this purpose, GO-doped metal ferrites (GO-Fe3O4 and GO-CoFe2O4) were prepared and characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic techniques. Photocatalytic potentials of catalysts were investigated against acetamiprid’s degradation. A detailed review of the parametric study revealed that efficiency of overall Fenton’s process relies on the combined effects of contributing factors, i.e., pH, initial oxidant concentration, catalyst dose, contact time, and acetamiprid load. ~97 and ~90% degradation of the acetamiprid was achieved by GO-CoFe2O4 and GO-Fe3O4, respectively during the first hour under UV radiations at optimized reaction conditions. At optimized conditions (i.e., pH:3, [H2O2]: 14.5 mM (for Fe3O4, GO-Fe3O4, and GO-CoFe2O4) and 21.75 mM (for CoFe2O4), catalysts: 100 mgL−1, time: 60min) the catalysts exhibited excellent performance, with high degradation rate, magnetic power, easy recovery at the end, and efficient reusability (up to 5 cycles without any considerable loss in catalytic activity). A high magnetic character offers its easy separation from aqueous systems using an external magnet. Moreover, the combined effects of experimental variables were assessed simultaneously and justified using response surface methodology (RSM).

Replacing sulfonate by carboxylate: application of pyridyliminocarboxylato copper(II) complexes in rac-lactide polymerization and Chan–Evans–Lam coupling

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valérie Hardouin Duparc ◽  
Clémentine Dimeck ◽  
Frank Schaper
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Sieves ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Phenylboronic Acid ◽  
Side Reactions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
One Pot ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Induction Periods ◽  
Lactide Polymerization

Copper(II) complexes carrying pyridylmethyleneaminobenzoate or –propanoate ligands, LCuX, were prepared in one-pot reactions from pyridinecarboxaldehyde, aminobenzoic acid or β-alanine, and CuX2 (X = Cl, NO3, OAc, or OTf). All complexes were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies and formed either dimers, tetramers, or coordination polymers. Attempted preparation of the respective alkoxide complexes, LCu(OR), was unsuccessful, but use of LCuX/NaOMe mixtures in rac-lactide polymerization indicated under some conditions coordination–insertion polymerization via a copper alkoxide as the mechanism. The complexes performed poorly in rac-lactide polymerization, showing low activities (12 h to completion at 140 °C), low to moderate heterotacticity (Pr = 0.6–0.8), and poor polymer molecular weight control (intramolecular transesterification). They were competent catalysts for Chan–Evans–Lam couplings with phenylboronic acid, without any indication of side reactions such as deboration or aryl homocoupling. The complexes were active in undried methanol, without addition of base, ligand, or molecular sieves. Aniline, n-octylamine, and cyclohexylamine were coupled quantitatively under identical reaction conditions. There is only little influence of the anion on activities (less than a factor of 2) but a strong influence on induction periods. The complexes were not active in CEL coupling with alcohols, phenols, or alkylboronic acids.

scholarly journals N-octane catalytic isomerization with aluminium and aluminiumlanthanum pillared nontronite

Cerâmica ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (360) ◽  
pp. 420-427
Author(s):  
C. P. de Moura ◽  
M. V. S. Fernandes ◽  
L. R. D. da Silva ◽  
L. C. G. Vasconcellos ◽  
R. F. do Nascimento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Diffraction Data ◽  
Pillared Clay ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Y Zeolite ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Catalytic Isomerization ◽  
Organic Matter Oxidation

Abstract Nontronite samples pillared with aluminium (Pt/Al-PilM) and aluminium-lanthanum (Pt/AlLa-PilM) were prepared from natural nontronite, characterized and tested as catalyst in n-octane hydroisomerization reaction. The results were compared with those obtained from the same reaction using commercial Y-zeolite impregnated with platinum (Pt-Y). Experiments with commercial zeolite show that platinum is essential to maintain the reactional selectivity of the products. The conversion capacities of (Pt/Al- PilM) and (Pt/AlLa-PilM) were 70% and 40%, respectively, surpassing the Pt-Y performance of 30%, but with the same selectivity. X-ray diffraction data show that organic matter oxidation followed by cationic homogenization is of paramount importance for pillared clay preparation.

Application of raw and modified Uruguayan clays to phosphate adsorption for water remediation

MRS Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (61) ◽  
pp. 3543-3549
Author(s):  
Pablo González ◽  
Andrea C. De Los Santos ◽  
Jorge R. Castiglioni ◽  
María A. De León
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Pillared Clay ◽  
Water Remediation ◽  
Phosphate Adsorption ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Order Model ◽  
Freundlich Model ◽  
X Ray ◽  
First Order ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

ABSTRACTA raw clay from Uruguay was modified with aluminium to obtain an aluminium pillared clay (Al-PILC). The solids were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The Al-PILC retained the typical laminar structure of montmorillonite. The specific surface area and the microporous volume of the Al-PILC, 235 m2 g-1 and 0.096 cm3 g-1, respectively, were much higher than those of the clay. The phosphate adsorption capacity of the Al-PILC was higher than those of the clay. The phosphate adsorption kinetic followed the pseudo-first-order model for both, the clay and the Al-PILC, and the phosphate adsorption isotherm for the Al-PILC fit the Freundlich model.

scholarly journals Lanthanoid Complexes Supported by Retro-Claisen Condensation Products of β-Triketonates

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Abad Galán ◽  
Alexandre N. Sobolev ◽  
Eli Zysman-Colman ◽  
Mark Ogden ◽  
Massimiliano Massi
Keyword(s):  
Chelating Ligands ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Claisen Condensation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Condensation Products ◽  
Complexation Reactions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low Solubility

<i>β</i>-Triketonates have been recently used as chelating ligands for lanthanoid ions, presenting unique structures varying from polynuclear assemblies to polymers. In an effort to overcome low solubility of the complexes of tribenzoylmethane, four <i>β</i>-triketones with higher lipophilicity were synthesised. Complexation reactions were performed for each of these molecules using different alkaline bases in alcoholic media. X-ray diffraction studies suggested that the ligands were undergoing decomposition under the reaction conditions. This is proposed to be caused by <i>in situ</i>retro-Claisen condensation reactions, consistent with two examples that have been reported previously. The lability of the lanthanoid cations in the presence of a varying set of potential ligands gave rise to structures where one, two, or three of the molecules involved in the retro-Claisen condensationreaction were linked to the lanthanoid centres. These results, along with measurements of ligand decomposition in the presence of base alone, suggest that using solvents of lower polarity will mimimise the impact of the retro-Claisen condensation in these complexes. <br>

Evolution of Crystalline Phase and Morphology of the Products Formed during the Hydrothermal Synthesis of Y2O3 Powders

2011 ◽  
Vol 189-193 ◽  
pp. 1275-1279
Author(s):  
Ying Wang ◽  
Gao Yang Zhao ◽  
Li Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Hydrothermal Treatment ◽  
Crystalline Phase ◽  
Hydrothermal Reaction ◽  
Yttrium Nitrate ◽  
Temperature Reaction ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron

The crystalline phase and morphology of the products formed during the synthesis of yttrium oxide via the hydrothermal treatment yttrium nitrate were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Products with high OH/NO3ratios are formed with the increasing of hydrothermal treatment. The crystalline phases are evolved from Y2(OH)5.14(NO3)0.86•H2O toY4O(OH)9(NO3) and finally Y(OH)3. The hydrothermal reaction conditions play an important role in the synthesis of the microstructures. Results show the particle size and final morphology of samples could be controlled by reaction temperature, reaction time, and OH-concentration. Sheets, hexagonal and needle-like Y2O3powders are obtained with the hydrothermal treatment of yittrium nitrate at 180 oC to 200oC for 2-8 hours at pH 9-13.

Effects of Reaction Conditions on Deposition of Ferrites from Alkaline Metal Hydroxide Gels

1997 ◽  
Vol 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl F. Schoch ◽  
Theodore R. Vasilow
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Oxygen Flow Rate ◽  
Oxygen Flow ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Metal Hydroxides ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Oxidation Reduction Potential ◽  
Mg Content

ABSTRACTFormation of ferrites from aqueous solution of metal salts is a well known process involving precipitation of metal hydroxides followed by oxidation of the resulting gel. The purpose of the present work was to determine the effects oxygen flow rate on the progress of the reaction and on the structure and properties of the resulting precipitate. The reaction was carried out at 70°C with pH of 10.5 and oxygen flow rate of 2,4, or 8 standard liters per hour. The progress of the reaction was monitored by following the oxidation-reduction potential of the solution, which changes dramatically after the Fe(II) is consumed. The reaction rate increased with increasing oxygen flow rate. The Mg content of the precipitate was lower than that of the reaction mixture, possibly because of the pH of the reaction mixture. X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy confirmed formation of a ferrite under these conditions.

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