The electrical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and shape factor impacts in a mixture fluid suspended by hybrid nanoparticles between non-parallel plates

In this research work, we introduce the influences of the shape of nanoparticles and joule heating in the hydromagnetic flow of hybrid nanofluids between non-parallel plates. A mixture base fluid (H2O (50%)-C2H6O2 (50%)), a hybrid nanofluid containing hybrid nanoparticles (graphene oxide-molybdenum disulfide, GO-MoS2) as nanoparticles, is considered. The non-linear governing equations are reduced into ordinary-differential equations (ODEs) by similarity transformations. The non-linear ordinary-differential equation (ODE) is solved numerically utilizing 4th–5th order Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg (RKF-45) with a shooting method and analytically using the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The effect of the rarefaction parameter, Reynolds number, channel angle, Hartmann number, electric field parameter, and the shape of nanoparticles on fluid velocity and skin friction are discussed and presented in a graphical form. Also, the theoretical results and the effectiveness of the homotopy analysis method (HAM) are confirmed by numerical tests and presented graphically coupled with detailed discussions.

pNiPAM-Nanoparticle-Based Antiapoptotic Approach for Pro-Regenerative Capacity of Skeletal Myogenic Cells

The biocompatibility of pNiPAM (Poly N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymers has been examined and they did not exert any cytotoxic effects. Their properties and vulnerable temperature characteristics make them candidates for use in medical applications. We synthesized a well-characterized nanoparticles-based cargo system that would effectively deliver a biological agent to human skeletal myogenic cells (SkMCs); among other aspects, a downregulating apoptotic pathway potentially responsible for poor regeneration of myocardium. We confirmed the size of the pNiPAM based spheres at around 100 nm and the nanomeric shape of nanoparticles (NP) obtained. We confirmed that 33 °C is the adequate temperature for phase transition. We performed the dynamics of cargo release. A small amount of examined protein was detected at 10 min after reaching LCTS (lower critical solution temperature). The presented results of the test with BSA (bovine serum albumin) and doxorubicin loaded into nanoparticles showed a similar release profile for both substances. SkMCs incubated with NP loaded with antiapoptotic agent, BCB (Bax channel blocker), significantly diminished cell apoptosis (p < 0.01). Moreover, the lowest apoptotic level was detected in SkMCs treated with camptothecin and simultaneously incubated with pNiPAMs loaded with BCB. Application of nanoparticles loaded with BCB or subjected to BCB alone did not, however, diminish the amount of apparently necrotic cells.

A Study on the Splitting of Large Gold Nanoparticles by Addition of Aqueous Ascorbic Acid

Control of the size and shape of nanoparticles significantly impacts the ability to control their physical and chemical properties. In this paper, we introduce a technique to split large nanoparticles into smaller ones. After the addition of ascorbic acid (AA), 50 nm-sized gold (Au) nanoparticles in the form of polycrystals were split into nanoparticles with sizes of 10 nm. We believe that AA plays a critical role in breaking down the Au particles. Additionally, this technique can be used to synthesize small AuPt bimetallic nanoparticles with a small amount of Pt on their surface showing that this reaction could help in the formation of a variety of small Au-based bimetallic nanoparticles.

Characterization of Stress-Tolerant Bacteria for the Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and their Applications

The biogenesis of silver nanoparticles by microbes has become an essential branch in the field of nanotechnology because of its safe, environment-friendly, economical, and time-saving nature. In the current research work, we have screened some stress-tolerant bacteria based on pH, temperature, salt-tolerant efficacy and further utilized them for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The test bacterium was isolated from the soil sample through the serial dilution method on nutrient agar media (NAM). Based on identification using morphological characteristics, biochemical analysis, and 16srRNA sequencing bacteria were identified as Bacillus sp. The extracellular biosynthesis approach was used for synthesizing silver nanoparticles by Bacillus sp. Characterization of synthesized silver nanoparticles was done by using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer and absorbance peak was recorded at 430nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study of synthesized nanoparticles showed the shape of nanoparticles was spherical and hexagonal with a size ranging from 10nm-47nm. For the extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles pH was set to 7.0 and temperature at 37°C.

CRISPR/Cas9 has introduced new gene therapy possibilities for muscular dystrophies

Advancements in using CRISPR/Cas9 have introduced a host of new therapy possibilities for muscular dystrophies (MDs). There is a definite feeling of hope in the industry, but other barriers lay ahead, and they will define the future of MD gene editing. The ambiguity surrounding AAV transduction of satellite cells in vivo must be explained so that, if required, effort may be focused on optimizing vector targeting. Although the satellite cell correction needs are evident, it must be determined experimentally if high muscle turnover has a deleterious effect on CRISPR approaches. Another issue with muscular HDR is its low editing efficiency. Even outside the MD, exogenous, effective DNA integration would open up a slew of new possibilities.Either conventional HDR must be upgraded, or alternative techniques must be developed. The fact that both myotubes and latent satellite cells are post-mitotic means the latter are the most effective. Homology-independent targeted integration (HITI), homology-mediated end joining (HMEJ) and prime editing are three novel potentials. Duplication removal is another technique to restore full-length proteins. Duplications are the second most frequent DMD mutation, and a single sgRNA technique was used to restore dystrophin. To date, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated duplication removal has only been evaluated in DMD patient cells and must be tested in vivo. Because of their demonstrated track record in in vivo research and clinical trials, AAVs are expected to be employed in early generations of MD CRISPR therapy. Currently, AAVs may be the biggest choice, but future drugs will almost probably require a different delivery approach. It may take the shape of nanoparticles, which may carry a large range of transiently expressed payloads, while being very variable. If satellite cells can not be repaired, their capacity to escape immune reactions is crucial. To decrease the effects of muscle turnover, re-administration of nanoparticles may be utilized to treat MD throughout one's life. However, effective nanoparticle dosing for CRISPR in vivo editing has yet to be established in the muscle. Because this was not an AAV problem, the focus should be on new compositions of nanoparticles rather than improving the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The lack of published data suggests that nanoparticles' systemic muscle transport remains a considerable challenge. Due to muscle volume in the human body and the need to target muscles within the thoracic cavity, local intramuscular injections are not practical. Future research will focus primarily on developing an effective, muscle-specific nanoparticle that can be administered through circulation. The challenges ahead are tremendous, but with the appropriate focus and resources, answers will emerge, bringing therapeutic genome editing closer to the clinic than ever. While this research focused on DMD, the mentioned principles and methodology may and will undoubtedly be extended to several other MDs.

Effect of External Charging on Nanoparticle Formation in a Flame

This paper attempts to demonstrate the importance of the nanoparticle charge in the synthesis flame, for the mechanism of their evolution during formation processes. An investigation was made of MgO nanoparticles formed during combustion of magnesium particles. The cubic shape of nanoparticles in an unaffected flame allows for direct interpretation of results on the external flame charging, using a continuous unipolar emission of ions. It was found that the emission of negative ions applied to the flame strongly affects the nanoparticle shape, while the positive ions do not lead to any noticeable change. The demonstrated effect emphasizes the need to take into account all of the phenomena responsible for the particle charge when modeling the nanoparticle formation in flames.

SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF NEW NANOSYSTEMS OF ARGENTUM

AgEDTA complexonate was synthesized, the manner of coordination of the Argentum (I) ion to the functional groups of complexone was determined. It was found that the solid complex precipitates from the solution in the form of a fine powder. It is shown that the size and shape of nanoparticles of Argentum complexonate depend on the solvent-precipitator. A stable dispersed system based on the synthesized complexonate was obtained. The shape and position of the surface plasmon resonance bands confirm the presence of spherical nanoparticles with a size of 15–30 nm in both dispersed systems. Investigations of the biological activity of the powder of AgEDTA has shown that it has a high bactericidal effect against gram-positive bacteria.

Nanoparticle Cellular Internalization is Not Required for RNA Delivery to Mature Plant Leaves

Rapidly growing interest in nanoparticle-mediated delivery of DNA and RNA to plants requires a better understanding of how nanoparticles and their cargoes translocate in plant tissues and into plant cells. However, little is known about how the size and shape of nanoparticles influences transport in plants and use of their cargoes, limiting development and deployment of nanotechnology in plant systems. Here, we employ non-biolistically delivered DNA-modified gold nanoparticles (AuNP) spanning various sizes (5 – 20 nm) and shapes (spheres and rods) to systematically investigate their transport following infiltration into Nicotiana benthamiana (Nb) leaves. Generally, smaller AuNPs demonstrate more rapid, higher, and longer-lasting levels of association with plant cell walls compared to larger AuNPs. We observe internalization of rod-shaped but not spherical AuNPs into plant cells, yet surprisingly, 10 nm spherical AuNP functionalized with small-interfering RNA (siRNA) are most efficient at siRNA delivery and inducing gene silencing in mature plant leaves. These results indicate the importance of nanoparticle size in efficient biomolecule delivery, and, counterintuitively, demonstrate that efficient cargo delivery is possible and potentially optimal in the absence of nanoparticle cellular internalization. Our results highlight nanoparticle features of importance for transport within plant tissues, providing a mechanistic overview of how nanoparticles can be designed to achieve efficacious bio-cargo delivery for future developments in plant nanobiotechnology.